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Prepared by
Muhammad Khalil Ansari
0321-6433274
www.khalilansari.webs.com
[email protected]
2006
1.
Need
The use of drawings for various designs is increasing day by day. The use of AutoCAD software for preparation of engineering drawing has created a huge demand for skilled workers in this field. PVTC has therefore introduced this course to enable the poor segment of the society to earn their living with this skill.
2.
Objectives
To enable the trainees to prepare engineering drawings on computer using AutoCAD.
3.
Skill Requirements
After the completion of this course, the pass-out will be able to perform the following tasks. 1. Use a computer for making engineering drawing with the help of AutoCAD.
2. Read a simple sketch and make a drawing.
3. Start a drawing and set its unit limits on AutoCAD screen. 4. Dimensioning techniques and text writing.
5. Prepare isometric drawing & multi view projections.
6. Use measuring instruments/tools to take measurements of objects. 7. Make common types of drawings using AutoCAD.
8. Creation of 2D-3D images.
9. Prepare 3D modeling & its editing.
10.Rendering after applying material & lights. 11.Plot drawings to various scales.
4.
Knowledge Requirement
After the completion of this course, the pass-out would have the knowledge of following: 1. Types of engineering drawings and how to read than.
2. Measuring units, drawing limits, dimensioning and scales. 3. Basic terminologies and their interpretation including.
Basic engineering / manual drawings. Basic engineering processes and operations. Fasteners, threads and their applications.
4. Measuring tools/instruments. 5. Engineering standards.
6. Computer, it’s components and peripherals.
7. Application of AutoCAD to make engineering drawings. 8. Creating of 3D view, orthographic & isometric projections. 9. Plotting of drawings.
10.Record keeping of drawings.
11.Basic computer, Windows, Cartesian coordinate system & use of layers.
5
Entry Level
Matric (with computer knowledge)
Admission is subject to passing a general aptitude test.
6.
Class Size
20-25 Trainees
7.
Training Duration / Scheme
a) VTI Training -03 months (theory & practical) b) No. of hours per week -24
c) Ratio (Theory to Practical) -20:80
d) Training material − Trainee manual/instructor manual / standard books on AutoCAD e) Medium of instructions − Urdu / English
f) Method of instructions − Lectures, demonstration & practical
g) Tests − Quizes, Fortnightly test,
and Final examination.
h) Evaluation − Attendance, sessional, final test and OJT
i) Qualification and Training level of staff:
-Jr. Instructor −BCS having qualified a training course in
AutoCAD with 1 year experience.
- Lab Assistant −Having adequate computer usage experience.
8.
Employability
The pass outs of this course will have following opportunities for employment.
Design offices relating to:
a. Mechanical Engineering. b. Civil Engineering.
c. Town Planning Engineering. d. Architectural Engineering. e. Electrical Engineering. f. Surgical Industry. g. Football Industry.
9.
List of Tools and Equipment
Sr. Equipments
Qty
1 Main Servers configured to support 20-25 workstations with windows XP.
01 2 PCs for workstations adequately configured, with
windows XP workstations.
25
3 Printer laser jet 01
4 Printer inkjet 01
5 Scanner flat bed 01
6 Complete Networking Kits (with latest tools) As per need 7 Laboratory, adequately designed for computer usage, air
conditioned and complete wiring and electrical fitting.
As per need 8 Common tools for maintenance (plier, tool kit) As per need 9 Software: windows latest Ms office, AutoCAD,
CorelDraw
01 CD each
10 UPS 01
11 Ink plotter for AutoCAD drawings 01
12 Digital camera 01
13 Bloare 01
14 Laptop latest 01
15 Multi media 01
16 Stapler, puncher, Pin Remover 01 each
10.
List of consumables
Sr. Items
Qty
1 Paper A4 size 10 + Legal 5 15 Rim
2 Drawing sheets 24”x18” 100 Sheet
3 Pencils, Eraser and sharpener As Required
4 Ball pen (Red & Blue) 12
5 White Board Marker 12
6 Refilling ink 03
7 Printer cartridge for inkjet 03
8 Printer cartridge for plotter 02
9 Printer cartridge for laser jet 02
10 Set Squares 30
11 T Squares 30
12 Compass 30
14 Vernier caliper 12 15 Steel Ruler 30 16 USB 01 17 Architectural scale 25 18 RAM Kingston 1 GB 10 19 Mouse 10 20 Keyboard 10
21 Note Book and Graph Paper As Required
22 CD Writer 01
23 High lighter marker 02
24 Paper cutter 01
25 Gum stick 02
26 Staple pin 01 box
27 Dust cover As Required
28 Trainee file cover As Required
29 Box file 03
30 Glint cleaner 02
31 White board duster 03
11.
List of Furniture & Fixture
Sr.
Items
Qty
1 Staff Chairs 03
2 Staff table 01
3 Student Class chair 30
4 Student Lab Chair 30
5 White board 4’ x 6 ‘(For Lab and Class room ) 02
6 Display board 4’ x 4 ; 01
7 Cabinet / Steel Almarih 01
8 Side rack / computer table 01
12.
Course Contents
Sr.
Topics
Training Hours
Theory Practical
1 Introduction of Computer 4 25
2 Auto CAD Fundamental 4 25
3 Object Construction and Manipulation 15 35
4 Shapes Description / Multi view Projection 3 10
5 Dimensioning Techniques 3 20
6 Analyzing 2D Drawing 3 10
7 Region Modeling Techniques 3 10
8 Isometric Drawings 03 10
9 Solid Modeling Fundamental 10 38
10 Rendering 03 15
11 Print / Plot 03 10
12 Measurement and Manually Drawing 5 20
Total 60 228
13.
Distribution of Training Hours
Training Hours for Theory
=
60
Training Hours for Practical
=
228
List of Tools and Equipment
Sr.
Equipments
Qty
1
Main Servers configured to support 20-25 workstations with
windows XP.
01
2
PCs for workstations adequately configured, with windows
XP workstations.
25
3
Printer laser jet
01
4
Printer inkjet
01
5
Scanner flat bed
01
6
Networking Accessories: Ethernet Hubs, networking cards,
cables, face plates, cabinet etc,
As per need
7
Laboratory, adequately designed for computer usage, air
conditioned and dust covers with complete wiring and
electrical fitting.
As per need
8
Common tools for maintenance
As per need
9
Software: windows latest Ms office, AutoCAD, CorelDraw
01 CD each
10
UPS
01
11
Ink plotter for AutoCAD drawings
01
12
Digital camera
01
13
Bloare
01
14
Laptop latest
01
List of consumables
Sr. Items
Qty
1
Paper A4 size 10 + Legal 5
15 Rim
2
Drawing sheets 24”x18”
100 Sheet
3
Pencils
As Required
4
Ball pen (Red & Blue)
12
5
White Board Marker
12
6
Refilling ink
03
7
Printer cartridge for inkjet
03
8
Printer cartridge for plotter
02
9
Printer cartridge for laser jet
02
10 Set Squares
30
11 T Squares
30
12 Compass
30
13 Drawing board
30
14 Vernier caliper
12
15 Steel Ruler
30
16 USB
01
17 Architectural scale
25
18 RAM Kingston 1 GB
10
19 Mouse
10
20 Keyboard
10
List of Furniture & Fixture
Sr.
Items
Qty
1
Staff Chairs
03
2
Staff table
01
3
Student Class chair with Drawing Table
30
4
Student Lab Chair
For 30
Student
5
White board 4’ x 6 ‘(For Lab and Class room )
02
Chapter # 1
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
Computer:
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data, store it, arithmetically and logically process that data and give useful results from that processing.
A computer is normally considered to be a calculating device which can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a very fast speed.
Uses of the Computer:
Some common purposes of a computer are:
1. We can store data in a computer and retrieve stored data when we needed.
2. We can send message to our friends, relative and family anywhere in the world by connecting computer with Internet.
3. Computer are use to make good defense of a country.
4. Computer is helpful in offices, sciences laboratories, education, engineering and technology.
5. Medical science and biotechnology are using computer to diagnose the diseases of a people.
6. We can play game on a computer. 7. We can watch movies on a computer.
History of Computer:
Abacus:
The earliest device that qualifies as a digital computer is the Abacus. The Abacus was invented 5,000 years ago in Asia, Minor is still in use today. This device allows user to calculate, by sliding beads arranged on a rack.
First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)
Second Generation of Computer (1964-1971)
Third Generation of Computer (1971 Present)
Fifth Generation of Computer (present- Beyond)
Types of Computers
On the basis of principles of construction, computer is divided into three types: 1.
Analog Computer
2.
Digital Computer
3.Hybrid Computer
1 Analog Computer:
Analog quantities show the continuity of specified value, Analog devices, which are used to measure continuous values. An example is a thermometer because it measures the length of a mercury column, which varies continuously. Another example is Analog clock.
Digital means discrete, with digital signal every thing is described in two states either on or off. Which can distinguish between just two values 0 and 1? Digital watches are a good example of digital computer, because the time,
3 Hybrid Computers:
A computer that combines the characters of both Analog and digital computer is known as hybrid computer.
OR
The third type of computer is Hybrid Computer because Hybrid Computer is the combination of the properties of both analog and digital computers.
This is usually found in science laboratories as the controlling device in an industrial process.
Differences between Analog and Digital computers
Analog
Digital
1. Analog computer works with continuous values.
2. It has very limited memory. 3. It can perform certain types of
calculation
4. Analog computers are used in engineering and scientific applications.
5. Its accuracy is low. 6. Its readability is low.
1. Digital computer works with discrete Values. It can work only with digits. 2. It can store large amount of data. 3. Its speed of calculation is very high. 4. Digital computers are widely used in Almost all fields of life.
5. Its accuracy is comparatively low. 6. Its readability is high.
Classification of Computer
Computers are classified according to size. Speed and memory, capacity .Computer is of different classification:
1. Super Computers
2. Mainframe
3. Mainframe
4. Micro/Personal Computer /Desktop or tower
5. Laptop.
1
Super Computers
4 The micro Computer /PC/Desktop or tower
These computers are used now A days commonly and these computers revolutionized the computers industry because of their size and cost.
• They are cheap and easy to use and out put capacity. • They have limited input
• They have low storage capacity.
• Hard disk and floppy disk drivers are used to enter and store data and programs. • A visual display screen and / or a printer are used to get the output.
• Today’s micro computer work better then early age of Mainframe computer.
5 Laptop Computers
These are light and compact and called portable because they work on batteries and can operate without an external power source. Laptops, which weigh from four to eight pounds, are often called notebook PCs because they are about the size of a one inch thick note book.
Operating System:
A master kind of software that controls your computer and its applications is called operating system. 1. DOS 2. UNIX 3. ZENIX 4. OS-2 5. Windows- 98 6. Windows -95 7. Windows -2000 8. Windows-Me 9. Windows 10.-XP
DATA
Information given by the operator which manipulates and process by the Computer is called Data. These are three types of the data.
Different types of data:
Alphabets (a-z) NUMERIC (0-9)
Alphanumeric (43, Lower Mall,) Graphics
Audio Video
Alphabetic Data
This type of data id consist of Alphabetic Data “A to Z” Special Symbol @,#,$,*
Numerical Data
This type of data consist of digits “0 to9” Special Symbol 1-X
Alphanumerical Data
This type of data consists of alphabetic character, numerical digits and special symbol.
Units and media of storage:
BIT = (Binary Digits) (0, 1) 1byte = 8 bits (10010010) 1024Byts = 1 KB (Kilo Byte) 1024KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte) 1024 MB = 1 GB (Gaga Byte) 1024 GB = 1 TB (Tetra Byte)
Part of the Computer:
CUP (Center processing of Unit) 1. Monitor
2. Key board 3. Mouse
Primary Storage Unit. Secondary Storage Unit.
RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read only Memory)
Input Devices:
1. Key board
i. Type writing keypad. ii. Numeric Keypad iii. Special Function Keys
2. Pointing and Draw Devices:
i. Mouse ii. Joystick iii. Mouse pen iv. Image Scanner
v. Digital Camera.
vi. Microphone.(Sound Recorder)
Output Devices:
1. Printers: • Dot-Matrix Printers • Laser Printer • Ink-Jet Printer 2. Flat-Panel Monitors 3. Touch Screen MonitorAbbreviations
• LAN: Local Area Network • WAN: Wide Area Network • BIOS: Basic input output System • MIPS: Million instructions Per Second
• CNC :Computerized Neumatic Control Machine • BASIC: Bigner all purpose Symbolic Instruction Code • RAM: Random Access Memory
• ROM: Read only Memory
• CD-ROM: Compact disk (Read only memory) • DOS: Disk Operating System
• ALU: Arithmetic Logical Unit
It is an electronic device that receives data, and
produces useful information according to
instruction. The word “Computer” is derived from
word “COMPUTE” that mean to calculate, it
works like a calculator but it is more intelligent
and more power full (fast).
It produces result like a human being but its
Does not produce errors, process a lot storage and get bold.
Central Processing Unit
The heart of computer, which accepts data from an input device for processing. The data is stored in internal memory of the processor and after logical and computational operation by mean of the instruction give by the program. The results are transferred to an output device.
CPU has the main following Unit:
RAM (Random Access memory)
This memory use to store the information that is to be processed. The information store in the memory lost when ever the computer is shut off.
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
All the information is analysis in ALU being control by the main processor
CU (Control Unit)
It controls the over all function of a computer and flow of information with a computer system. It also interprets and executes the instructions.
Hard Disk
Hard disk is used to store lot of information. A hard disk is a Sealed Vacuumed Box. Containing magnetic plates, Motor and read write head.
While you are considering or comparing the personal Computer system you should note the following features of the system:-
1. Processor model speed in MHz
2. Math co-processor Required for extensive mathematically used) 3. RAM available, and Maximum RAM
4. Cache Ram available (High Speed Ram) 5. Floppy Diskettes Drive
6. Serial and parallel Ports 7. Hard disk campsite (in GB) 8. Key board
9. Display Monitor, Mouse
Computer System
Making a Computer Alive
To turn the power on and by loading the Disk Operating system in to the computer temporally memory, able to work for us, this process is called booting system.
Cold Boot
Means to boot up the computer by turning power on.
Warm boot
Means to reboot a running Computer by processing Ctrl+Alt+Delete
Bit
Binary digits the smaller unit of a computer data represented by 1 (which specify on state of an electrical impulse) or 0 (No electrical impulse)
Byte
A smallest addressable unit in memory is string of 8bit representing 1 byte. 1byte can represent a letter number a symbol or space.
Compact Disk (read only memory)
It is an optical disk having read only memory. On these diskettes the laser beam records information. They can store large information. This information cannot be removed from CDs.
Character
A single Letter, Number or symbol is called Character.
Chip
An integrated circuit made by etching a number of transistors and other electronic components onto a wafer of silicon, having a fraction of inch an each side.
Command
An order to the computer to executes a particular task.
Cursor
A patch of light on a screen that shows where you are in the text.
Function Keys
A Key that causes the computer to perform a Specific task. The use of most function Keys will vary by the software package being used.
Hard Copy
A printed Copy of information generated by a computer with the help of printer it is also called printed copy.
Icon
A symbol displayed on the screen to represent an option for a specific task.
Menu
A listing of program or option displayed on the monitor to assist in using software.
Modem
Modem is a short word from modulator/demodulator .A device that allows a Computer to send and received information over a telephone line.
Network
A series of interconnected microcomputer or terminal is called networking.
Peripherals
Accessory parts of computer systems that are not considered essential to its operations, including, printer, Modem, and external storage unit.
Printer
An output device that produced a printed copy of the objects. Information generated by a computer.
Hardware
The physical units that make up a Computer are called hardware. Computer hardware including a Keyboard, Monitor, CPU, and other attached unit called peripherals.
Software
Set of instruction (Program) and related information stored in computer system or storage media is called software.
Language
A Computer language is a set of instruction and their usage rules (syntax) each language has a defined set of instruction in their syntax (usage rules)
There are three types of language:- 1. Low-level language 2. High-level language 3. Middle-level language
Package
A package is a preprogram software, designed to performed a specific type of job. A package is developed in a programming language.
What is a File?
A group of related records can be referred to as file; a named collection of information stored on a computer system is called a file.
What is a PROGRAM FILE?
Program files contain the program that your Computer runs. Program file usually has EXE, or COM extension.
What is a SYSTEM FILE?
System files contains information about your computer hardware and are some time called device driver. These files usually have “SYS” extension.
What is a Directory / Folder?
A disk can hold several hundred of files. The more files you have more difficult to keep track of them. This help you keep track of your file, you can use MSDOS Command.
Microsoft Windows XP
Operating System:
Operating System:
Operating System:
Operating System:
Operating system is system software used to control all
computer operations. An operating system is responsible
to allocate resources to manage disk and file, and to allocate
resource in computer. You can never run a computer
without an operating system. Some well known operating
systems are. Windows, UNIX, Linux, OS/2, Apple
Macintosh etc.
Windows Operating System:
Windows Operating System:
Windows Operating System:
Windows Operating System:
This operating system is developed by Microsoft Company. In 1990 Microsoft gives Microsoft Windows 3.0. After updating it the Windows 95, Windows 98, windows 2000 and windows XP is released.
F
F
F
Features
eatures
eatures
eatures Of windows XP:
Of windows XP:
Of windows XP:
Of windows XP:
1. Plug and Play. 1. Plug and Play. 1. Plug and Play.
1. Plug and Play. Windows XP has ability to run a new hardware automatically when it plugged in computer this is due to large driver’s data base in it.
2. Hot Boot. 2. Hot Boot. 2. Hot Boot.
2. Hot Boot.
Window XP has ability to accept every software installed on it without restarting computer. This functionality called Hot Boot.
3. 3 3. 3 3. 3
3. 3----D Graphics:D Graphics:D Graphics:D Graphics:
Window XP gives 3 Dimensional graphics to give an attractive look.
4. Large Network Support 4. Large Network Support 4. Large Network Support
4. Large Network Support: : : : Window XP gives large network support and tight security
options, when we make our computer part of a network.
5. Standard Menu: 5. Standard Menu: 5. Standard Menu:
5. Standard Menu: All related options in windows XP are grouped in standard menu.
User Account:
User Account:
User Account:
User Account:
When more then one people work on a same computer, then to control and manage each user work separately we need user account. Each user is given a user name and password (code) related to its account. We can enter in an account and can also exit from an account and can put a separate checks and securities on each account.
Log Log Log
Log OOOOn:n:n:n: Option used to enter in an account. You have to enter in an account when you start computer and when you switch between accounts.
Log Off: Log Off: Log Off:
Log Off: Option used to exit from an account.
Log Log Log
Log OOOOff Computerff Computerff Computer: ff Computer: : : Option used to power off your computer.
Desktop:
Desktop:
Desktop:
Desktop:
Desktop is the first and main interface of windows operating system. You can interact with computer hardware and can use computer software from this interface. The back picture on desktop is called background. You can change background of desktop. Desktop has icons, free Area and taskbar on it.
Pr.1: Log On and Log Off from an account
To Log On in specific a accounts.
To Log Off from account.
Steps. Click start buttonLog offLog off
Pr. 2: Changing Desktop Background
Steps: Right click on desktop propertiesdesktopselect pictureapplyok
Pr. 3: Logging off Computer.
Steps: click on stat buttonlog off computerTurn off
Pr-4: Practical of lesson 1.3 of Typing Tutor
D
D
D
Desktop is the first and main interface of windows operating system. We will interact with computer using desktop. It contain icons, free Area and taskbar on it.
IIIIconconconcon s. s. s. s. Icons are small pictur e with label or name. Under an icon there will be group of related functions.
1. Right Click on icon Open. 2. Double Click on icon.
Taskbar. Taskbar. Taskbar.
Taskbar. It is a bar at bottom of desktop. When you run or open a program it appears as button on taskbar. You can switch between multiple applications by clicking relative button on taskbar. A taskbar has four parts.
Men MenMen Men u. u. u. u. A menu is stack of options. An option is a written command used to perform a task in computer. A menu display by two methods.
1. Right Click on anywhere in computer. 2. Click on any button in Computer.
Windows (Dialog Box Windows): Windows (Dialog Box Windows): Windows (Dialog Box Windows): Windows (Dialog Box Windows):
A window is simply frame region. Each dialog box window will be activated by opening an icon or clicking on a menu option. Every program will use a dialog box window to perform its functionality. A dialog box window consists on different components. It depends on dialog box functionality that how many components it has but one component essential on it is called title bar.
Free Area Icons Task bar
Start Button Quick Launch bar Application bar Status Tray
Elements of Elements of Elements of
Elements of Standard Dialog Box Standard Dialog Box Standard Dialog Box Standard Dialog Box Window.Window.Window. Window.
A standard dialog box window has following elements.
Title Bar Title Bar Title Bar
Title Bar: Title bar has title of dialog box window. It has minimized button used to wrap up window and to put on taskbar. Restore button used to decrease size of dialog box window. Close button used to close dialog box window.
Menu Bar: Menu Bar: Menu Bar:
Menu Bar: It has different buttons that gives a menu when we click on icon.
Toolbar: Toolbar: Toolbar:
Toolbar: Toolbar Have different icon on it to perform a task in computer.
Address Bar: Address Bar: Address Bar:
Address Bar: Address Bars tell the current location of computer.
Display Area: Display Area: Display Area:
Display Area: Will display messages or items in dialog box window.
Status Status Status
Status BBBar:Bar:ar:ar:
Tells status of the selected item.
Scroll Bar: Scroll Bar: Scroll Bar:
Scroll Bar:
Used when items are large but space or area to display then is small. Two types of scroll bar are horizontal and vertical.
Pr.1: Change name of the icon.
Right Click Rename Give name Pr.2: Customizing taskbar.
Right Click on Taskbar properties select setting Apply Ok.
Status Menu Restor Title Minimiz Close Tool Scroll bar Display area Address bar
My Computer:
My Computer:
My Computer:
My Computer:
My Computer is main icon in computer. Each storage device will be displayed in it and you can control and manage all hardwires and software’s of computer.
Storage Device Representation:
Storage Device Representation:
Storage Device Representation:
Storage Device Representation:
As we discuss all storage devices shows under my computer icon. Here hard disk is shown divided in logical parts for best data management. First part of hard disk will always assigned name C second D third E and so on. After hard disk part then next will CD drive and the next character will assign to flash drive as shown. We store all data here.
For Example: As in our case if your Hard disk has 4 parts then C, D, E, F will hard disk and G will CD drive icon. Similarly flash will assigned nest alphabet H.If other devices attached with computer then it will also represented in My Computer icon.
Control Panel:
Control Panel:
Control Panel:
Control Panel:
All computers controlled from control panel. It used to control, manage and change setting of your hardware’s as well as softwares.You can change your mouse and keyboard setting. You can also add and remove software from it. We can make regional setting and control speaker’s printers etc in computer from control panel.
Steps:StartControl panelmouse iconbuttonscheck onapplyok.
Steps: My computerright click on storage devicerenamegive new name
Data Management
Data Management
Data Management
Data Management
All data in computer is managed in files and folders. Each file and folder stored on storage devices of computer may on hard disk, flash, CD etc. We usually use Hard disk to save data in computer.
File:
File:
File:
File:
File is a basic data storage object in computer means we save all data in files. Different files used to store different data types. To make and manage a specific file in computer we use a specific software. For example: if you want to store drawing in computer you will use paint to make drawing file (Bitmap File). Similarly if you want to save text in computer you will use text file that will be created and managed in Word pad, Notepad or Ms- Word software’s.
Folder:
Folder:
Folder:
Folder:
Folder is container of files and sub folders. We group all related files in one folder. For example if you want to keep record of a school then to save all record we will use files. For good management you should keep all files related to 10th class in one folder and all files related to 9th class in other folder.
Naming a File&Folder: Each file and folder will be identified by a unique name. At a same storage location no two files or folders can be created or saved with same name. It is a good practice to name a file or folder related to data in it.
For Example: If a file have admission from stored in it then name it as admission form. We can create, rename, delete, restore and shift a file or folder from one location to another.
Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin:
Recycle bin is an object on desktop used to keep deleted item (files / folders) in computer. We can also restore (get back) file/folders from recycle bin. We can check deleted items in recycle bin as.
Steps: Open recycle binSee your required item.
Shifting a
Shifting a
Shifting a
Shifting a F
F
F
File & Folder:
ile & Folder:
ile & Folder:
ile & Folder:
You can move a file or folder from one location to another using copy, cut & paste command. Copy: Used to make a duplicate of current file or folder.
Steps: Right click on file or folder being copied copy.
Cut: Used to completely pick a file or folder from current location.
Steps: Right click on file or folder being copied cut. Paste: Used to keep cut or copied file or folder on new location. Example:
We have a file on D drive of name Ali Ejaz. We want to more it for D to E drive then we will use cut to shift it completely and copy to make its duplicate.
Searching Searching Searching
Searching FFFFiiiile & le & le & le & FFFolderFolderolder: older
If we want to open a file or folder we should know about its name and location where it was saved. If we have forget location or name than you can find by search option. we should have to give part of file name or some text of the file.
Pr-1: Creating a File and Folder:
We make/create a file in two ways.
Steps: 1: By using software will be explained next.
2: Right click anywhereNewSelect a file typeGive name to file. To create a folder.
Steps: Right click anywhereNewFolderGive folder name
Pr-2: Renaming a File & Folder: We can change name of a file as.
Steps: Right click on file rename give new name ok. To change name of folder.
Steps: Right click on folderrenamegive new nameok
Pr-3: Deleting a File & Folder: We can delete a file as.
Steps: Right click on file being deleted deleteyes.
Steps: Right click on folder being deleteddeleteyes.
Pr-4: Restoring Files and Folders:
Steps: Open recycle bin right click on deleted file or folder restore. Then file will go back form where it was deleted.
Pr-5: Moving a File Naming Ali Ejaz Completely from D to E drive.
Step 1: Open D drive right click on Ali Ejaz cut. Step 2: Open E drive right click paste.
P r-6: Sea rch ing a file wit h na me Ali Ejaz in my computer.
Steps: Start Search For file and folderFile name “Ali Ejaz” All drivesSearch.
Pr-7: Practical of lesson 1.4 of Typing Tutor
Opening Program
Opening Program
Opening Program
Opening Programs
s
s
s::::
We can active programs in computer form three ways. From start menu using all programs options, activating from shortcut on desk top, and from start menu using run option.
Program
Program
Program
Program Short Cut:
Short Cut:
Short Cut:
Short Cut:
Shortcut used to quickly activate a program in computer. To create short cut of a programs go on it in start menu.
MS
MS
MS
MS----Paint:
Paint:
Paint:
Paint:
MS-Paint is software used for drawing in computer. We can make drawing in MS-Paint, can save file and can also open saved files. We draw shapes in paint using toolbox. Select related tool and draw in drawing area
Practical:
Practical:
Practical:
Practical:
Pr-1: Creating Short cut of Programs.
Steps: StartAll ProgramsRight click on required program Send to (create shortcut) desktop.
Pr-2: Activating MS-Paint. 1: We activate paint in three ways.
Start All Programs Accessories MS- Paint. 2: Open From Run.
Start Run Type the “mspaint” Ok 3: Click short cut on desktop.
Pr-3: Activating MS-Word.
1: We activate MS-word in three ways. Start All Programs MS- Word. 2: Open From Run.
Start Run Type the “winword” Ok 3: Click short cut on desktop.
Pr-4: Activating MS-Excel. 1: We activate Excel in three ways. Start All Programs MS- Excel. 2: Open From Run.
Start Run Type the “excel” Ok 3: Click short cut on desktop.
Pr-5: Activating MS-Power Point. 1: We activate Power Point in three ways. Start All Programs MS- Power Point. 2: Open From Run.
Start Run Type the “powerpnt” Ok 3: Click short cut on desktop.
Pr-6: Working in MS-Paint (Saving and Opening File):
Open paint and make drawing in MS-paint.
Working Area
Select
Saving file in MS-Paint.
Steps:File menu save Give location/place to save file Give name of file Save.
To Open a saved file in Paint.
Steps: File menu Open Select location where file was saved Select required file being opened Open. Pr-7: Practical of Lesson 1.5 of Typing Tutor
Question
s
1. Writ e small notes on the following. 1. D e s c ri b e t he various elements of Windows XP. Desktop.2. Write a note on MS Paint. 3. Write a note on Word Pad.
4. Describe various features of Windows XP. 5. Write a note on My Computer.
2. Fill in the blanks.
1. Windows XP is a ___________________________. 2. Recycle Bin is used to _________________________.
3. To Save a File in Word Pad ___________ short cut key is used. 4. Windows XP is a __________ Task operating system.
Chapter # 2
AutoCAD Fundamentals
Welcome to the world of Computer Aided Designing (CAD), CAD is used as a tool to produce all types of Engineering Graphics drawings whether they be two-dimensional or three-dimensional or whether they be architectural, Electrical, or Mechanical in application.
Drafting and design has always been compared to language such as English or German, however, the design process and the ability to compare a design technically on paper was and still is considered the language of Industry. Due to evolution of Computer, the design has shifted from paper to the video display, although paper output through a plotter is still considered in some applications. The same tools that were available for the manual production of drawings have changed considerably using computer and in some cases doubt on the justification of the CAD terminal versus the drawing board. Now with 3D graphics available on most CAD systems, an individual not only is able to construct in three dimensions, but is also able to construct a prototype called solid model to be used for analysis.
The AutoCAD drawing Screen – Typical Installation
When performing a typical installation, and when first launching AutoCAD, the AutoCAD Graphic Screen is In the screen is the pull down menu area used to locate various commands under such categories FILE, EDIT, VIEW, INSERT, DRAW, MODIFY, (a name of few) Directly beneath the pull down menu area is the Standard Toolbar containing such command as new and open in addition to displaying numerous fly outs supporting the ZOOM, OBJECT SNAPS. (And below the Standard Toolbar) Object Properties toolbar is designed to manipulate Layers, Line types and colors. Two additional toolbars appear on the left side is Draw toolbar holds the command Circle Arc, and BHATCH and Modify toolbar contains Fillet, Chamfer,
Erase, Explode, Trim to name just a few. At the part of the display screen is the Command area which prompts you for input depending command currently in progress. At the very bottom is the status area.
USING KEYBOARD FUNCTION KEYS
A typical keyboard complete with function key above the alphanumeric keys. These functions keys are labeled F1 through F12 only keys F1 through F11 will be discussed here.
F1 = Windows Online Help
F2 = Toggle Between Graphic Screen / Text Screen. F3 = Toggle OSNAP setting dialogue box.
F4 = Toggle tablet mode on or off.
F5 = 3 Isoplane modes to construct isometric drawing. F6 = Toggle the coordinates. On/off.
F7 = Toggle the display of Grid on or off. F8 = Toggle to Ortho mode.
F9 = Toggle Snap mode on or off. The SNAP command sets the current snap value.
F10 = Toggle Polar tracking on
or off.
F11 = Object snap tracking on or off.
METHOD OF CHOOSING COMMANDS
There are four ways to enter or select commands for constructing or editing drawings. In figure the pull down menu is becoming very popular with many users. The Optional screen menu is illustrated in figure 39-6 to activate it choose the Option command located under the tools pull down menu area click on the display tab and place check in the edit box o display the screen menu. This practice is popular for users familiar with commands illustrated in figure below is an example of the fourth method for selecting commands namely through a toolbars.
ACTIVATING TOOLBARS
Numerous toolbars are available to assist you in picking other types of commands.
Clicking on toolbars….
Displays the toolbars dialogue box illustrated in figure by default four toolbars are
already loaded or active in all drawings they are Object Properties Standard
Toolbar Draw and Modify, to make another toolbar active click in the empty box
next to the name of the toolbar. This will display the toolbar and allow you to
preview it before making it a part of the display screen,
Commonly
Command Aliases
To assist with the enter AutoCAD commands from the Keyboard certain
commands have been shortened and are censer considered “Aliases”. Once you are
comfortable with the Keyboard using command aliases provide a very fast efficient
method of activating AutoCAD commands.
A ARC I DDINSERT.
AL AUGN IN INTERFERE.
AR ARRAY INT INTERSECT.
BO BOUNDARY LA LAYER.
BR BREAK LE LEADER.
C CIRCLE LEN LENGTHEN.
CH DOCHPROP LI LIST.
CHA CHAMFER LT LINETYPE.
CO COPY LTS LTSCALE.
D DDIM M MOVE.
DAL DIMALIGNED MA MADCHPROP.
DAN DIMANGULAR ME MEASURE.
DBA DIMBASELINE MI MIRROR.
DCE DIMCENTER ML MLINE.
DCO DIMCONTINUE MO DDMODIFY.
DDI DIMIAMETER MS MSPACE.
DED DIMEDIT MT MTTEXT.
DI DIST O OFFSET.
DIV DIVIDE OS DDOSNAP.
DLI DIMLINER P PAN.
DO DONUT
PE PEDIT.
PL PLINE.
PO POINT.
DST DIMSTYLE
E ERASE
ED DDEDIT
R REDRAW.
EL ELLIPSE
Using the Options Dialing Box
Picking the tools areas of the
pull-down menu area in Figure
exposes the Option command
located at the very bottom of
the pull-down menu. Pick this
command to make various
changes to the operating environment of the
AutoCAD. Seven categories
or Tabs are available to allow you
to make AutoCAD change
including to how files are pointed to
the performance of the system.
The display and pointer will be discussed in detail in the following pages. Checking on the display tab activates the dialog box illustrated in a Figure 3-13.
Changing the Color of the
Display
Change the Colors button of the Display. Tab
activates The AutoCAD Window Color dialog
box in Figure. Use this to make change so that
makes up the display screen. This provides an
easier way to manipulate AutoCAD
screen Colors.
Changing the Size of the
Cursor
Checking the pointer tab of
the
main
Option dialog box activates
the
dialog
box shown is Figure. Here the
size
of
graphic cursor may be changed. By default the curser is displayed at 5 percent of
the size of the display screen.
Starting a New Drawing
To begin drawing file. Select
the
NEW
command with the button
shown in the
click on the new command located in the File pull-down menu area in Figure 3-16.
The New command can also be entered in at the command prompt similar to the
following command sequence:
Command: NEW
Entering the NEW command displays the New Drawing dialog box illustrated in
Figure 3-17. Four options are
available
in
this dialog box. Using a
template,
Starting from scratch, Open
an
existing
drawing
and
Using
a
Wizards.
Clicking on the button entitled “Start from
Search” begins the AutoCAD drawing file
with such default setting as a sheet of page 12 units by 9 units and four place decimal precision.
Using the Quick Wizard
When clicking on the “Use a Wizard” button in addition on the Quick setup displays the dialog
box shown in Figure which consists of two
tabs identified by Step 1 & Step 2. Step 1 is
used to graphically control the units of the
drawing. Five units of measure are available
through this Wizard namely Decimal
Engineering, Architectural, Fractional, and
Scientific. When complete with setting the unit
of the drawing. Click on the Next button for the
next dialog box in the Quick Setup. Step 2 of
the quick Wizard setup. This tab deals with the
area of the drawing which is given as a
Width and a Length value Figure 3-20.The width
and length of the drawing area are entered.
Using
the
Advanced
Wizard
The advanced setup dialog box illustratedin
Figure.3-21. The Advanced Wizard contains
seven tabs to make changes to the initial drawing
setup. It is used to allow you to choose among
Decimal, Engineering, Architectural,
Fractional, and Scientific units. When changing
the units, they will preview in the Sample Units
image.
The second tab, Step 2 of the Advanced Setup
Wizard, deals with how angles will be measured
The third tab, Step 3 of the Advanced
Setup
dialog
box, displays how angles will be
measured in the
drawing. By default, angles are
measured
starting with East for an angle of 0,
North
for
an
angle of 90 degrees, West for 180
degrees,
and
South for 170 degrees. Also by
default,
these
angles are measured counterclockwise.
The fourth tab, Step 4 of the Advanced Setup dialog box, deals with Angle Direction. As noted in Figure 3-23, all angles are by default measured in the counterclockwise direction. The fifth tab step 5 of the advanced setup dialog box is identical to step 2 of the quick wizard setup.
Opening an Existing Drawing
The OPEN command is used to edit a drawing that already exists or has already been created. Select this command from the “File” area of the pull-down menu area.
Using the Browse Button
Clicking on the Find File button of the Select File dialog box displays the Brows/Search dialog box illustrated in Figure 3-32. Use it to preview groups of drawings; select the desired file to open it as the current drawing file. Clicking on the Search Tab activates a dialog box. Enables you to enter drive information, file type information, and dates and times of the file in order to perform a search.
Using the Units Control Dialog Box
The Units Control dialog box is available to intermediately set the units of a drawing. This dialog box is selected from the pull-down menu under “Format” Selecting Units Activates the dialog box illustrated in Figure 3-33.
The following methods of
measuring
angles
are
supported
in the Units Control
dialog
box: Decimal Degrees,
Degrees/Minutes/Seconds,
Grads,
Radians,
and
Surveyor’s
Units.
Accuracy of decimal degree angles may be set between zero and eight places.
Selecting “Direction” in the Units Control dialog box displays another dialog box called Direction Control. Use this dialog box to conrol the direction of angle zero in addition to changing the way angles are measured by default in the counterclockwise direction.Using the LIMITS Command
By default, the size of the drawing display screen in a new drawing file measures
12 units in the X direction and 9 units in the Y direction. As this size may be ideal
for small objects, larger drawing requires a more drawing screen area. Use the
LIMTS command for increasing the drawing area. Select this command form the
“Format”area of the pull –down menu (see Figure 1-34 A)
This command may also be entered directly at command prompt. Illustrated in Figure 3- 34B in a section view drawing. This drawing fits in a screen size of 24 units in the X direction and 18 units in the Y direction. Follow the promt sequence below for changing the limits of a drawing. Command: LIMITS
ON/OFF/<Lower left comer>
<0.0000,0.0000>:( Press Enter to
accept this value)
Upper right corner
<12.0000,9.0000>:24,18
Before continuing, perform a ZOOM-All to change the size of the display screen to
reflect the changes in the limits of the drawing. This command can be found in the
View pull-down menu area, clicking on Toolbar, and placing a check in the box
next to Zoom.
Command: ZOOM
All/Center/Dynamic/Exents/Left/Previous/ Vmax/ Window/<Scale(X/XP)>:ALL
Limit Settings for Typical Sheet Sizes
DECIMAL SCALES
SOALE SCALE ANSI “A” ANSI “B” ANSI “C” ANSI “D” ANSI “E” FACTOR 11” * 8.5” 17” * “11” 22” * 17” 34” * 22” 44” * 34” 8 88.68 136,86 176.136 272,176 352,272 4 44.34 68,44 88,68 136,88 176,136 2 22.17 34.22 44,34 68,44 88,68 1.00=1 1 11.85 17,11 22,17 34,22 44,34 2.00=1 50 5.5,4.25 8.5,5.5 11.8.5 17,11 22,17 ARCHITECTURAL SCALES
SOALE SCALE ANSI “A” ANSI “B” ANSI “C” ANSI “D” ANSI “E” FACTO 11” * 8.5” 17” * “11” 22” * 17” 34” * 22” 44” * 34” 96 88.68 136,86 176.136 272,176 352,272 88.68 48 44.34 68,44 88,68 136,88 176,136 44.34 24 22.17 34.22 44,34 68,44 88,68 22.17 16 11.85 17,11 22,17 34,22 44,34 11.85 12 5.5,4.25 8.5,5.5 11.8.5 17,11 22,17 5.5,4.25 6 88.68 136,86 176.136 272,176 352,272 88.68 METRIC SCALES
SOALE SCALE ANSI “A” ANSI “B” ANSI “C” ANSI “D” ANSI “E” FACTO 11” * 8.5” 17” * “11” 22” * 17” 34” * 22” 44” * 34” 1=1 25.4MM 279,216 432,279 559,432 864,559 1118,864 1=10 10CM 110,85 170,110 220,170 340,220 440,340 1=20 20CM 220,170 340,220 340,220 680,440 880,680 1=50 50CM 550,425 850,550 1100,850 1700,1100 2200,1700 1=100 10CM 1100,850 1700,1100 2200,1700 3400,2200 4400,3400
Using the GRID Command
Use grid to get a relative idea of the size of objects. Grid is also used to define the size of the display screen originally set by the LIMITS command. The dots that make up the grid will never plot out on paper even if they are visible on the display screen. Grid dots may be turned on or off either by using the GRID command or by pressing the F7 function key. By default, the grid is displayed in one unit intervals similar to Figure 3-38.
Command: GRID
Grid spacing (x) or ON/OFF/Snap/Apect <0.0000>:0.50
While grid is a useful aid for construction purposes it may reduce the overall performance of the competer system. If the grid is set to a small value and is visible on the display screen, it takes time for the grid to display. If a very value is given display warning that a prompt will be displayed warning that the Grid value is too small to display on the screen.
Using the SNAP Command
It is possible to have the cursor
lock onto or
snap to a grid dot this is the
Purpose of the
SNAP command. By default
the
current
snap spacing is 1.00 units.
Even though a
value is set the snap must be
turned on for
the cursor to be positioned on a
grid dot. This
can be accomplished by using
the
SNAP
Command below or by pressing the F9 function key.
Using the Drafting Setting Dialog Box
Selecting “Tools” from the pull-
down
menu
area
and
then
selecting
“Drawing
Aids…” displays the Drawing
Aids
dialog
box used for making dynamic
changes
to
such commands as GRID and
SNAP.
In
addition to these command the
following
command modes may also be
changed:
Ortho: Solid Fill: Quick Text;
Blips;
Highlight, grouping;
And Associative HatchingPlacing a check in the box provided turns on the Specific mode, checking the boxagain removes the check turning of the mode.
Figure 2-43 Figure
2-Organizing a drawing through layers
As a means of organizing objects, a series of layers should be devised for every drawing. Layers can be thought of as a group of transparent overlays that combines to from the completed drawing. Fig ure 2-43 shows a drawing consisting of object lines, dimension lines, and border. Creating these three drawing components is illustrated in Figure 2-44 Only the drawing border occupies a layer that could be called be called “Object” and the
Dimension lines could be drawn on a layer called “Dimension.” At times it may be
necessary to trun off the dimension lines for better clarity of the object. Creating all
Dimensions on a specific layer will allow you to trun off the dimensions while viewing all other objects on layers still turned on.Using the LAYER Command
Command: LAYER
?/Make/Set/New/On/Off Color / type/Freeze/
Thaw/Lock/Unlock:
A detailed listing of the LAYER option
follow they are also entered in from the
keyboard using the first letter of the option
(except for the Lock option which
requires the letters “LO” to activate
it).
? Used to give a complete list or partial
listing of all layers in the current drawing file.
Make Use to create a new layer and automatically set the new layer the current layer.
Set Allows you to change to a new current layer, layers. All new objects drawn on this layer. New Used to create n new layer or series of new layers. The set option is then used to change
from one layer to new current layer.
On Make all objects created on a certain layer visible on the display screen. Off Turns off or makes invisible all objects created on certain layer.
Color Allows you t assign a color a layer name.
Ltype Allows you to assign a linetype to a layer name.
Freeze Similar to the off option; turns off all objects
created on a certain layer. Objects frozen will not
be calculated when performing a drawing
regeneration. Therefore, Freeze is used as a
productivity tool to speed up drawing performance.
Thaw Similar to on turns on all objects created
on a certain layer that was previously frozen.
Lock Allows objects on a certain to be visible on the
display screen while protecting them from
accidentally being modified through an EDITING
command.
Unlock Unlock a previously locked Figure 3-45 layer.
Figure
2-Using the LAYER Command to create New Layer
Using the Layer & Linetype Properties Dialog Box
A more popular and efficient way to creat and manage layers
is to use the Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box to perform the following layer operations:
Creating new layers
Making a layer the new current layer
Assigning a color to a layer or group of layers
Assigning a linetype to a layer or group of layers Turning layers on or off
Freezing or thawing layers Locking or unlocking layers.
Creating New Layer Using the
Dialog
Box
Clicking on the “New” button of the Layer &
Linetype Properties dialog box
automatically creates a new layer called
“Layer1” which display itself in the layer
list box in Figure 2-47
Since this Illustrated in Figure 2- 48 is the
result of changing the name “Layer” to
“Objects” As the word
“OBJECTS” may be entered in with
uppercase, or “objects” in lower case letters,
if more than one layer needs to be created it is
not necessary to continually pick on the new layers a more efficient method world be to perform
the following after creating n new “Layer”
change its name layer name is completely
highlighted, you may select to change its name to
something with more meaning, such as a layer called
“Objects” to hold all objects lines in a drawing the
layer name is capitalized while all other letters
appear in lowercase.
To “Dim” followed by a comma (,) this will
automatically create a new “Layer1” (see
Figure2-49) Change its name followed by a comma and a
new layer is created and so on.
Assigning Colors and Linetypes
Once a layer is selected from the list box of the Layer
& Linetype Properties dialog box and color swatch
is selected next to the layer name, the select Color
dialog box shown in Figure 2-50 displays.
Use this dialog box to dynamically select
preloaded linetypes to be preloaded, click on the
Load button of the Select Linetype dialog box to
Figure 3-49
Figure 2-46A
Figure 2-52
display box shown in Figure 2-52.
Once the Load or Reload Linetypes dialog box is display as in Figure 2-52,
Notice in addition to standard linetypes such as Hidden and Phantom, a few
linetypes are provided that have
text
automatically embedded into the
linetype. As
the linetype is drawn, the text is
placed
depending how it was originally
designed.
Once layers have been created along with color and
linetype assignments, the display of the layer &
Linetype properties dialog box will be similar to Figure 3-53 Initially when layers are created, they are placed in the dialog box in the exact order they Clicking on the Details button in Figure 2-53 expands the botton of the dialog box to include more detailed information about the
selected layer (Figure 2-45) Name color, and
Linetype information is isolated in individual
edit boxes. Also where created in. Once the
dialog box is dismissed using the OK button and
then revisited at a later time all layer names are
reordered to be displayed in
alphabetical order. The properties of the layer
(On, Freeze in all viewports, etc)
Control of Layer Properties
The Objects Properties toolbar displays
extra buttons for the control and
manipulation of layers in a drawing. The Make
layer Current Button in Figure 2-55 allows you
to make a layer the new current layer by just clicking on an object in the drawing. The layer is now making current based on the layer of the selected object. The presence of the light bulb Signifies that the layer is turned on. Clicking on the lightbulb symbol will turn the layer off. The symbol signifies that the layer is thawed. Clicking on the sun turns it into a snowfiake symbol signifying that the layer is now frozen. The padlock symbol controls whether a layer is locked or unlocked. By default, all layers are unlocked. Clicking on the padlock changes the symbol signifying the layer is locked. Froozing and thawing of layers viewport is also possible through this area;
Controlling the Linetype Scale
LTSCALE
By default value of 1.00 is in effect.
This scale value acts as a multiplier for
all linetype distances. In other word, if
the hidden linetype is designed to
have dashes 0.125 units long, Ltscale
value of 1.00 displays the dash of the
hidden line at a value of 0.125 units.
Layer Command Button On/Off Freeze/Thaw Freeze/Thaw In a Viewport Lock/Unlock Color
Select and Make A Layer Current Layer is Off
The LTSCALE command displays the following command sequence. Command: LTSCALE
New scale factor< 1.0000>: (Press ENTER to accept
the default or enter another value) Accept the default or enter another value)
In Figure 2-58,
Command: LTSCALE Scale factor <1.0000> 0.50 In Figure 2-59,
A Ltscale value of 2.00 units has been applied to all linetypes. As a result,
instead of all hidden line dashes measuring 0.125 units, they now measure 0.25 as a result of the 2.00 multiplier as what appears to be continues linetype.
Command: LTSCALE
New scale factor < 0.5000>: 2.00 Illustrated in Figure 2-60
The Alphabets of Lines.
Before constructing engineering drawing the quality the lines that make up the drawings must first be discussed. Some lines of a drawing should be made thick others need to be made thin. This is to emphasize certain part of the drawing and is controlled through a line quality system. The most important line of a drawing outlines the shape of the object and for this reason is referred to as an Object line. Because of their importance, Object lines are made thin and continuous so they can stand out among the other lined in the drawing. It does not mean the other lines are considered unimportant; rather, the Object line takes precedence over all other lines. The Dimension line is a thin line used to show the numerical distance between two points. The dimension text is placed in between the dimension line and arrowheads are placed at opposite ends of the dimension line. The Extension line is another thin continues line and is used as a part of the overall dimension. Extension lines show the distance being dimensioned. Another important line used to identify the centers of circles is the Center line. It is a thin line consisting of a series of long and short dashes. It is a good practice to dimension to centerlines.
Basic Drawing Techniques Using the
LINE
Command
Use the Line command to construct a line from one
endpoint to the other. As the first point of the line is
marked, the rubber band cursor is displayed along
with the normal crosshair to help see where the next
line segment will be drawn. The LINE
command stays active until either the close option
is used or a null response is issued by pressing the
ENTER key at the prompt “To point.” Study Figure
3-62 and the following prompt sequence below for
using the LINE command.
From point :( Make a point at “A”) To point :( Make a point at “B”)
To point :( Make a point at “C”)
Figure 2-59 (A) (B) (C) (D) (F) (E) Figure 2-62 (A) (B) (C) (D) (F) (E) Figure 2-63
