Absorption Equipment = Karl B. Schnelle Jr. and Partha Dey . . . 1 Adsorption = Shivaji Sircar . . . 25 Biofilms = T. Reg. Bott . . . 111 Bioseparations = Shubhayu Basu and Shang-Tian Yang . . . 221 Bubble Cap Tray = Stanley Marple . . . 269 Capsule Pipeline = Henry Liu . . . 295 Centrifuges = Alan G. Letki . . . 407 Dehumidification = Louay M. Chamra and B. Keith Hodge . . . 617 Distillation Column Design: Packing = Andrew W. Sloley . . . 729 Distillation Column Design: Trays = Andrew W. Sloley . . . 749 Fouling of Heat Exchangers = T. Reg. Bott . . . 1043 Gas–Liquid Contactors = Kishore K. Kar, Richard F. Cope, and Juergen Lueske . . . 1119 Gas–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors = John C. Middleton, John M. Smith, and
Piero M. Armenante . . . .1131 Heat Exchanger Operation and Troubleshooting = T. Reg. Bott . . . 1203 Heat Transfer Fluids = Satish C. Mohapatra . . . 1211 Ion Exchange = Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K. Sengupta . . . 1411 Osmotic Distillation = Bob Johnson . . . 1985 Packed Absorption Column Design = Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. and Partha Dey . . . 2003 Pervaporation: Vapor Permeation = Nicholas Patrick Wynn . . . 2031 Pressure-Relief Valve Design = Jonathan Francis . . . 2423 Size Reduction = Sunil Kesavan . . . 2735 Solid–Liquid Separation = Frank M. Tiller and Wenping Li . . . 2769
Preface
The Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing is an authoritative, dynamic, and most comprehensive multi-volume reference work on the broad subject of chemical processing, which will enable readers to have an enriching experience about general as well as targeted knowledge in this field. The Encyclopedia caters to engineers, scientists, researchers, inventors, professors, and students, as well as general readers in academia, industry, research institutions, government, and legal practices. In addition, the Encyclopedia has been designed to address the needs of practicing engineers and scientists, businessmen, lawyers, industrial executives, and professionals in the chemical processing and technology arena.
The Encyclopedia encompasses the entire realm of chemical processing, offering up-to-date, reliable, and comprehensive coverage of process technologies that have steadily progressed over the years, and at the same time identifying and addressing new break-throughs and emerging technologies in chemical processing. The Encyclopedia contains a large number of entries that are devoted to life science subjects and futuristic materials and technologies, namely, biotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and materi-als and technologies geared for microelectronics. Under the advice of an editorial advisory board comprised of distinguished and renowned scholars from around the world, the Encyclopedia will serve as the most respected reference work in the field of chemical processing.
The Encyclopedia covers cradle-to-grave information on processing novel materials, emerging process technologies and resultant materials, and manufacturing organic and inorganic chemicals. Specific topics of interest include synthesis reactions, properties and characterization of materials, appropriate choice of catalysts, reactor design, process flowsheets, energy integration practices, pinch design, design of separation equipment and peripherals, environmental aspects of chemical plant operation such as safety and loss pre-vention, obedience of environmental regulations, waste reduction and management, and much more. The Encyclopedia also contains descriptions of different types of reactors and separation systems and their design, unit operations, system integration, process system peripherals such as pumps, valves, and controllers, analytical techniques and equipment, as well as pilot plant design and scale-up criteria.
Fundamental aspects of industrial catalytic processes are detailed including catalyst preparation, characterization, structure-property relationships, deactivation and defoul-ing, and catalyst regeneration methods. Examples of industrial processes that use different types of catalysts for chemical manufacture are also detailed. Identification and utilization of alternative resources for complementing our energy needs are addressed, which include renewable energy resources, oxygenated fuels, biofuels, fuel cells, and batteries.
Polymers are ubiquitous in today’s life, and their utilization is limited only by chemists’
and chemical engineers’ imaginations. The Encyclopedia attempts to cover the wide spec-trum of polymerization and polymer processing, including metallocene processes, description of structure, properties and end use of different polymers, copolymers, polymer blends and composites, polymer coatings, and rubber compounds. Additional topics of interest that are also covered include but are not limited to polymer characterization, molding technology, and polymer and rubber recycling. Advanced materials being used in myriad applications are also accounted for; examples of these are ceramics, nanomaterials, nano-composites, carbon nanotubes, hydrophilic polymers, photovoltaic materials, biomaterials, and biomedical materials.
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The issues potentially related to global warming cannot be understated in the present world, largely due to the increasing use of fossil fuels by automobiles and industries around the world. The degree to which this environmental issue affects society and the remedial measures needed in order to alleviate these concerns are well-addressed in the Encyclopedia, which covers emerging environmental technology, bioremediation, green-house gas alleviation, waste minimization, sequestration of carbon dioxide, etc.
Biotechnology is a rapidly growing area of chemical, biological, and life sciences, and as such is also well-covered in the Encyclopedia. Enzymes, biomaterials, bioseparation, bio-processing, bioreactor design, biocatalysis, BioMEMS, protein design, chiral drug separation, and hydrogels are few of the topics of merit that are included.
The Encyclopedia also identifies and addresses emerging technologies in great detail including but not limited to nanotechnology, plasma technology, thin film technology, supercritical fluid technology and its applications, as well as microfabrication and micro-machining for the microelectronics area.
The authors of this initial printed version of the Encyclopedia are recognized experts in their fields, lending credibility and prestige to the Encyclopedia. All the authors were invited based on their records of accomplishment in the chosen topical areas. All entries were individually reviewed by peers as well as the Editor. As part of the review and revi-sion processes, every effort was exercised to maintain the consistency, accuracy, readabil-ity, and up-to-date nature of the information presented.
The Encyclopedia is published in both online and printed formats. The printed version consists of multiple traditional hardbound volumes with articles arranged alphabetically.
The online version of the Encyclopedia is created by coupling the content of the printed edition with a powerful search engine, user-friendly interface, and customer-focused features. The online database is dynamic and evolving in nature, with additional articles added each quarter.
The Editor feels honored to have been asked to undertake the important and challeng-ing endeavor of developchalleng-ing the Encyclopedia of Chemical Processchalleng-ing that will cater to the needs of the rapidly changing world of the 21st century. The Editor is humbled to follow the impeccable work of the previous editor, Professor John J. McKetta, who led the deve-lopment of the Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, a total of 69 volumes, which has become one of the most authoritative reference sources for scientists, engineers, and practitioners for several decades.
I would like to express my most sincere thanks and appreciation to the authors for their excellent professionalism and dedicated work. Needless to say, an encyclopedia of this nature would never exist if the expert authors had not devoted their valuable time to pre-paring the authoritative entries on their assigned topics. I wish to thank all my colleagues and friends as well as the editorial board members for all their suggestions, comments, assistance, volunteerism, and patience. In particular, I appreciate the encouragements, gui-dance, and assistance provided by Mr. Russell Dekker, Dr. Chai-sung Lee, Dr. John C.
Angus, Dr. C. C. Liu, Dr. James G. Speight, Dr. Robert Dye, Dr. Sunil Kesavan, Dr. John Zabasajja, Dr. J. Richard Elliott, Jr., Dr. Abhay Sardesai, Dr. Hirotsugu Yasuda, Dr.
David G. Retzloff, Dr. Patricia Roberts, Dr. Kelly Clark, Dr. Jeffrey Yen, Dr. Peter Pujado, and Dr. Stephen J. Lombardo. I also would like to thank Mr. Jonathan E. Wenzel, Ms. Leah A. Leavitt, Dr. Teresa J. Cutright, Dr. H. Bryan Lanterman, Dr. Qingsong Yu, and Dr. Patricia A. Darcy for providing various assistance while editing. I am also deeply indebted to the former and current employees of the Publisher for their dedicated work toward successful completion of the project, to name a few, Ms. Alison Cohen, Ms. Oona Schmid, Ms. Marisa Hoheb, Ms. Maria Kelley, Ms. Meaghan Johnson, and Ms. Joanne Jay. The contributions of those mentioned made this Encyclopedia possible.
Sunggyu Lee Editor