VHDL Overview

Besides the factors that influence the quality of briquettes, there are other factors that affect the burning of briquettes. They are air flow, ash removal and the positioning of the briquettes in the stove.

i. Airflow

According to Ajueyitsi and Adegoke (2003), airflow is one of the most important factors to be considered for the burning of briquettes. Good airflow means that there is plenteous supply of oxygen which is necessary for burning to take place. Adequate supply of air guarantees burning of the briquettes at a high combustion rate. This means that optimal combustion is possible and incomplete combustion with resultant smoky fire is prevented.

ii. Ash Removal

The ash produced during burning of briquettes may cause problems. This is because the ash may block the air holes and eventually lower the oxygen supply to the combustion chamber. That is why ash content remains one of the criteria for deciding the quality of briquettes. It is therefore important to choose high quality briquettes with low ash content. Therefore research should be conducted on the ash content of the biomass or raw material before briquettes are produced. Even when high quality briquettes are used in the stoves, it is necessary to remove the ashes from time to time to ensure that the air holes are free to ensure efficient supply of oxygen that is needed for combustion (Weither et al.,2000).

iii. Briquettes Positioning

The positioning of briquettes may influence the air flow and eventually influence the burning characteristics. Generally, the main purpose of positioning briquettes is to put them in a position that they will enjoy good air flow. When positioning the briquettes, it is better to intentionally leave a path for the air flow which makes the oxygen available for the briquettes during combustion. It is therefore necessary to put the briquettes in an upright position, this makes air to easily pass through the inner hole, enlarges the contact surface of the air and briquettes, and improves the burning efficiency (Bruce et al.,2000) 2.6 Biomass

Biomass is a renewable energy source not only because the energy in it comes from the sun, but also because biomass can re-grow over a relatively short period of time compared with the hundreds of millions of years that it took for fossil fuels to form.

Through the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plants capture the sun's energy by converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground into carbohydrates (complex compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). When these carbohydrates are burnt, they produce carbon(IV) oxide and water and release the energy they captured from the sun (Huber et al., 2006). Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass (Liu, et al., 2011). As an energy

source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire (Baxter, 2005). Even today, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries.

Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based on carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

The estimated biomass production in the world is about 105 billion metric tons of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land (Randor, 2010). Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today, examples include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass (second-generation biofuels) as fuel. Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams. The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or "black liquor," a waste product from processes of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry (Naik, 2010). In the second sense, biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuels (Martin, 2010). Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, rice, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm trees (Field, 1998).

Based on the source of biomass, biofuels are classified broadly into two major categories. First-generation biofuels are derived from sources such as sugarcane and corn starch. Sugars present in this biomass are fermented to produce bioethanol, an alcohol fuel which can be used directly in a fuel cell to produce electricity or serve as an additive to gasoline. However, utilizing food-based resources for fuel production only aggravates the food shortage problem (Munnings et al.,2014). Second-generation biofuels, on the other hand, utilize non-food-based biomass sources such as agriculture and municipal waste. These biofuels mostly consist of lignocellulosic biomass, which is not edible and is a low-value waste for many industries (Huber et al., 2006). Despite being the favored alternative, economical production of second-generation biofuel is not yet achieved due to technological issues. These issues arise mainly due to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of lignocellulosic biomass (Kunkes et al.,2008)

Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer high biomass output per hectare with low input energy. Some examples of these plants are wheat, which typically yields 7.5–8 tonnes of grain per hectare, and straw, which typically yields 3.5–5 tonnes per hectare in the UK. The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity (Munnings et al.,2014). Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first-generation biofuel.

The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, and landfill gas. Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020 (Huber et al., 2006)

Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas, also called landfill gas or biogas. Crops such as corn and sugarcane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel ethanol.

Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from leftover food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. Also, biomass-to-liquids (called "BTLs") and cellulosic ethanol are still under research (Mafakheri and Nasiri, 2014).