If you' re a film producer, weather can be a problem.
You can ' t ' ... making a film about winter j ust because it's the middle of summer. The 2 ...
..
...... may predict a heatwave, but according to the script, your character must run down a frozen 3· ..
..
....... through asnow-covered park while 4· ........... a criminal, and then
5 ........
.
.. and fall on the ice. How is this done? 6 ... . depending on nature, filmmakers use companies such as Snow Business, which has created winter effects for hundreds of films such as Narnia and The Day After Tomorrow. They are amazingly 7 ....
....... at creating snow and ice out of paper, plastic or foam. Watching these films, you'd never know that the weather was an illusion - and that's j ust what the filmmakers want.GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
A gerund is formed by a d d i n g -ing to the base form of a verb. Gerunds a re used :
a. after certai n verbs: They enjoy chasing tornadoes ...
b. after prepositions: ... the dangers of trying it alone.
c. a fter certa i n expressions: Rather than running .. . Grammar Appendix, page 1 24
3. Complete the sentences with the verbs below.
Use a gerund or an i nfinitive.
4. Complete the second sentence so that it has got a similar meaning to the first. Use a gerund or infinitive.
5. Choose the best option to complete the sentence.
1 . Robert doesn't want to get fat so he . . . .
a . stopped to eat chocolate during work b. stopped eating chocolate d uring work 2. Patricia was happy beca use her boyfriend . . . .
a . remembered to buy her a birthday present b. remembered buying her a birthday present 3. We had a wonderful trip to Italy, a n d . . . .
a . I ' l l never forget visiting Rome b. I ' l l never forget to visit Rome
TqpJ.�ooOyqo��ol.?�.l..c.t .rY.OOoOOOoOOOOooOOooOOOoOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO OO
WEATHER
1 . Complete the sentences with the words and
phrases below.
degrees • s l ippery • forecast • f lood l ightning • soa k i ng wet • rai nfa l l • sweat 10 A flash of 0 H l it up the sky.
2 0 Accord i ng to the weather HO O O O , it's goi ng to get coldero
30 lt sometimes goes down to zero 00 • • • • Celsius i n Madrid.
The men bega n to
H
. . as they worked i n the hot s u n .) . W e were ... ... after waiting in t h e rain for an hour.
6 . The average a nnual . H . i n Barcelona is 590 m m .
7 . M a n y homes were destroyed i n the
Be carefu l ! it's rai n i ng, and the roads a re ..
2. Read the sentences and choose the correct answer according to the meaning of the word in colour.
Nearly 3 0 cm of ra i n I snow fel l during the
blizzard.
2. it's getti ng colder I warmer, so the snow is
melting.
3. The sky is overcast. it's going to I not going to
rai n .
4 . There was not enough I too much water
d u ring the d rought.
5. Temperatu res reached 1 ooc I 42°( during the
heatwave.
6. it's c h i l ly. You need I don't n eed a coat.
7. The h u m i d ity is h i g her I lower in the j ungle than i n the desert.
8. The c h i ldren s hivered in the cold I warm wind.
3 . NOUN COLLOCATIONS Which nouns can be used
to form collocations with the adjectives in colour?
1. b itter - sky, cold, wind
2. scorch i n g-heat, fog, temperatures 30 heavy-rai n , wind, snowfa l l 4. severe - storms, weather, s u n 50 thick-ra i n , fog, clouds
6 . m i l d-temperatu res, cold, weather
� 4. Complete the passage with the words and phrases below. Then listen and check your answers.
droug hts • soaking wet • degrees • sweat h u m id ity • chi l ly • floods • rainfa l l • heavy ra i n
EARTH
U n it 6
If you visit Cherrapunjee, India, take your umbrella or you'll
get 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • This mountain village has got the world's highest
20 , and all of it falls during monsoon season, from July to September. The water from the 3·
oooooOHOoO
runs down to the coast, which causes terrible 4HO
0 0 0 0 every year. In the winter, however, it hardly ever rains and there are often0 H because it gets so dry.
You won't get wet in the Atacama Desert in Chile, where it hasn't rained in 500 years! Strangely, Atacama's climate is quite 60 0 0 00 0 0 0 , going down to zero 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Celsius in the winter.
Because there is no 8· HO 0 0 0 in the air, meat will stay fresh there forever, and of course, people that live there never
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • People? Yes, believe it or not, there are several towns
in Atacama.
• Complete the sentences. Make them true for you.
1. When it's chilly outside, I l i ke to ... 0
20 I ' m happy when the forecast predicts 3. When the weather is mild, I 0 . 0 40 I th i n k that I ' m skilled at . . . . 5 0 I usually try to avoid 0 0 0 0
60 I th i n k teenagers should . .. rather than 0
oo
Vocabulary Builder, pages 8 8 - 89
, /
MODALS
Read the examples and a nswer the questions.
a. You have to I must find a safe place during a tornado.
b. Most chasers can I are able to avoid getting hurt.
c. At any time, lightning may I might strike them.
d. People who want to chase storms shouldn't try it alone.
e. Could I Would you tell me more about the tours?
f The tornado must be huge. lt's causing a lot of damage.
g. You mustn't get too close to a tornado.
h. The storm can't be in this area. Our data shows clear weather.
7. certainty that something is impossible
8. polite request 9. prohibition
Read the examples and a n swer the questions.
a. They should have checked the data first.
b. They could have become weather forecasters.
c. We would have gone on a tour. but we didn 't have enough money.
d. Seeing a tornado must have been a frightening experience.
2. certai nty that something was true 3. possibility that something was true
4. ability to have done something but in fact did not 5. willing ness to do something but in fact could not 2. Complete the rule.
2. Complete the sentences. Use a modal.
1 . I n the past, I . . . . (abil ity)
3. Complete the sentences. Use the modal perfects below.
I
u shouldn't have driven during the storm . ./
OT You mustn't have driven during the storm. �
! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a suitable form of the modal perfect. sentences using the modal perfects i n brackets.
_ "They've run out of tickets for the concert "
should have)
- " I came to your house, but you had a l ready
eft " (would have)
_ Rewrite the second sentence without
changing its meaning. Use a modal or a modal perfect. There may be more than one correct answer.
How did they feel when the storm beg a n ?
I'm sure they were frightened
- I forgot my pen .
� 7. Complete the passage by choosing the correct answers. Then listen and check your answers.
d,.,.�;u_�
U nit 6
When we first heard warnings that Hurricane lke 1· mighf
strike I might have Struclrour area, we didn't take it seriously.
Then we heard the announcement: "All residents 2 can evacuate I must evacuate immediately." "lt 3· mustn't be I can't be that bad," said my flatmate, Lisa. However, after all our neighbours had left, she said, "I think that we 4· should might go, too." We took my car, but we soon ran out of We couldn't get to a petrol station, so we
�
breto sleep I had to sleep �n the car. We were uncomfort ble, hungry and thirsty. "We 6· should bring should have broug more supplies," complained Lisa. The news on the radio was devastating. ''The hurricane 7· must have destroyed I would have destroyed our house," I thought, feeling very upset. In the end, the house was intact, but many others were destroyed. Things �m; Id have been easier I
or us, but we weren't prepared. We didn't realise how powerful a Gulf Coast hurricane could be!
Find out nbout hurricanes at:
ll'tl'll'. bll rlillgtollbooks.cs/PirwpoilltS I