• No results found

Formal Development of Fault Tolerant Transactions for a replicated Database using Ordered Broadcasts

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Formal Development of Fault Tolerant Transactions for a replicated Database using Ordered Broadcasts"

Copied!
10
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

$"%&(')+*!%,- . /*!'01+2341&5(%&6%+*7

8 "2"2:9;"(2'0(%<&%

=>@?BADCBADEGFHAJIKAL?NMADOPIRQ>TSUPADV/WYX)Z\[]W@VE^MM

_-`badcBc/efcg<h<eji`]kmlncpodqj`rts/odu#v&c/w(xdyJkni]lt_-`qjioJ`i

z oJqj{Li^lnrmq|k~}c/gY_-cpy-knaNsw(xJkncpo

_-c/yJknads/w(xJknc/o#_J€!(€ƒ‚+„#…

z†‡

ˆ!‰-Š‹LŒpLސ’‘d“”J•–p—D˜LŠš™mŠ/›/œD›<™~žB˜š™ Ÿp¡

¢£¥¤¦§!¨N©p¦pª1« skbslnixdejqj`ƒs!knq¬c/o­s/`^lnc/rmrtrmi^{Li^lbs/efrmq|knirq¬w(x-lnc!{Lir+g’syde|kkncpeji^lbsod`is/r

sƒ{psq¬e¬s®dejiGrmq|knir+`ƒsokbs¯Li)c!{Li]l&knadiHejcLs/uc/gPg’sqje¬iurmq|knir

†

« skbsqjr+ydrmyds/eje|}s/``^irmrmiƒu

°

q|knadqjostkmlbs/oJrns/`^knqjc/oNs/eJg@lbs/w(i

°

c/ln¯ †p± c

°

i{pi^lƒ…pyJxKuds!knq¬oJ²)lnixJe¬qj`ƒs!kniƒu(uds!kbs

°

q|knadqjo

skmlbs/oJrns/`^knqjcpods/e<g@lbs/w(i

°

c/ln¯³qjrs#`^cpw(xdeji^´³s!µPs/q|l¶u-ydi1knc#gTs/qjejyJlnirs/oduR`c/oJ·Nqj`^km¸

qjod²­kmlbs/odrns`^knqjcpoJr †º¹ lncpydx»`c/w(w1yJodqj`ƒsknqjc/oxJlnqjw(q|knq¬{piradsƒ{Li®\i^ioxJlnc/x\cprmiƒuknc

rmydxJx\c/lmk¶kmlbsodrns/`]knq¬c/odrqjo¼s³s/r½}-od`baJlnc/odc/ydr(u-q¬r½kmlnqj®JyJkniƒu»r½}-r½kniw †Y¾oknadqjr(xds/x\i^l

°

icpy-kne¬qjoJiaJc

°

s¶lni^¿NoJiw(ioBk®Nsrmiƒu­s/xdx-lncLs`]a

°

q|knaÀh<{pioBkG‚Á`ƒs/o®\iydrmiugTc/l

knadiHuJi^{LiejcpxJw(ioBkºcgfs0lni^e¬q¬s®dejitlnixJejq¬`skniƒuuds!kbs/®ds/rmiHr½}Jr½kni^wknadskºiodrmy-lni)s!kncpw(qj`

`cpw(w(q|knw(ioBkºc/gyJxKuds!kni)kmlbs/oJrns/`^knqjcpoJrydrmqjod²²/lncpyJx`c/w(w1yJodqj`ƒsknqjc/ox-lnq¬w(q|knqj{Lir

†

à ÄJÅtÆ\ÇKÈ0ÉÊ˚ÆKÌbÈHÅ

Í E^VÎPWÏ>TSAD[]V/IIPAB[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]VÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓÔSADOКV#I\V!ÕPOPV/I»AJÑA­I\>TÑb[]E^>ÏÐKZK[]V/IÖÑbÒ\Ñb[]VÓÔ×0UKV/E]VS!Ø-ÎP>ÏVpÑ

ØDÙH[]UKVÂIKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]VADE^VCJVÎ\[(A-SE]ØdÑ]ÑÑbV/?-V/E^A-WºÑ]>¬[^V/Ñ/ÚY=AD[^ARA-SSV/Ñ^Ñ>@O¼A³E^VÎKW@>@S/AB[^V/I»IKAD[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V

SA-O»ÐšV#IKØ-OKV×0>¬[^UK>ÏOÛAÂ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOPADW<ÙÜE^A-Ó#V×)Ø-E^CšÚfݽ[1>TѶA-I\?BA-OJ[ADÞJVØ-ZfÑ0[]ØRE^VÎKW@>@S/AB[^V[]UPV

IKAD[^A³>¬Ùt[]UKV[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O»×)Ø-E^CNWÏØdA-I>TÑ1ÎKE^V/I\ØJÓ>@OPA-OJ[^WÏÒE^V/AJI»Ø-OPWÏÒJ򴧯B×tV/?-V/E/àšI\ZKE^>ÏOKÞRZKÎ\á

IKAD[]V/Ñ/à-CJVV/ÎK>ÏOPÞ([]UKV1E^VÎKW@>@S/A-Ñ">@OÀAS!Ø-OfÑb>TÑn[^VOd[tÑb[^AD[]VA-E]>TÑbVpÑHI\ZPV[]ØE^AJS!VSØ-OPI\>Ï[]>@Ø-OfÑHADÓ#ØJOKÞ

S!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞ¼ZKÎ¥IKAB[^VÀ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ/Ú Í I\>TÑn[^E]>@ÐKZ\[^V/Iã[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOÁÓÂALÒãÑbÎPA-O$Ñ]V?JVEADWtÑ]>Ï[]V/Ñ

E^V/A-IK>ÏOKÞ³Ø-E1ZKÎ¥IKAB[^>ÏOKÞIKAD[^A³Ø-Ð\änVpSƒ[ÑÚ

Í

[nÒdÎP>@S/ADW"I\>TÑn[^E]>@ÐKZ\[^V/IÖ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OÖSØ-Od[^A->ÏOPÑ1ARÑbVá

å

ZKVOfS!VØ-ÙHIKAB[ADÐPAJÑbVØ-ΚVEAB[]>@Ø-OfÑ×0UK>TSU»ÓZfÑn[¶ÐfVÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^ÑbVpIAB[¶ADW@WºØ-Ù"[]UKVÎPADE][]>TS!>@ÎPAD[]>@OKÞ

Ñ]>¬[^V/Ñ)Ø-E)OKØ-OPVØ-Ù<[]UPV1Ñ]>¬[^V/Ñt[]Ø#ÓÂAD>@Od[^A->ÏOÂ[^UKV¶>ÏOd[^VÞ-E^>Ï[nÒØ-Ù<[^UKV1IPAB[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V-ÚNæGUKV(Ñb[]E^Ø-OKÞS!Ø-OKá

Ñ]>@Ñb[]V/OPS!Ò#S!E^>¬[^VE^>ÏØJO#>ÏO#[^UKVE^VÎKW@>@S/AB[^V/IÂIKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]V)E^V

å

ZK>@E^V/Ñ+[^UPAB[[^UKVIKAD[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V0E]V/ÓÂAD>@OPÑ">@O­A

S!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[]V/OJ[Ñb[^AD[]VI\VpÑbÎK>Ï[]V¶[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJO­Ù A->ÏW@ZKE^V/Ñ/ÚKæGUKV(ÎfØdÑ]Ñ]>@ÐKWÏV(S/ADZPÑ]V/ÑGØ-Ù<[]UPV¶[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O

Ù AD>@W@ZKE]VpÑ>@OPS!W@ZPI\VRÐPAJIãIKAB[A»>@OKÎKZ\[pàº[^>ÏÓ#V³Ø-Z\[Ñàº[]V/ÓΚØ-EADE^ÒÖZPOPAL?BAD>@W@A-ÐK>ÏW@>Ï[nÒçØ-ÙIKAB[AÖAB[A

Ñ]>¬[^VADOPIRI\V/AJI\W@ØNSC\Ñ/Ú

èØS!ØJÓ#ÓØJO»Þ-W@Ø-ÐfADW+S!W@ØNSCØJE1Ñ]UPA-E]VpIÓ#VÓ#Ø-E^ÒV!é\>@Ñb[¶>ÏOÛAÀI\>TÑb[]E^>ÏÐKZK[]V/I¼Ñ]ÒNÑb[]V/ÓÚ¥æGUPV

Ñ]>¬[^V/ѶS!ØJÓÓZKOK>TSAD[]VÐNÒ[^UKVVéKSUPADOKÞJVØ-ÙHÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V/Ñ×0UK>TSUçADE^VIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/I[^ØÀ[^UKVÓADْ[]VE

ADE^ÐK>Ï[]EADE^Ò[]>@Ó#V­I\VWTALÒ\ÑڐÝmOãÑ]ZPSU¼Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓÂѶZKÎ\á~[]Ø-á½IPAB[]VÂCNOKØB×0W@V/IKÞ-VØDÙ)[]UKV­Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ>TÑ(OKØ-[

CNOKØB×0O[]ØA-OdÒÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^Ñ+Ø-EÑ]>¬[^V-ÚdæGUK>@ÑÎKE]ØJÐKW@VÓêS/ADOÂI\VpADWÏ[HÐNÒE^VW@Òd>@OKÞ¶Ø-O#ÞJE]ØJZKÎÂS!Ø-Ó#ÓZKOK>Ïá

SAD[]>@Ø-OÎKE^>ÏÓ#>Ï[]>@?-V/Ñ"[]UPAD[ÎKE]ØB?N>TI\VGUK>@Þ-UKV/E"Þ-ZPA-E^A-OJ[^VVpѺØJO[]UKVI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒØDÙ¥ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ/Ú-ë1E]ØJZKÎ

S!ØJÓ#ÓZKOK>TSAD[]>@Ø-O$UPA-ÑADWTÑbؼКVVO$>ÏON?JV/Ñb[]>@ÞJAB[^V/I>ÏO$ÝnÑb>TÑìíBî~à"æºØD[]V/ÓïìÏðñDî0ADOfIæºE^A-OPÑì¬ðLòLî½Ú

æGUKV1ÎKE^ØD[]Ø\SØ-WTÑH>@O­[^UKV/Ñ]V1Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓÂÑtZPÑbV1?BADE^ÒN>ÏOKÞÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[HÎKE^>@Ó>Ï[]>@?-VpÑGADOPI­AJIKI\E^V/Ñ^ÑHÞJE]ØJZKÎ

ÓÂAD>@Od[]VOfADOPSV-àºÙ ADZKWÏ[[^Ø-W@VEADOPSV³A-OPIÁS!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[]V/OPS!ÒãÑ]VE^?d>TS!VpÑÚ+æGUKVÀ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OÑ]VÓÂADOd[^>@S/Ñ

>@Oã[]UKV³ÓÂADOPA-Þ-VÓ#V/OJ[Ø-ÙE]V/ÎKW@>@S/AB[]VpIãIKAB[A>TÑADWTÑ]ØÖS!ØJOPÑb>TI\V/E]VpIç>@OóìôKà!ðpõBî½Ú<ÝmOAJIKI\>Ï[]>@Ø-OÛ[^Ø

ÎKE^ØB?N>@I\>@OKÞÙ ADZKWÏ[t[^Ø-W@VEADOPSV-àNØ-OPVØDÙº[]UKV1>@ÓΚØ-E][^A-Od[)>TÑ]Ñ]ZKVpÑH[^ØÐšV¶A-IKI\E^V/Ñ^Ñ]V/IÂ>@OÀ[^UKV(I\V/Ñ]>@Þ-O

ØDÙ0E^VÎKW@>TSAS!ØJOd[]E^Ø-WÎKE^ØD[^Ø\S!Ø-WTѶ>TÑS!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[]V/OPS!ÒJÚºæGUKVÁöG÷¥ø»ùú^û¥üý0þÿÏø÷øÛìñDîtSE]>Ï[]V/E]>TA

« q¬{/s/¯/sl&spudsƒ{q¬r)sv&cpw(w(cpo

°

iƒs/e|kna³_-`badc/eÏs!lGrmyJxdx\c/lmkniu#®D}knadi1v&cpw(w(c/o

°

iƒs/e|knaÀ_D`]aJcpe¬slm¸

rmaJqjx­v&cpw(w(qjrmrmqjcpoq¬oknadi z odq|kniƒu ‡ qjoJ²LuJc/w †

qj`baNsie‚&y-kne¬i]lrH`c/oDkmlnqj®JyJknqjcpo#qjrHxNs!lmk)cgknadi

¾

_ãxJlnc½i`^k

¾

_B€p€H «

¾

(2)

å

ØDÙ"IKAD[^AØ-Ð\änVpSƒ[Ñ Ïú jü³UPAL?-V1[^UKVÑ]A-Ó#V1>TI\V/OJ[^>@S/ADW?BADW@ZKVJÚ

=>@Ñb[]E^>ÏÐPZ\[]VpI ADW@Þ-Ø-E^>Ï[]UKÓÂÑ­S/ADO КVÖI\V/SVÎ\[^>Ï?JV-àtÓ#ALÒ$UPAL?-V»SØ-Ó#ÎKW@V!é V!é\V/SZ\[]>@Ø-O ÎPAD[]UPÑ

ADOfI»ÓÂALÒ»ADW@WÏØB× ZPOPADOd[]>TS!>@ÎPAD[]V/IÖÐfV/UPAL?N>ÏØJE/Ú0>@Þ-ØJE]ØJZPÑE^V/AJÑbØJOK>ÏOPÞÀADКØ-Z\[Ñ]ZPSUÖA-WÏÞJØ-E^>¬[^UKÓÂÑ

>TÑYE^V

å

ZK>@E]VpI[^ØV/OPÑbZPE]V+[^UPAB[+ADOADW@Þ-ØJE]>Ï[]UPÓ A-SUP>ÏV/?-V/ÑY×0UPAB[<>Ï[º>TÑ<Ñ]ZKÎKΚØJÑ]V/I1[^ØI\ØìÏð-ðî~ÚLë1E]ØJZKÎ

S!ØJÓ#ÓZKOK>TSAD[]>@Ø-OÑbV/E]?N>TS!VpÑtUfAL?-V1ÐfV/VOÑn[^ZPI\>@V/IRA-Ñ0AÐPAJÑb>TS1ÐKZK>@W@I\>@OKÞ#ÐKW@Ø\SCÂÙÜØ-E0ÓÂADONÒÂÙ A-ZKWÏ[

[]ØJWÏV/E^A-Od[I\>@Ñb[]E^>@ÐKZ\[]VpI»Ñ]VE^?d>TS!VpÑàPUKØB×tV/?-V/EG[]UKVADÎKÎKW@>TSAB[^>ÏØJOØDÙ+ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADW<Ó#V[]UKØ\IKÑÎKE]ØB?N>TI\>@OKÞ

S!W@V/A-E³Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-OPѳADOPIÎKE]ØNØ-Ù Ñ­ØDÙSØ-E^E]VpSƒ[^OKV/Ñ^ÑÂ>TÑÀEADE^VÁìõDî~ÚNØJÓVÖØDÙ([]UPVÖ>@ÓΚØ-E][^A-Od[

×)Ø-E^CØ-O [^UKVçA-ÎKÎKW@>@S/AB[^>ÏØJO ØDÙ(ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADWÓ#V[]UKØ\IKÑÀ[]ØÁÞJE]ØJZKÎS!ØJÓ#ÓZKOK>TSAD[]>@Ø-OÑ]VE^?N>@SV/ÑÂ>@O

Ø-EI\V/E[^ØR?JVE^>¬ÙÜÒ[^UKV#ÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/ÑØDÙ)A-WÏÞJØ-E^>¬[^UKÓ ADE^VÞJ>Ï?JVOç>ÏO ì\à!ðLî~ڐæGUKV#×)Ø-E^CE]V/ÎfØJEb[^V/I

>@O ìpî(ZPÑ]V/Ñ³Ý A-Z\[]ØJÓÂAB[^AÁÙÜØ-ER[]UPVÛÑ]ΚV/S!>ÏÕfS/AB[]>@Ø-OfѳA-OPIÎKE^ØB?-VpÑÀÎPE]ØJÎfV/Eb[^>ÏVpѳA-ÐfØJZ\[A-WÏW

[]EA-SV#ÐfV/UPAL?N>ÏØJE1Ø-ÙH[^UKV­ADZ\[^Ø-ÓÂAB[^>ÏØJOYڐÝmO ì¬ðpî"ÙÜØJE]ÓÂADW+E^V/Ñ]ZKWÏ[^Ñ(ADE^V#ÎKE^ØB?d>TI\VpI[]UfAB[I\VÕPOKV/Ñ

×0UKV[]UKV/EØJEOKØ-[¶A#[^ØD[ADW@WÏÒØ-EI\V/E]VpIÎKE]Ø-[]Ø\S!ØJW<ÎKE^ØB?N>@IKV/ÑAÀSADZfÑ]A-WºØJE^I\V/E/ÚfæGUKVÒÎKE^ØB?N>@I\VA

ÎKE^ØNØDÙKØDÙPSØ-E^E]VpSƒ[^OKV/Ñ^ÑYÐNÒ(I\Ø->@OKÞÎKE]ØNØ-Ù Ñ<ÐNÒ¶UPADOfIÚLÝmOPÑn[^V/AJIà/ØJZKE+ADÎKÎKE^ØJAJSU(ØDÙPÑ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÙÜÒN>ÏOKÞ[]UPV

Ñ]ÒNÑb[]V/Ó A-OPI(?JVE^>¬ÕfS/AB[^>ÏØJO1>TÑYÐfA-Ñ]V/I(ØJO¶[]UKVH[]V/SUPOK>

å

ZKVHØDÙPADÐfÑn[^E^AJSƒ[]>@Ø-O(A-OPI(E^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[/ÚpæGUK>@Ñ

[]VpSUKOK>

å

ZKV>TÑHÑ]ZKÎKΚØ-E][]V/I#ÐNÒ[]UKV?-V/Od[HX ìÏð/ôDî~à-A-OÂV?JVOd[tI\E^>Ï?JVOÂADÎPÎKE]ØdA-SUZPÑ]V/I[]ØJÞ-V[]UKV/E

×0>Ï[]UóX QV![^UKØ\I ìÏð!î½ÚtæGUK>TÑÂÙÜØJE]ÓÂADW1ADÎKÎPE]ØdA-SU SADE^E^>ÏVpÑ­AÁÑb[]VÎKá~×0>TÑbVçI\V?JVW@Ø-ÎKÓ#VOd[ÂÙÜE^Ø-Ó

>@OK>¬[^>@A-WdA-ÐPÑb[]EA-Sƒ[&ÑbΚV/S>¬ÕfS/AB[^>ÏØJOPÑY[^ØAIKV![^A->ÏW@V/II\V/Ñ]>ÏÞJO(ØDÙPAÑbÒ\Ñb[]VÓ >@O([]UPVHE^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[&Ñb[]V/ÎPÑÚ

æGUKE^Ø-ZKÞJU[]UKVE]VÕPOKVÓ#V/OJ[tÎKE]ØNØ-Ù Ñ"×tV?-VE^>ÏÙÜÒ[]UfAB[)IKV/Ñ]>ÏÞJOÂØDÙYI\V![AD>@WÏVpIÂÑbÒ\Ñb[]V/Ó SØ-O\ÙÜØJE]ÓÂÑ+[^Ø

[]UPV1A-ÐPÑn[^E^AJSƒ[tÑ]ΚV/S!>ÏÕfS/AB[]>@Ø-OfÑÚNæGUKV1E]VÕPOKVÓ#V/OJ[GADÎKÎPE]ØdA-SUÂØDÙ?-V/Od[tX UPA-Ñ)ADWTÑ]ØÐfV/VO³ZPÑbVpI

ÙÜØ-E¶[^UKV#ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADW"I\V/?-VW@Ø-ÎPÓV/Od[¶Ø-ÙHÙ A-ZKW¬[([^Ø-W@VEADOd[S!ØJÓÓZKOK>TSAD[]>@Ø-OçÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓÂÑÂìBî½ÚçVÂUPAL?JV

ZPÑ]V/I[^UKVtWÏ>TSCOHE]ØB?JV1ìòLî¥Xã[]ØNØJW\ÙÜØ-EÎPE]ØNØDÙ¥Ø-ÐPWÏ>@ÞJAD[]>@Ø-O#Þ-V/OKVEAB[^>ÏØJOA-OPIÙÜØ-EHI\>TÑ^SUPADE^Þ->@OKÞ

ÎKE^ØNØDÙºØJÐKW@>ÏÞdAB[]>@Ø-OfÑÚ

æGUKV0E^VÓÂAD>@OPI\V/E"ØDٚ[]UK>TÑ"ÎPA-ÎfV/E">@ÑØ-E^ÞJADOP>/V/IA-Ñ&ÙÜØ-W@W@ØB×ÑNVpSƒ[^>ÏØJOÂò1ØJZ\[]W@>@OKVG[]UKVÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ

Ó#Ø\I\VW~àNV/S![]>@Ø-OçôRI\VpÑ]SE]>@ÐfVpÑÞJE]ØJZKÎÖSØ-Ó#ÓZKOP>@S/AB[]>@Ø-OÖÎKE]>@Ó#>¬[^>Ï?JV/ѶADOfI»>Ï[^ѶADÎKÎPWÏ>TSAD[]>@Ø-O[^Ø

E^VÎKW@>@S/AB[^V/IIKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]V-àNVpSƒ[^>ÏØJOñ­Ø-Z\[^WÏ>@OKV[]UKV(ÙÜØJE]ÓÂA-WºI\V/?-VW@Ø-ÎPÓV/Od[ØDÙA­Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ ØDÙ+[]Ø-[^ADW

Ø-EI\V/E)ÐPE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[GA-OPINV/S![]>@Ø-OíSØ-OPSWÏZfI\V/Ñ)[^UKV(ÎPADΚVEpÚ

! #"JÆ%$'& ( È0É#$)

ZKEÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ Ó#Ø\I\V/WHS!ØJOPÑb>TÑb[ØDÙ0AÑbV[^Ñ(Ø-ÙGÑ]>¬[^V/ÑA-OPI¼IKAB[AØ-Ð\änVpSƒ[^Ñ/Ú*ÑbV/E^Ѷ>@Od[]VEA-S![×0>¬[^U

[]UPVIKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]VÐNÒ,+.- /.-’÷ -0/ B÷1+ 2-  úB÷1+ƒÚ¼VSØ-OPÑ]>@IKVE[^UKVS/A-Ñ]V(ØDÙ"ÙÜZKW@W&E]V/ÎKWÏ>TSAD[]>@Ø-O»A-OPI

A-Ñ^Ñ]ZKÓ#VADW@WYIKAB[A#Ø-Ð\änVpSƒ[^ÑADE^V1ZPΚIKAD[]VpADÐKW@V-ÚPæGUPV43ø 576÷Pü8'9Pø2/]ø;:</=-½ø¶ý Bø2/ƒü8'9Pø2/^ø³ìñPà

ðpíBîE]V/ÎKW@>@S/A¼SØ-Od[]E^Ø-WGÓ#V/SUfADOK>TÑbÓ >@ÑÂSØ-OPÑ]>TI\VE^V/IÙÜØ-EÂZKÎ¥IKAD[]>@OKÞÁE^VÎKW@>@S/A-Ñ/Ú Í []EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O

>TÑÀS!ØJOPÑ]>@I\V/E]VpI$AJÑÀAãÑ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!VØ-Ù¶E^V/AJIL×0E^>Ï[]VØ-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑÂV!é\VpS!Z\[^V/I AB[^Ø-Ó#>TSADW@W@Ò-à">~ÚVJÚÏà)A

[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-O¼×0>@WÏWV/>¬[^UKVE ^ú?>4> =-¶Ø-E A@^ú?/.-¶[]UKVÂVBšVpSƒ[Ø-ÙGA-WÏWIPAB[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V#Ø-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑÚYæGUPV

ÙÜØ-W@W@ØB×0>ÏOKÞ[nÒdΚV/ÑHØDِ[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑADE^VSØ-OPÑ]>@IKVE^V/IÙÜØ-Et[]UK>TÑtÓØ\I\V/WPØ-ÙYE]V/ÎKWÏ>TSAD[]VpIÂIKAB[ADÐPAJÑbVJÚ

C

3ø A5DƒöG÷ ¬üFEG/ B÷H+ 2-  úB÷1+I&æGUKVpÑbV­[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OÛADE^VÀÑbZPÐKÓ#>¬[][]V/IÁWÏØ\SA-WÏW@Ò»[^Ø[]UPV³Ñ]>¬[^V

A-OPI ^ú?>4> =-GABْ[]V/EE^V/A-IK>ÏOKÞ[]UPV(E]V

å

ZPV/Ñb[]V/IRIKAD[^AØ-Ð\änVpSƒ[0W@ØNS/ADW@WÏÒJÚ

CKJ

ûH5 -møLEG/ D÷H+ - úB÷H+I+æGUKVpÑbVÂ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ(ZKÎ¥IKAD[]VÂ[^UKVÀE^V

å

ZKVpÑn[^V/IãIKAD[^AØ-ÐKänV/Sƒ[ÑÚ

æGUKV¶VBšVpSƒ[ØDÙ+ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V1[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑGADE^V1Þ-W@Ø-ÐPA-Wàd[]UNZPÑ×0UKVOS!ØJÓÓ#>Ï[b[^V/IàPA-WÏWE^VÎPWÏ>TSAJÑ

Ø-Ù+IKAD[^AØ-ÐKänV/Sƒ[ÑGÓÂAD>@OJ[AD>@OKV/IRAB[A-WÏW<Ñ]>Ï[]V/ÑGÓZPÑb[GКV(ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V/IÚfÝmORS/A-Ñ]V¶ØDÙ&A-ÐfØJEb[pà\OKØ-OPV

Ø-Ùº[^UKVÑb>Ï[]VpÑGZKÎ¥IKAB[^V¶[]UKVIKAD[^AØ-ÐKänV/Sƒ[pÚ

MYV[[^UKVÂÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVØ-ÙHE]VpA-IB×0E]>Ï[]VØ-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑ>TÑ]Ñ]ZKVpI»ÐNÒ[]UKV[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-O,NOtКV#IKV!ÕPOKVpI

ÐNÒãAÖÑ]V![Ø-ÙØ-ÐKänV/Sƒ[ѳúA@QPø -R+ø-ìNO î)×0UPVE^V¼ú@RPø 2-S+ø2-/ìNO î4T

UWV

ÚXMYV[[^UKV³Ñ]V![Y8Z/=-½ø2+ø2-/ìNO’î

E^VÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[^Ñt[^UKVÑbV[ØDÙ&Ø-Ð\änVpSƒ[0[]Ø#КVÂÿpûH5 -mø[5³Ñ]ZPSU³[]UPAD[\8Z/=-½ø2+ø2-/ìNO’î!] ú@RPø 2-S+ø2-/ìNO î~Ú

Í [^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJO^N O >@Ñ)A(E^V/A-I\á~ØJOKWÏÒ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O#>ÏÙ_8Z/=-½ø2+ø2-ìN Oî

U`V

ÚaN>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^W@ÒA¶[^E^A-OPÑbá

A-S![]>@Ø-OIN O >@Ñ1A­ZPΚIKAD[]V[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O>ÏÙH>Ï[^Ñ78Z/=-½ø2+ø2-/ìN OîbT

UcV

Ú¥æG×tسZKÎ¥IKAB[^V[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ

N O A-OPINdADE^V>@OúB÷fe ->ÏÙ[]UKVÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVØDÙØJÎfV/E^AD[]>@Ø-OPÑ>@Ñ^Ñ]ZKV/IÐNÒYN O A-OPINdADE^VI\V!á

ÕPOKVpI­ØJOÀÑbV[)Ø-ÙYØ-Ð\änVpSƒ[ú@RPø 2-S+ø2-ìN OîYADOfIçú@RPø 2-S+ø2-/ìNdƒîE]VpÑbΚV/S![]>@?-VW@ÒÂADOPIçú@RPø-S+!ø-ìN Oîg

(3)

Local Abort Tx

Global Abort Tx

Global Commit Tx

Local Commit Tx

BeginSubTran

Issue Update Trans

Coordinator

Commit/Abort Decision Message

Vote−Commit/Abort Message

Update Request Message

StartTran

ExeAbortDecision

ExeCommitDecision

Cohorts

?JVOd[^ÑGØ-Ù*ΚIKAD[]VæºE^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJO

ÝmO Ø-EI\V/E­[]ØÓV/V![³[]UKV¼Ñn[^E]ØJOKÞS!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[]V/OPS!Ò E]V

å

ZK>ÏE^VÓ#V/OJ[­×0UPVE^VÖV/AJSU []EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O

E^V/A-IPÑH[^UKVS!ØJE]E^V/S![)?BA-WÏZKV¶Ø-Ù&AE]V/ÎKW@>@S/AKà úB÷ e -’÷ []EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑ)OKV/V/IÀ[]ØÂКV1Vé\V/S!ZK[]V/IR>@O

>TÑbØJW@AD[]>@Ø-OYښÝmOÖØJZKEÓ#Ø\I\V/Wà×)VV/OPÑbZPE]V[]UK>TÑ1ÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][nÒRÐNÒOKØ-[ +[+ƒÿ’÷ A­[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOÖAB[¶A

Ñ]>¬[^V1>ÏÙ&[]UKV/E]V¶>TÑ0ASØ-O\âf>@S![]>@OKÞ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJO­[^UPAB[>TÑ-BøAD[G[]UPAD[0Ñ]>Ï[]V-ÚPÝmO³ØJZKEGÓØ\I\V/W[]UPV

[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-OfÑ)A-E]V¶VéNVpS!Z\[^V/IRA-Ñ)ÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×ÑÚ

C

Í E^V/AJINá½Ø-OKW@Ò»[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJO;NO0>TÑVéNVpS!Z\[^V/IÛW@Ø\SADW@W@ÒçAB[[]UKV­>@OK>Ï[]>TAB[^>ÏOKÞçÑb>Ï[]V­Ø-ÙNO A-W@Ñ]Ø

S/ADW@WÏVpIÀ[^UKVSØdØJE^IK>ÏOPAD[]ØJEÑb>Ï[]V(Ø-ÙXN O ÐdÒA-S

å

ZK>ÏE^>@OKÞ#WÏØ\SC\ÑGØ-O[^UKVIKAB[A#Ø-Ð\änVpSƒ[IKV!ÕPOKVpI

ÐNÒçúA@QPø -R+ø-ìE Oî½Ú

C

Í

OãZKΚIPAB[]V­[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O N O >@ÑV!é\V/SZ\[]VpIÛÐdÒçÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[]>@OKÞ>Ï[^ѳúA@QPø -R+ø-ì E OîH[^Ø[]UPV

ÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎfAB[]>@OKÞ¶Ñb>Ï[]VpÑÚAOI\VW@>@?-VE^Ò-àBA1ÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎPAD[]>@OKÞ¶Ñb>Ï[]Vd)>@OK>Ï[]>TAB[^V/Ñ"A1ÑbZKÐK[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O

N OdÀÐdÒÛA-S

å

ZK>ÏE^>@OKÞWÏØ\SC\ÑØJOóú@RPø 2-S+ø2-ìE Oî½Ú&ݽÙ0[]UKV³Ø-Ð\änVpSƒ[^ÑADE^V­S!ZKE^E^VOd[]W@ÒçW@Ø\SC-VpIçÐNÒ

A-OKØD[^UKVEG[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOYàd[]UKV NOd >TÑGÐKW@ØNSCJV/IÚ

C

æGUKVÂSØdØJE^IK>ÏOPAD[]ØJE1Ñ]>¬[^V#ØDÙ!NOG×GAD>Ï[^ÑÙÜØ-E¶[^UKV#?-Ø-[]V#S!Ø-Ó#Ó#>Ï[.BA-ÐfØJEb[¶Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑÙÜE^Ø-ÓA-WÏW

ÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎfAB[]>@OKÞÑ]>¬[^V-Ú

Í

Þ-W@Ø-ÐPA-WDS!ØJÓÓ#>Ï[.DADКØ-E][YÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV+>@Ñ<ÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[]VpIÐNÒSØNØ-EI\>ÏOfAB[]ØJE

Ñ]>¬[^VØ-ÙNOYØ-OPWÏÒ#>ÏÙ<>¬[GE^V/S!V/>Ï?JV/ÑtADW@WfW@Ø\SADWšS!ØJÓÓ#>Ï[)Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV0ÙÜE]ØJÓ ADW@WfÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎfAB[]>@OKÞÑ]>Ï[]V/Ñ

ØJEAB[bá½W@V/A-Ñb[GØ-OKV(?JØD[]Vá½A-ÐfØJEb[GÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VÙÜE]ØJÓ;ÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎPAD[]>@OKÞÂÑb>Ï[]VpÑÚ

æGUKV)S!Ø-Ó#Ó#>Ï[<Ø-E&ADКØ-E][ºI\V/S>@Ñ]>@Ø-O(ØDÙKÞJWÏØJÐPADWD[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O NO\>TÑY[ADC-V/OAB[Y[^UKVtSØNØ-EI\>ÏOfAB[]ØJE<Ñ]>¬[^V

×0>Ï[]UK>@OÂ[]UPVÙÜEADÓ#V×)Ø-E^CØ-ِA([n×tØÎPUPA-Ñ]VS!ØJÓ#Ó>Ï[tÎPE]Ø-[]Ø\S!ØJWPA-ÑtÑbUKØB×0OÂ>@O&>@ÞPÚPðA-Ñ"ÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×Ñ/Ú

Í

Þ-W@Ø-ÐPA-Wš[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O NO ú>7> =-R+¶>¬Ù NOd ^ú?>4> =-0AB[ d ÚKæGUKV¶ÞJWÏØJÐPADWš[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-O NO

@ú?/.-R+(>ÏÙ!+ú>Âø N

O

d A@ú/.-S+(AD[d-Ú

ÝmOóìòDît×)V­UPAL?-VÀÎKE]VpÑbV/Od[]V/IãA»ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADWHE^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[ÐfA-Ñ]V/IÁA-ÎKÎKE^ØJA-SUÛZPÑ]>@OKÞ,?JVOd[X

[]ؼÓ#Ø\I\VWA-OPI$A-OPADW@Ò%VRI\>@Ñb[]E^>@ÐKZ\[]VpIÁ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOYÚ&ÝmO$ØJZKEÂADÐPÑb[]EA-S![Ó#Ø\I\VW~à"ADO ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V

[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-OÂÓ#Ø\I\>ÏÕPV/Ñt[^UKV(ADÐPÑb[]EA-S![HØ-OKV¶S!ØJÎNÒ#IPAB[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V0[^UKE]ØJZKÞ-U³AÑ]>ÏOPÞ-W@VAB[^Ø-Ó#>TSV/?-VOd[pÚ

ÝmO []UKVãE^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[pàADO ZKÎ¥IKAB[^VÛ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O S!Ø-OfÑb>TÑn[ÑØDÙÂA S!ØJWÏW@V/S![]>@Ø-O ØDÙ#>ÏOd[]V/E]W@V/AL?JV/I

V?JVOd[^ѶZPΚIKAD[]>@OKÞV/AJSUÖE^VÎKW@>TSAÑbV/ÎPADEAB[^VW@Ò-ڐæGUKV#[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOÖÓ#V/SUPA-OK>TÑbÓØJO¼[]UKVÂE^VÎKW@>Ïá

SAD[]VpIçIKAD[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V>TÑ(I\V/Ñ]>@Þ-OKVpI[]ØRÎKE^ØB?N>@I\V[]UPV>@W@WÏZPÑ]>@Ø-O¼ØDÙtAD[]Ø-Ó#>TSZKΚIPAB[]V#Ø-ÙtARØ-OKV#S!ØJÎdÒ

IKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]V-ÚDæGUKE^Ø-ZKÞJU[^UKV0E]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[ÎKE]ØNØ-Ù ÑàB×)VG?-VE^>ÏÙÜÒ([]UPAD["[]UKVIKV/Ñ]>ÏÞJOØ-ÙP[^UKVE^VÎKW@>@S/AB[^V/I

IKAD[^ADÐfA-Ñ]VS!ØJO\ÕPE^Ó#Ñ[]Ø([^UKV1Ø-OKVSØ-ÎNÒ#IKAB[ADÐPAJÑbVA-ÐPÑb[]EA-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOÂI\V/Ñ]ÎK>Ï[]V[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJO#Ù AD>@WÏZPE]VpÑ

AB[AÂÑ]>Ï[]V-ÚPÝmO³[^UK>TÑÓ#Ø\I\VWY×)VA-Ñ^Ñ]ZKÓ#V[^UPAB[[]UKVÑ]>¬[^V/ÑSØ-Ó#ÓZPOK>@S/AB[^V(ÐdÒ³A#E]V/WÏ>TADÐKW@V(ÐKE^ØJAJINá

SAJÑn[t×0UK>@SUÀV?-V/Od[]ZPA-WÏW@ÒI\V/WÏ>@?-V/EHÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑ"×0>Ï[]UKØJZ\[)A-OdÒØ-EI\V/E]>@OKÞ(Þ-ZfADEADOd[]V/V/Ñ/ÚDæGUKVE^V!ÙÜØJE]VJà

[]UPVçS!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞ$Ø-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑÂØDÙZPΚIKAD[]VÖ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑÂØJE]>@Þ->@OPAD[]>@OKÞÛÙÜE]ØJÓ6IK>B¥VE^VOd[RÑ]>Ï[]V/Ñ

ÓÂALÒRA-E]E^>@?-V(AB[IK>B¥VE^VOd[1Ñ]>Ï[]V/Ñ>ÏO[^UKVIK>B¥VE^VOd[ØJE^I\V/E/ښæGUK>TÑÓÂALÒÀW@V/AJIR[]Ø­[^UKVI\VpA-I\W@Ø\SC\Ñ

ADÓ#ØJOKÞ»[^UKVS!Ø-OKâP>@S![]>@OKÞç[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑ×0UK>TSUE^V/Ñ]ZKW¬[Ñ>ÏO ZKOKOKVpS!VpÑ]Ñ^ADE^Ò¼A-ÐfØJEb[#ØDÙ?LA-E]>@Ø-ZfÑ

[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-OfÑÚDæGUKVA-ÐfØJEb[Ø-Ùf[^UKV/Ñ]VS!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞ(ZPΚIKAD[]V0[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ+ÓÂALÒКVAL?-ØJ>@I\VpI>ÏِA

E^VW@>@A-ÐKWÏV1ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[0ADWTÑbØÎKE^ØB?N>@I\V1UK>@Þ-UKV/EGØ-EI\VE^>ÏOPÞÞJZPADEADOd[]V/V/ÑtØ-O³[]UKV¶Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V¶I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒJÚ

(4)

ÝmOÀØJZKE)ÓØ\I\V/W¥ØDÙ<E^VÎKW@>TSAB[^V/I³IKAB[ADÐPAJÑbVpÑìòBî¥×)V1AJÑ]Ñ]ZKÓ#V[^UPAB[)[]UKV¶Ñ]>¬[^V/ÑGS!ØJÓÓZKOK>TSAD[]VÐNÒ

V!éKSUPA-OKÞ-VØDÙYÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑZPÑ]>ÏOPÞAE^VW@>TADÐKW@VÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[pÚ Í E]V/WÏ>TADÐKW@VÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[1ìDîšV/?-VOd[^ZPADW@WÏÒ

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/EG[]UKV(Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑt[]ØÂADW@WÎPADE][]>TS!>@ÎPAD[]>@OKÞÂÑb>Ï[]VpÑADOPIRÑ^AB[]>TÑbÕPV/Ñ)ÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×0>ÏOPÞÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/Ñ/Ú

C

R5=-~ü1dݽِA1SØ-E^E]VpSƒ[+ÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^Ñ+ÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[^Ñ+A1Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V >àD[]UKV/O>Ï[V?JVOd[]ZfADW@WÏÒIKVW@>Ï?JVEÑ

C

6 /^ø^ø>Âø!÷-2 Í WÏW¥S!ØJE]E^V/S![HÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^ÑbVpÑI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E^ÑtAÑ]A-Ó#VÑbV[tØ-ÙYÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV-àD>~ÚV-Úd>¬ÙºAÎKE]Ø\SV/Ñ^Ñ

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E^Ñ0AÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V7>;[^UKVOA-WÏWYSØ-E^E]VpSƒ[0ÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^ÑbVpÑ)V?-V/Od[]ZPA-WÏW@Ò­I\VW@>@?-VEÑb>Ú

C

÷1-mø /=-~ü èØãÑbÎPZKE]>@Ø-ZfÑÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ#ADE^V³V/?-V/E#IKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/Ià">~ÚVJÚÏà+ÙÜØJE­ADONÒãÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V >à

V/?-VE^ÒÁS!ØJE]E^V/S![ÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]Ñ#I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E^Ñ<>6AB[ÂÓ#ØJÑb[#ØJOPS!VA-OPIØJOKW@ÒÁ>¬Ù7> ×GA-ÑÎKE^V?N>@Ø-ZPÑ]WÏÒ

ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[GÐNÒ+ø!÷5-ø/ > Ú

Í E^VW@>@A-ÐKW@V(ÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[>ÏÓ#ΚØJÑ]V/Ñ0OPØ­E]VpÑn[^E]>TSƒ[^>ÏØJOØ-O[]UPVØ-EI\V/E0>ÏO»×0UP>@SUÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑ0ADE^V

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI[]Ø[^UKVÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]Ñ]V/Ñ/ÚJæGUP>@ÑtÓÂALÒW@V/AJI#[]Ø[]UKVÐKWÏØ\SCN>@OKÞØDÙ<SØ-O\âf>@S![]>@OKÞ[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ

ADOfI#[]UKV¶Ñ]>¬[^V/ÑtÓ#ALÒÂA-ÐfØJEb[)Ø-OKVØ-E)ÓØJE]VØDÙY[^UKV1SØ-O\âf>@S![]>@OKÞ[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOÂÐdÒ[^>ÏÓ#VØJZ\[^Ñ/Ú KØJE

V!éKA-ÓÎPWÏVJà&SØ-OPÑ]>@IKVE[n×tؼS!Ø-OKâP>@S![]>@OKÞÖZPΚIKAD[]V³[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑ4NOA-OPILN d >@OK>¬[^>@AD[]VpIAB[ÂÑ]>¬[^V

O ADOPI d­E^V/Ñ]ÎfVpSƒ[^>Ï?JVW@Ò-Ú<X)ØD[^UãØDÙG[]UPVÂ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPѶÓÂALÒ¼ÐfVÀÐKWÏØ\SCJV/I¼>ÏOÁ[]UKVÂÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×0>@OKÞ

Ñ^S!VOfADE^>ÏØ<

C

O Ñb[^A-Eb[Ñ[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOLN O A-OPIAJS

å

ZK>@E]V³WÏØ\SC\ÑØJO úA@QPø -R+ø-ìE OîAB[ÂÑb>Ï[]V O ÚZ\>¬[^V O

ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[&ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V)Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/ѺØDÙN O []Ø1ÎPA-Eb[^>@S>ÏÎPAD[]>@OKÞ¶Ñb>Ï[]VpÑÚ?N>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^WÏÒJàDADOKØ-[]UKV/E&Ñ]>Ï[]V d

Ñb[^A-Eb[ÑHA¶[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJO7Nd(àdAJS

å

ZK>@E]VpÑ"W@ØNSC\Ñ"ØJOÖú@RPø 2-S+ø2-ì EHd!îAB[tÑ]>¬[^V dA-OPI#ÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[

ZKÎ¥IKAD[]V(Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑtØ-ÙN d []Ø#ÎPADE][]>TS!>@ÎPAD[]>@OKÞÂÑb>Ï[]VpÑÚ

C

æGUKV(Ñ]>¬[^V O+I\VW@>@?-VEÑ)ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V(ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVØ-Ù'N d ÙÜE^Ø-Ó d A-OPI d I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E^Ñ)ZKÎ¥IKAB[^V¶ÓVpÑná

Ñ^ADÞJVØDÙNOºÙÜE^Ø-Ó O]ÚNæGUPV N d >TÑtÐPWÏØ\SC-VpI­AB[O+A-Ñ Oº×)A->¬[ÑÙÜØJE)?JØD[^V!ámS!Ø-Ó#Ó#>Ï[HÙÜE^Ø-Ó d

ÙÜØJENObÚN>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^WÏÒJàGNO+>@Ñ0ÐPWÏØ\SC-VpIÀAD[ d ×GAD>Ï[]>@OKÞÙÜØ-E0?JØD[]Vá½SØ-Ó#Ó#>¬[GÙÜE^Ø-Ó O+ÙÜØ-EN d

ÝmOãØ-EI\V/E¶[]Ø»E^V/SØB?-VE¶ÙÜE^Ø-Ó[]UPVÀADКØB?-V­Ñ^S!V/OPADE^>ÏØ×0UKV/E]V#[n×)ØÖSØ-O\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOPÞ[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-O

ADE^V1ÐKWÏØ\SCJV/IàdV>Ï[]UKV/E0Ø-EGКØD[]U³[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-OfÑHÓÂALÒ#ÐfV(A-ÐfØJEb[^V/I­ÐNÒÂ[^UKV(Ñb>Ï[]VpÑÚ\æGUK>TÑGÎKE^Ø-ÐKW@VÓ

SA-O»Þ-E^V/AD[]W@ÒÐfV#Ñb>@Ó#ÎKW@>¬ÕPVpI»ÐNÒ»A-Ñ^Ñ]ZKÓ#>ÏOKÞ³A³Ñb[]E^Ø-OKÞJVEOKØD[^>ÏØJO»ØDÙHE^VW@>TADÐKW@VÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[[]UPAD[

ÎKE^ØB?N>@I\VGUK>@Þ-UPVEØJE^I\V/EÞ-ZfADEADOd[]V/V/Ñ&Ø-OÂÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V0I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒJÚADE^>@Ø-ZPÑ"I\VÕPOK>Ï[]>@Ø-OPÑHØDِØ-EI\V/E]>@OKÞ

ÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/ѶUPAL?JV#ÐfV/VOãI\>TÑ]SZPÑ]Ñ]V/I¼>@O ìDî~Ú

Í

E^VW@>TADÐKW@V#ÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[¶S/ADOÛКVÂZPÑbVpIç[]Ø»I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E

Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑH[^Ø[]UKV¶ÎKE^Ø\S!V/Ñ^Ñ]V/ÑtÙÜØ-W@WÏØB×0>@OKÞ#A

Gö ö / 5-ø/ƒà<ú ö / 5Jø2/ƒàHù Dÿ%+ ö / 5Jø2/ØJE0A

Efú-Yö / 5Jø2/ƒÚ

Í

O>@O\ÙÜØJE]ÓÂADW\Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-OPÑ+Ø-ÙP[^UKV/Ñ]VGØ-EI\VE^>ÏOPÞÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/Ñ+ADE^V)Þ->@?-VOÐfV/WÏØB×(Ú

C

0ö ö / 5Jø2/ NݽÙ+AÎPA-Eb[^>@SZKW@A-EtÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]ÑtÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[ÑHAÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVRКV!ÙÜØ-E^V1>¬[0ÐKE^ØJAJINá

S/A-Ñb[^Ñ0AÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VJàK[^UKVOV/AJSU³E^V/S>ÏÎP>ÏV/OJ[0ÎKE^Ø\S!VpÑ]Ñ0I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E^ÑКV!ÙÜØJE]V-Ú

C

ºú <ö / 5-ø/%-ݽِA¶ÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^Ñ"I\VW@>@?-VEѭКV!ÙÜØJE]V0ÐPE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[]>@OKÞ[^UKVÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V-àJ[]UKV/O

VpA-SURE]VpS!>@ÎK>ÏV/Od[GÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]Ñ0IKVW@>Ï?JVEÑ»ÐfVÙÜØ-E^VJÚ

C

ù Bÿ%+ Yö / 5-ø/bpݽÙP[]UKV)ÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[<Ø-ÙfAÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V Dÿ%+ jütû /^ø ø[5-ø2+)[]UKV)ÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[

Ø-ÙHA­Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VJàf[^UKVOçOKسSØ-E^E]VpSƒ[ÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]ÑI\VW@>@?-VEÑ ãZKOPWÏVpÑ]Ñ>¬[¶UPAJÑÎKE^V?N>@Ø-ZPÑ]WÏÒ

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI!DÚ

C

Efú-ö / 5Jø2/^\ݽٺ[n×tØÎKE^Ø\S!V/Ñ^Ñ"#ADOfI"ÖÐfØ-[]UI\VW@>Ï?JVE)[]UPV1Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ!»ADOPI!

[^UKVO"#ÖI\VW@>Ï?JVEÑ!»ÐfVÙÜØ-E^V$»>¬Ù"ADOfI³ØJOKW@Ò­>¬Ù"¼ADWTÑbØ#I\VW@>@?-VEÑ%КV!ÙÜØJE]V-Ú

Í

ù Bÿ%+ tö / 5-ø/&#/]ú5 +.-0>@Ñ0AE^VW@>@A-ÐKWÏV¶ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[)[]UfAB[Ñ^AB[]>TÑbÕPV/Ñt[]UPV Dÿ%+ ºú?/ 5-ø/

E^V

å

ZK>@E]V/ÓV/Od[/ÚæGUKVOKØ-[]>@Ø-O ØDÙ(SADZfÑ]A-WÏ>Ï[nÒã>@Ñ#ÐfA-Ñ]V/I$Ø-O Dÿ%+ +û/]ø ^ø[5Jø!÷ ^øI/]ø - úB÷ ('

I\VÕPOKV/I#ÐNÒ[]UKV#MºADÓ#ÎfØJEb[ìÏð Dî~ÚBݽ[t>@ÑA-W@Ñ]Ø(ÑbUPØB×0O>@O[]UKVìDîK[]UPAD[tA Bÿ%+ ú/ 5Jø2/¶S!ØJÓÐK>@OKVpÑ

[]UPV(ÎKE]ØJÎfV/Eb[^>ÏVpÑGØDÙ&ÐfØ-[]U &Ý A-OPIYMYØ\SA-W¥Ø-EI\VEpÚKæGUKV &Ý E^I\V/E0ADOPI<MYØ\SA-W'E^IKVEG>@Ñ

Ñ]UKØB×0OÖ>@O»[^UKV º>@ÞPÚYòKÚ¥æGUPVI\Ø-[b[^V/IçWÏ>@OKV/Ñ1E^VÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[Ñ[^UKVÂI\VW@>Ï?JVE^ÒØDÙHÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V?N>ÏØJW@AD[]>@OKÞ

[]UPV0E]VpÑbΚV/S![]>@?-V)Ø-EI\VEpÚN>@Ó>@WTADE^WÏÒJàDAEfú-<ö / 5-ø/)&/]ú5 +.-+*)>TÑ"A1E]V/WÏ>TADÐKW@VGÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[&[]UPAD[

,

+aJi.-0/2143658789(:<;=9>?9(/@3A:ABC32DC1Gqjr)s/ejrmc¯Dodc

°

o­sr#E+kncpw(qj`‚ºlncLs/uJ`ƒsr½k † ‚ºc/kna­c/g<knadikni^lnw(rtslni

yJrmiƒuqjoBkni^ln`]ads/oJ²piƒs®de|}

†±

c

°

i{Li^l

°

(5)

M2

M1

P3

P2

P1

M2

M1

P3

P2

P1

+ìABî½Ú &Ý Ø-EI\VE(ìÐ\î½Ú1MYØ\SA-W'E^IKVE

Ñ^AB[]>TÑbÕPV/Ñ[]UKV4-½ú?- ú?/ 5-ø/(E^V

å

ZK>@E]V/ÓV/Od[/ÚJæGUPVb6 /]øø>#ø÷1-A-OPI Efú- +ö / 5-ø/¶E]V

å

ZP>ÏE^VÓ#VOd[Ñ

ØDÙ(æºØD[^A-WE^IKVEÂX)E]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[>@Ó#ÎKWÏÒ[]UPAD[ÀADW@WS!ØJE]E^V/S![ÎKE^Ø\S!VpÑ]Ñ]V/ÑV?JVOd[]ZfADW@WÏÒIKVW@>Ï?JVE#[]UPV

Ñ^ADÓ#V\+øþ!ÿPø÷øØDÙYÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/ÑìBî½Ú

Í

ÑGÑbUPØB×0OÂ>ÏOÀ[]UKV º>@ÞPÚ\ôfìADîP[]UPVÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑHA-E]VIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/I

S!ØJO\ÙÜØ-E^Ó#>ÏOPÞ[]ØÖКØD[^USA-ZPÑ^ADWHA-OPIÁA[^ØD[^A-WHØJE^I\V/E/Ú&ߨB×)V?JVEpàYA-ÑÑ]UKØB×0Oã>@O &>ÏÞfÚºôfìÐ\î)[]UPV

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒÛØ-EI\V/EE^V/Ñ]ÎfVpSƒ[^Ñ#A»[]ØD[ADW)Ø-EI\VEÐKZ\[#?N>ÏØJW@AD[]VpÑS/ADZPÑ^ADW)Ø-EI\VEpÚ<ݽ[ÂSA-OКV³OPØD[]>TS!VpI

[]UfAB[H[^UKVS/ADZPÑ^ADW@>¬[nÒADÓ#Ø-OPÞ([]UKVÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[ØDِÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V ADOPI ³>@ÑtOKØ-[HÎKE^V/Ñ]VE^?-V/IÙÜØJE

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒJÚ

M2

M3

M1

P1

P3

P2

M2

M3

P2

P1

M1

P3

"ìABî’æ<Ø-[^A-W'E^I\V/E0ADOPIA )ADZPÑ^ADWEI\VEìÐ\î’æ<Ø-[^A-W'E^I\V/EGÐKZ\[OKØ-[A^)A-ZPÑ^ADW'EI\VE

! "#$ "&%' "#()+*ÀÝmOÁAE^VÎPWÏ>TSAD[]V/IÛIKAD[^A-ÐPA-Ñ]V

[]UfAB[ZPÑ]V/ÑAE]V/WÏ>TADÐKW@VÂÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[¶×0>¬[^UKØ-ZK[Ø-EI\VE^>@OKÞÞ-ZPA-E^A-OJ[^VVpÑàš[]UPVÀS!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[]>@OKÞØJÎfV/E^ADá

[]>@Ø-OfÑGØDÙY[^UKV¶[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑtÓÂALÒ\Ñ)A-E]E^>@?-VAD[GIK>B¥VE^VOd[Ñb>Ï[]VpÑG>ÏOI\>BšV/E]V/Od[GØJE^IKVEÑÚNæGUK>TÑGÓ#ALÒ

W@V/A-I³[^ØÂZKOKOKVpS!V/Ñ^Ñ^ADE^ÒÀADКØ-E][^ÑGØ-Ùº[^UKV([]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-OI\ZKV¶[^ØÂÐKW@ØNSCN>@OKÞPÚfæGUKVADКØ-E][]>@Ø-ORØDÙ+[]UPV

S!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞ[]EADOfÑ]AJSƒ[]>@Ø-O³SADOÀÐfV(AL?-ØJ>@IKV/I#ÐNÒÂZPÑ]>ÏOKÞ#A -½ú?- ú?/ 5-ø/\@2/^úA5 +.-)×0UK>@SURI\VW@>@?Já

VEÑA-OPIVéNVpS!Z\[^V[^UKVSØ-O\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOPÞÀØ-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑAD[ADW@W+Ñb>Ï[]VpÑ>@O[]UPVÑ^ADÓ#VØJE^I\V/E/Ú N>ÏÓ#>@W@A-E]W@Ò-à

A Bÿ%+ )ú/ 5Jø2/ @/]ú5 +.-SADÎK[]ZKE^V/Ñ(SØ-O\âP>TSƒ[AJÑSA-ZPÑ^ADW@>¬[nÒÖA-OPIç[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑ1VéNVpS!Z\[^>ÏOPÞ

S!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞRØ-ΚVEAB[^>ÏØJOPÑ1ADE^VVéNVpS!Z\[^V/IçAB[ADW@W"Ñb>Ï[]VpÑ>@Oç[]UKVÂÑ^ADÓ#VØJE^I\V/E/Ú¥ÝmO ì¬ð Bî½àš×)VZPÑbVpI

AE^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[ADÎKÎKE^ØJAJSUÖ×0>Ï[]ULH?-VOd[X ÙÜØJE¶ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADWHI\V/?-V/WÏØJÎKÓ#VOd[(ØDÙGÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[¶Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ

×0UK>TSUÂI\VW@>Ï?JVEÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ+Ñ]AD[]>TÑnÙÜÒN>@OKÞ(?BADE^>ÏØJZPÑ+Ø-EI\V/E]>@OKÞ¶ÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/Ñ/ÚBÝmO#[]UKVA-ÐPÑb[]EA-Sƒ["Ó#Ø\I\VW

×)VØJZ\[]W@>ÏOPV/IçUKØB× A³S/ADZPÑ^ADW+ØJE^I\V/EØJO»[^UKV#ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVS/ADOÖКV#S!Ø-OfÑn[^E]ZPS![]VpIÖADOfI»>@OÖ[^UKV#E]Vá

ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[Â×tVÑbUPØB× UKØB×;>Ï[ÂS/ADOSØ-E^E]VpSƒ[^WÏÒÛКVR>@Ó#ÎKW@VÓ#VOd[]VpIÐNÒã?JV/Sƒ[^Ø-E#S!W@Ø\SCNÑ/Ú&ÝmO ìÏð2Dî

×)VÎPE]VpÑbV/OJ[AÓ#Ø\I\VWHØDÙ)S/ADZPÑ^ADW"ØJE^IKVE¶ÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[¶×0UK>@SUãI\ØNVpÑ(OKØD[I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E(Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V/Ñ[^Ø

[]UPV³Ñ]VOPI\V/E/Ú<ÝmOA»Ñ]VÎPA-E^AD[]V­I\V/?-VW@Ø-ÎPÓV/Od[>ÏOóìÏðfDîH×)VÀADWTÑbØÖØ-Z\[^WÏ>@OKVÂ[^UKV³SØ-OPÑb[]E^ZPSƒ[^>ÏØJOÛØDÙ

ADÐfÑn[^E^AJSƒ[[^ØD[^A-W<ØJE^I\V/EØJOÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/ÑADOPI>Ï[^Ñ>ÏÓ#ÎKW@VÓ#V/OJ[AB[^>ÏØJO»ZPÑ]>ÏOKÞRÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVEOdZPÓКVEÑ

>@OÁ[]UPV³E^V!ÕPOPVÓ#VOd[^Ñ/ÚXM<A-Ñb[]W@Ò-à&×)V³ADWTÑ]Ø»ÙÜØ-E^ÓÂADW@WÏÒãI\V/?-V/WÏØJÎÁAçÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ ×0UKVE^VÀÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVÀADE^V

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI­ÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×0>ÏOPÞКØD[^UA[^ØD[ADWYADOfI³A#SA-ZPÑ^ADWØ-EI\V/E-,BÚ

. /ÈÆ0Z)ÁÇPÉ#$YÇ21ÛÇKÈ0+ÉË30Z"-Æ

ÝmO¼[]UK>TÑ(Ñ]V/Sƒ[^>ÏØJOç×)V#Ø-Z\[^WÏ>@OKV#[^UKV#>ÏOPSE]V/Ó#VOd[^A-WI\V?JVW@Ø-ÎKÓ#VOd[(ØDÙGAÑbÒ\Ñb[]VÓ ØDÙH[^ØD[ADW"Ø-EI\V/E

ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[pښæGUKV#ØJÎfV/E^AD[]>@Ø-OPÑØDÙGADO¼ZKΚIPAB[]V[^E^A-OPÑ]AJSƒ[^>ÏØJOÖADE^VSØ-Ó#ÓZPOK>@S/AB[^V/I»ÐNÒ[^UKVÂS!Ø-á

4

(6)

ADКØ-E][]>@Ø-OØ-Ù"[]UKVS!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[]>@OKÞÂ[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJO»SA-OÐfV#AL?-ØJ>@I\VpIRÐdÒZPÑ]>@OKÞÀADOÖZKOPI\V/E]W@ÒN>ÏOKÞ³ÑbÒ\Ñbá

[]V/ÓØDÙ -½ú?- Hú/ 5Jø2/ @/]ú5 +.-×0UK>TSUÛI\VW@>Ï?JVEѶADOPIçV!é\V/SZ\[]V[^UKVÂS!Ø-OKâP>@S![]>@OKÞRØ-ΚVEAB[]>@Ø-OfÑ

AB[A-WÏW<Ñ]>Ï[]V/ÑG>@OR[]UKVÑ^ADÓ#V¶Ø-EI\V/E/Ú

ZKEÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ ÓØ\I\V/WºSØ-OPÑ]>@Ñb[^ÑØDÙ"AÂÑbV[ØDÙÑ]>¬[^V/ÑSØ-Ó#ÓZKOP>@S/AB[]>@OKÞÂÐNÒ³A­E]V/WÏ>TADÐKW@V(ÐKE^ØJAJINá

SAJÑn[pÚ&æGUPVÀC-V/Òç>TÑ^ÑbZKVpÑ×0>Ï[]U$E]VpÑbΚV/S![[]ؼAÖÑ]ÒNÑb[]V/ÓØ-Ù0[]Ø-[^ADW)Ø-EI\V/EÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[A-E]V UKØB×

[]ØRÐKZK>@WTIçA-OÖØ-EI\V/EØJOÖÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑADOfI»×0UPAD[¶>@O\ÙÜØJE]ÓÂAB[^>ÏØJO»>TѶOKV/SV/Ñ^Ñ]A-E]Ò³ÙÜØ-E(I\VÕPOK>@OKÞRA-O

ADÐfÑn[^E^AJSƒ[)[]ØD[ADW¥Ø-EI\V/E\ZKE0A-ÎKÎKE^ØJA-SUÂØ-ÙºÐKZP>ÏWTI\>@OKÞÂA[^ØD[^A-WØ-EI\VE)>TÑGÐPA-Ñ]V/IÀØ-O­[^UKV¶OKØD[^>ÏØJO

ØDÙ'+ø^þÿPø÷ø2/ƒà-×0UKVE^V0A1IKV/Ñ]>ÏÞJOPAB[^V/IÑb>Ï[]V0SA-WÏW@V/I +øþ!ÿPø÷ø/Ñb>Ï[]V0>TÑ+E^V/Ñ]ÎfØJOPÑb>@ÐKW@V)ÙÜØ-E"ÐKZK>@WTI\>ÏOPÞ

AÂ[^ØD[ADW&Ø-EI\VEpÚ Í +øþ!ÿPø÷ø/#Ñ]>Ï[]VÓÂALÒADWTÑ]Ø­[^A-C-V[]UKVE]ØJWÏVØDÙtAI+!ø÷ 5Jø2/­A-OPI 5Jø.+.-’÷-  úB÷

>@OçA-IPI\>¬[^>ÏØJO[]ØÀ[]UKVE^Ø-W@VØDÙ+øþÿPø!÷ ^ø/ƒÚ¥æGUKVÎPE]Ø-[]Ø\S!ØJWºS!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[^ÑØDÙÕPEÑb[ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[^>ÏOKÞ­A-O

ÿpû15-mø >#ø2+[+ ø;> []Ø»ADW@WHI\VpÑn[^>ÏOfAB[]>@Ø-OfÑ(>ÏOfS!W@ZPI\>@OKÞ[]UKV³ÑbV

å

ZPVOPSVEpÚ*ΚØ-OãE^V/S!V/>Ï?N>@OKÞ >à

Ñ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VE(AJÑ]Ñ]>ÏÞJOPÑ1>¬[AÑ]V

å

ZKVOfS!V#ONZKÓКVEA-OPIÖÐPE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[>Ï[^ÑÑ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!VONZKÓКVE¶[^ØA-WÏW

I\VpÑn[^>ÏOPAD[]>@Ø-OPÑt[^UKE]ØJZKÞ-U ^úD÷1-0/]ú>Âø2+ + ø2+ƒÚHHA-SU³I\V/Ñb[]>@OPAB[^>ÏØJOÀÑ]>¬[^V¶IKVW@>Ï?JVE > >ÏO³[]UKV1Ø-EI\V/E

ØDÙ"Ñ]V

å

ZKVOfS!V¶ONZKÓКVEÑÚ

) "# "#$ %' " *æGUPV¶A-ÐPÑb[]EA-Sƒ[0X Ó#Ø\I\VWØ-Ù&A[]Ø-[^ADW

Ø-EI\V/EHÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[>TÑHÞJ>Ï?JVO­>@O&>@ÞPÚdñADOfIÀí\ÚdÝmOÂ[]UPVADÐfÑn[^E^AJSƒ[tÓ#Ø\I\V/WšA[]ØD[ADWšØ-EI\VEH>@ÑtÐKZK>@W¬[

Ø-O[]UKVRÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V³×0UKVO$>¬[Â>TÑIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/IÛ[^ؼA-OdÒÁÑ]>Ï[]VR>ÏO[]UKVÑ]ÒNÑb[]V/Ó ÙÜØ-E[]UKVRÕPEÑb[[^>ÏÓ#V-Ú

æGUKV(Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-OS!Ø-OfÑb>TÑn[Ñ)ØDÙYÙÜØJZKE0?BADE^>@A-ÐKWÏVpÑ+!ø÷ 5Jø2/ƒà<ú?/ 5-ø/ƒà'5JøBø/A-OPI;5JøÏú?/ 5-ø/ƒÚfæGUPV

+ø!÷5-ø/³>TÑAÎfADE][]>TADW"ÙÜZKOfSƒ[]>@Ø-OÛÙÜE^Ø-Ó ³ýH6Hý []Ø

E¥ý)ÚºæGUKVÀÓ#A-ÎKÎK>@OKÞ >' +

+ø!÷5-ø/>@OPI\>TSAB[^V/Ѻ[]UfAB[+ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV > ×GA-Ñ&ÑbV/Od[&ÐNÒ¶[]UPVGÑ]>Ï[]V+ÚBæGUKVG?BADE^>TADÐKW@V1ú?/ 5-ø/>TÑ&IKV!ÕPOKVpI

A-ÑAE]V/W@AD[]>@Ø-OãADÓ#ØJOKÞR[]UKV³ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ/Ú Í ÓÂADÎKÎP>ÏOKÞÖØDÙG[]UKV­ÙÜØ-E^Ó >' > ú?/ 5-ø/

>@OPI\>TSAB[^V/Ѷ[^UPAB[ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVY>$Á>@Ñ^-mú-¬üçú/ 5Jø2/^ø 5 @ø!ú?/]ø;>JÚ<ÝmOÛØ-EI\V/E¶[]Ø»E^VÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[¶[]UPV

MACHINE

TotalOrder

SETS SITE; MESSAGE

VARIABLES sender, order, delorder, deliver

INVARIANT

sender

MESSAGE

SITE

order

MESSAGE

MESSAGE

delorder

SITE

(MESSAGE

MESSAGE)

deliver

SITE

MESSAGE

INITIALISATION

sender :=

|| order :=

||

delorder := SITE

{

} ||

deliver :=

"! Í ÐPÑb[]EA-S![QØ\I\VWØ-Ù+æºØD[ADW'EI\VEbKÝmOP>¬[^>@A-W"ADE][

5-ø Bø2/ƒü»ú?/ 5-ø/­ØDÙtÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/ÑAB[1A³Ñb>Ï[]VJà¥?LA-E]>TADÐPWÏVY5-ø Ïú/ 5Jø2/À>@ÑZPÑ]V/IÚ Í Ó#A-ÎKÎK>@OKÞ >$#'

>

$

5Jø@ú/ 5Jø2/&%0+('>@OPI\>TSAD[]V([^UPAB[AÂÑ]>Ï[]V^+(UPAJÑI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI,>»ÐšV!ÙÜØJE]V^>-ښæGUKV?BADE^>TADÐKW@V

5-ø Bø2/1E^VÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[+[]UKV0Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ+I\VW@>@?-VE^V/I[]ØA¶Ñ]>¬[^VGÙÜØ-W@WÏØB×0>@OKÞ¶A1[]ØD[ADW\ØJE^I\V/E/Ú Í ÓÂADÎPÎK>ÏOPÞ

ØDÙ&ÙÜØ-E^Ó +)' > * 5-ø Bø2/#E^VÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[^Ñt[^UPAB[A#Ñ]>¬[^V +1UPAJÑ0I\VW@>@?-VE^V/I;>Ú

æGUKVV?JVOd[.&/^úA5 +.-#Þ->@?-V/O>@O$[^UKV &>ÏÞfÚHíÖÓ#Ø\I\V/W@Ñ[^UKVÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[Ø-Ù¶AçÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VJÚ

N>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^WÏÒÁ[]UKVV?JVOd[ãö / 5-ø/»Ó#Ø\I\VWTÑ[]UKVSØ-OPÑb[]E^ZPSƒ[^>ÏØJO$Ø-Ù1AÖ[]Ø-[^ADW0ØJE^IKVE#Ø-O+_/[+.-ø Lø/

I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒØDÙYAÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVG[]ØA-ONÒÑ]>¬[^V>@OÂ[]UPVÑ]ÒNÑb[]V/ÓÚdæGUKVYEö-,øLø/(Ó#ØNIKVWTÑ[^UKVI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]Ò

ØDÙ&[]UPV(ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñt×0UKVOA[]Ø-[^A-WYØ-EI\VEGØJOÀ[^UKV(Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V1UPA-Ñ0КVV/OS!Ø-OfÑn[^E]ZPS![]VpIÚ

(7)

Broadcast (ss SITE , mm MESSAGE )

WHEN

mm

dom(sender)

THEN

sender := sender

{mm

ss}

END;

Order (ss SITE , mm MESSAGE )

WHEN

mm dom(sender)

mm

ran(deliver)

ran(deliver)

deliver[{ss}]

THEN

deliver := deliver

{ss

mm}

|| order := order

( ran(deliver)

{mm})

|| delorder(ss) := delorder(ss)

( deliver[{ss}]

{mm})

END;

TODeliver (ss SITE , mm MESSAGE)

WHEN

mm dom(sender)

mm ran ( deliver )

ss

mm

deliver

m.( m MESSAGE

(m

mm) order

(ss

m) deliver)

THEN deliver := deliver

{pp

mm}

|| delorder(ss) := delorder(ss)

( deliver[{ss}]

{mm})

END

Í

ÐPÑn[^E^AJSƒ[QØ\I\V/WYØDÙ"æ<Ø-[^A-W'E^I\V/Eb1?JVOd[^Ñ

[]UP>@ÑHV?-V/Od[VOPÑ]ZKE^V/Ñ+[^UPAB[[^UKVÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V >7> UPA-Ñ"OPØD[HКVV/O­I\VW@>Ï?JVE^V/IVWTÑ]V×0UKV/E]V0ADOfI[]UPAD[

V/AJSU³Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV1I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI³AD[ADONÒ­ØD[^UKVEÑ]>Ï[]V(UPAJÑ0ADWTÑbØÐfV/VOI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI­[^Ø#[]UKVÑ]>¬[^V+ +

!

]"

ì$#%%'&î

M<AD[]V/E&>@O[]UKV0E^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd["×)VGÑ]UKØB×ã[^UPAB["[^UK>TÑ">@Ñ"AÙÜZKOfSƒ[]>@Ø-O#Ø-ٚA¶I\V/Ñ]>@Þ-OPAD[]V/IÑ]>¬[^VGS/ADW@WÏVpI

+øþ!ÿPø÷ø/ƒÚ Í Ñ)AS!ØJOPÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVØDِ[^UKV1ØNS/S!ZKE^E^VOPSVØDِ[^UKV³ö / 5Jø2/(V/?-V/OJ[pà-[^UKVÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV\>4>

>TѺI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI¶[]ضÑ]>¬[^V#+[+)A-OPI¶[]UPVt?BADE^>TADÐKW@V1ú?/ 5-ø/0>@Ñ&ZKÎ¥IKAD[]V/IÐNÒ1ÓÂA-ÎKÎK>@OKÞJѺ>ÏO /D÷ 5-ø Bø2/

(

#A>7>)& Ú¥æGUK>TÑ>@OPI\>TSAD[]V/Ñ[]UfAB[1A-WÏWºÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V/ÑI\VW@>Ï?JVE^V/IAD[ADONÒÑb>Ï[]V>ÏO[^UKVÑ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓÔADE^V

ú/ 5-ø/]ø[5ÀКV!ÙÜØJE]V7>7>Ú1N>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^W@Ò-àN[]UPV¶IKVW@>Ï?JVE^ÒÂØ-EI\VE0AB[G[^UKV(Ñb>Ï[]V7+[+1>TÑ0ADWTÑ]ØZKÎ¥IKAD[]V/IRÑ]ZPSU

[]UfAB[HADW@W\Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑ&IKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/IAD[+[+)ÎKE^V/SV/I\VpÑ >4>ÚDݽ[SA-OКVGOKØD[^>@SV/I[]UfAB[+[]UKVG[^ØD[ADW\Ø-EI\V/E

ÙÜØ-EAÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V1>TÑ0ÐKZK>@W¬[×0UPVO>¬[>TÑI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpIÂ[^Ø­AÑ]>Ï[]V¶ÙÜØ-EG[^UKV +_/[+.-H[]>@ÓVJÚ

æGUKV(V/?-VOd[<EHö#5-ø Bø2/ +[+ƒà>4> ÓØ\I\V/W@Ñ0[]UKVIKVW@>Ï?JVE^ÒÀØDÙ"A#Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V >7> [^Ø­A­Ñb>Ï[]V +[+

E^V/Ñ]ÎfVpSƒ[]>@OKÞ[^UKV-½ú?- tú/5-ø/ƒÚ Í Ñ([]UKV­ÞJZPADEI >4> / D÷ 5-ø Bø2/ >ÏÓ#ÎKW@>ÏVpѶ[]UfAB[[^UKV>4>

UPAJѶÐfV/VOÁI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpI»[^ØAD[WÏVpA-Ñb[Ø-OKVÂÑ]>¬[^V­ADOPI¼>Ï[ADWTÑbØ>@Ó#ÎKWÏ>@V/Ñ([]UPAD[([]UKV#[^ØD[^A-WØ-EI\V/E1ØJO

[]UPVÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V >4>ÔUPAJÑA-W@Ñ]حКVVO¼S!ØJOPÑn[^E]ZfSƒ[]VpIÚM<AB[^VE>ÏOÖ[]UKVE]VÕPOKVÓ#V/OJ[1×tVÑbUPØB× []UPAD[

Ñ]>¬[^V +[+E]V/ÎKE]VpÑbV/Od[^ѶA³Ñ]>Ï[]V#ØD[^UKVE1[]UfADOç[]UKV<+øþ!ÿPø÷ø/ƒÚ¥æGUPVÞJZPADEIKÑ1ØDÙH[]UKV#V?JVOd[(VOPÑ]ZKE^V

[]UfAB[HÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V >7> UPA-ÑA-WÏE^V/AJI\ÒКVV/OÀI\VW@>@?-VE^V/IV/W@Ñ]V×0UKV/E]VA-OPI[]UPAD[tADW@WPÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ+×0UK>TSU

ÎKE^V/SV/I\VpÑb>4>,>ÏO³[]UKVA-ÐPÑb[]EA-Sƒ[G[^ØD[^A-WØ-EI\VE0UfA-Ñ0ADWTÑ]ØÐšVV/OIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/IÀ[]Ø<+[+Ú

Í Ù’[^VESØ-OPÑb[]E^ZPS![]>@OKÞÂADOADÐPÑb[]EA-S![GÓ#Ø\I\V/WYØDÙ"A[]Ø-[^ADWØJE^IKVE0×)V1?JVE^>¬ÙÜÒÀ[]UPAD[0[]UK>TÑ0Ó#Ø\I\VW

ÎKE^V/Ñ]VE^?-VpÑ[^UKVÂ[^ØD[^A-WØ-EI\V/E(ÎKE]ØJÎfV/Eb[^>ÏVpÑÚºæGUKV­ADÞJE]V/VÓ#VOd[ADOPIç[^ØD[^A-WØ-EI\V/E(E]V

å

ZP>ÏE^VÓ#VOd[Ñ

>@ÓÎPWÏÒÀ[]UPAD[0A-WÏWºS!Ø-E^E^V/Sƒ[GÎKE^Ø\S!V/Ñ^Ñ)V?JVOd[]ZPA-WÏW@Ò­I\V/WÏ>@?-V/EADW@WÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ)>@O³[^UKV(Ñ]A-Ó#V1ØJE^IKVE(ìDî~Ú

æGUKV/E]VÙÜØ-E^V×)VA-IKIÀÙÜØ-W@W@ØB×0>ÏOKÞ#>@ON?LA-E]>TADOd[)[]Ø#Ø-ZPE0ÓØ\I\V/W<A-Ñ0AÎKE^>@Ó#A-E]ÒÀ>ÏON?BADE^>@A-Od[/Ú

(8)

ADONÒ(Ñ]>¬[^VH[^UKVO[]UKV/>ÏE"I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]Ò¶Ø-EI\V/EºAB[&[]UfAB["Ñb>Ï[]VGS!ØJE]E^V/Ñ]ÎfØJOPIKÑY[]Ø[]UKVGADÐPÑb[]EA-S![<[^ØD[^A-WJØJE^IKVEpÚ

ÝmOãØ-EI\V/E([]ØÖIK>@Ñ^SUPADE^Þ-V#[^UKV­ÎKE^ØNØDÙ0Ø-ÐPWÏ>@ÞJAD[]>@Ø-OPÑ(AJÑ]Ñ]Ø\S!>TAB[]VpI¼×0>¬[^Uã[]UK>TÑ>@ON?BADE^>@A-OJ[×)VÀA-W@Ñ]Ø

I\>TÑ]SØB?-V/E0OKV× >@Od?BA-E]>TADOd[^Ñ/ÚKæGUKVÎPE]Ø\S!VpÑ]ÑGØ-ÙI\>@Ñ^S!ØB?JVE^Ò­ØDÙ+>@Od?BA-E]>TADOd[^Ñ>@Ñ0Vé\ÎKW@A->ÏOPV/I>@OÁì¬ð Bî½Ú

N>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^WÏÒJàN>ÏO³Ø-EI\VEt[]Ø?-V/E]>ÏÙÜÒ#[]UPAD[0Ø-ZKE)Ó#ØNIKVWADWTÑbØÎKE^V/Ñ]VE^?-VpÑ"[]UPV[^E^A-OPÑb>Ï[]>@?N>¬[nÒÂÎPE]ØJÎfV/Eb[nÒJà

×)VÖA-IKIKV/I ÙÜØ-W@W@ØB×0>ÏOKÞã>@ON?BADE^>@A-OJ[Ñ#[]ØØ-ZKE³ÓØ\I\V/WA-OPII\>TÑ]SUfADE^Þ-VR[]UKVçÎKE^ØdØ-Ù1ØJÐKW@>ÏÞdAB[]>@Ø-OfÑ

A-Ñ^Ñ]ØNS>@AD[]VpI­×0>Ï[]UR[]UKV(>@ON?BADE^>@A-OJ[pÚ

*

ð'+

ò,+

ô .

ð '

ò 0

ò '

ô 0 1

ð '

ô 0

$ # # 3 . *ÝmOPÑn[^V/AJI­ØDÙ&ÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[]>@OKÞ[]UKV1ÙÜZKW@WE]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[

SUPA->ÏO³>ÏO³[]UKV(I\V[^A->ÏW×)V×0>@W@WNänZPÑn[ÐPE]>@V!âPÒÂÎPE]VpÑbV/OJ[)[]UPV1ØB?JVE^?N>ÏV/× ØDÙY[^UKV(E]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[GÑb[]V/ÎPÑÚ

ZKE#E^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[­SUPAD>@O$SØ-OPÑ]>@Ñb[^ÑØ-ÙÑb>ÏéW@V?JVWTÑÚ Í ÐKE^>ÏVÙØ-ZK[]W@>ÏOKVRØDÙ1V/AJSUW@V?-V/WG>@Ñ#ÞJ>Ï?JVO

КVW@ØB×(Ú

MHð¼æGUK>TÑ1S!Ø-OfÑb>TÑn[ØDÙADÐPÑb[]EA-S![Ó#Ø\I\VWºØDÙ"[]Ø-[^A-W<Ø-EI\V/EÐKE^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[/ÚPÝmO[]UK>TÑÓØ\I\V/Wàf[]UPVADÐKá

Ñb[]EA-S![1[^ØD[ADW"Ø-EI\V/E(>@Ñ(SØ-OPÑb[]E^ZPSƒ[^V/Iç×0UKVOãAÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V>TÑ(I\VW@>Ï?JVE^V/IÖ[]Ø»AÑ]>¬[^V#ÙÜØ-E¶[]UPV

ÕPEÑb[)[^>ÏÓ#VJÚ Í [ADW@WØD[^UKVEÑ]>Ï[]V/Ñ0AÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V¶>TÑ0I\VW@>@?-VE^V/I³>@O³[^UKV¶[]Ø-[^A-WØ-EI\VEpÚ

M&òæGUK>TѶ>TÑ1A³E^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[(ØDÙtA-ÐPÑn[^E^AJSƒ[¶Ó#ØNIKVW+×0UK>TSUç>@Od[]E^ØNIKZPS!VpÑ +øþÿPø!÷ ^ø/ƒÚ¥ÝmOÖ[^UK>TѶE]Vá

ÕPOPVÓ#VOd[¶×tVIKVÓ#Ø-OPÑb[]EAB[^V([]UfAB[1[]UKV[]ØD[ADW&Ø-EI\VE>@ÑÐKZK>@W¬[¶ÐNÒÀ[^UKV +!øþÿPø!÷ ø2/ƒÚšÝmO[]UPV

E^V!ÕPOPV/IÑ]ΚV/S!>ÏÕfS/AB[]>@Ø-OfÑØ-Ù0[]UKV ö / 5-ø/V?JVOd[×)VÀØJZ\[]W@>ÏOPVÀ[^UPAB[[]UKV+_/[+.-ø Lø/»I\VW@>@?Já

V/E]Ò¼ØDÙAÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVÂ>@ÑI\Ø-OPVÀAB[[]UKVRÑbV

å

ZPVOPSVEpÚ<ÝmOÁØJE^I\V/E([]ØçI\Ø»[^UPAB[[]UKV³Þ-ZPA-E^IKÑØDÙ

ö / 5Jø2/RV?JVOd[>ÏOÛ[^UKV­ADÐfÑn[^E^AJSƒ[Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-O ì_>7>

/ D÷ 5-ø Bø2/ / B÷ 5-ø Bø2/

] 5-ø Lø/\ìûJûfî0ADE^VE^VÎPW@AJS!V/IÖÐNÒÁì+[+

U

+øþ!ÿPø÷ø/ +ø^þÿPø÷ø2/ ' >7>

5JøBø//î½Ú

N>@Ó#>ÏWTADE^W@Ò¼AÞJZPADEI + + T

U

+øþ!ÿPø÷ø/À>TÑAJIKI\V/IÛ>@OÛ[]UPV³Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-OPÑ(Ø-Ù Eö-,øLø/

V/?-VOd[pÚJæGUNZPÑtØ-O#[]UPVØ\SSZKE^E]V/OPS!V0Ø-Ù Eö-,øLø/(V?JVOd[tA(Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V0>TÑ)I\VW@>Ï?JVE^V/I[^Ø[]UPV

Ñ]>¬[^V/Ñ0Ø-[]UKV/EG[]UPA-OÀ[^UKVÑ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VEpÚ

Mºô$æGUK>TѺ>@ѺA0?-V/E]Ò1Ñb>@Ó#ÎKWÏVtE]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[<Þ->@?N>ÏOKÞA0Ó#Ø-E^VHS!ØJOPS!E^V![^VÑbΚV/S>¬ÕfS/AB[^>ÏØJOØDÙN[]UPVö / 5-ø/

V/?-VOd[pÚLæGUPE]ØJZKÞ-U([^UK>TѺE^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[+×tVt>ÏW@W@ZPÑn[^E^AD[]Vt[]UPAD[+A[]Ø-[^A-WJØJE^I\V/E&S/ADOКVGÐKZK>@W¬[+ZPÑ]>ÏOPÞ

[^UKVGÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ&I\VW@>@?-VE^V/I([]Ø[]UKV0Ñ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VEpÚ0V/S/ADW@WJ[^UPAB[A[]Ø-[^ADWNØJE^I\V/Eº>@O[^UKV0ADÐPÑb[]EA-S![

Ñ]ÎfVpS!>ÏÕfSAD[]>@Ø-OPÑADE^VS!ØJOPÑn[^E]ZfSƒ[]VpIA-ÑÐfV/WÏØB× ×0UK>TSU»Ñn[AB[^V([]UPAD[1A-WÏWºÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/ÑIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/I

AD[ADONÒÂÎKE^ØNSV/Ñ^Ñ0ADE^VØJE^IKVE^V/I³ÐfVÙÜØ-E^V[^UKV(OKV/× Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-V7>7>Ú

0

U

0

(

#

) &

ÝmO$[]UKVE^V!ÕPOPV/I ÑbΚV/S>¬ÕfS/AB[^>ÏØJOPÑØDÙÀö / 5Jø2/»V/?-V/OJ[[]UPV -mú-ú?/ 5-ø/Ö>TÑÂS!ØJOPÑn[^E]ZfSƒ[]VpIAJÑ

КVW@ØB× Ñb[^AD[]>@OKÞ[^UPAB[A-WÏWHÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ(I\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]VpIç[]Ø[^UKVÀÑ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VEA-E]VÂØJE^IKVE^V/IçÐfVÙÜØ-E^V

[^UKV(OKV× Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V7>4>Ú

0

U

0 ! ì$#% &î

(

#

) &

M<ñ$ÝmOR[]UP>@Ñ0E^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[0×)V1>@Od[]E^Ø\I\ZPS!V1[^UKV(OKØD[^>ÏØJO³Ø-Ù ú?>û¥ÿG-?- úD÷»Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V/Ñ/Ú\æGUKVS!ØJÓá

ÎKZK[^AB[^>ÏØJO#ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV)A-E]V)[^UKØJÑ]VGÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVt×0UP>@SU#OKV/V/I[]ضКVI\VW@>@?-VE^V/IÙÜØ-W@WÏØB×0>@OKÞ(A[]Ø-[^ADW

ØJE^I\V/E/Ú¥ë1WÏØJÐPADW+Ñ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VONZKÓÐfV/E^ÑØDÙ"[^UKVSØ-Ó#ÎKZ\[AB[^>ÏØJOÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVADE^VÞJVOKV/E^AD[]V/IÐNÒ

[^UKVÑ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VEpÚDæGUKVI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]ÒØDٚ[]UKVÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ&>@ÑtI\Ø-OPV)ÐfA-Ñ]V/IØ-O[]UPVÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVGOdZPÓá

КVEÑÚJÝmO#[]UK>TÑ>@Od[]V/E]Ó#V/IK>@AD[]V0E^V!ÕPOKV/Ó#VOd[tÑb[]VÎ<àD[]UPVÑbV

å

ZKVOPSV0ONZKÓКVEtØDِS!Ø-Ó#ÎKZK[^AB[^>ÏØJO

Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑYADE^VA-Ñ^Ñ]>ÏÞJOKV/I1ÐNÒ[^UKVHÑ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!V/E/ÚpæGUK>@Ñ<E]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[<>ÏOd[^E]Ø\I\ZPSV/ÑY[]UKV"ÙÜØJWÏW@ØB×0>@OKÞ

OKV/× ?BA-E]>TADÐKW@V/Ñ/Ú

0

- 0 ]

% 0 0

- 0 '"! #

0

)

!

#

æGUKV¼?BADE^>@A-ÐKW@VL+øþ!÷¥ú>TÑRZPÑ]V/I [^Ø AJÑ]Ñ]>@Þ-OóÑ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!VçOdZPÓКVEÑÀ[^Ø[^UKVÛS!Ø-Ó#ÎKZK[^AB[^>ÏØJO

Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑښæGUKV ^úDÿ\÷1-mø2/>TÑZPΚIKAD[]VpI»ÐNÒØ-OKVV/A-SU»[]>@ÓV#A ú?>û¥ÿG- ?- úD÷¼Ó#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV>@Ñ

(9)

QØ\I\V/W æ<Ø-[^ADW 1Ñ 1Ñ)ÐNÒ­ÝmOd[]VEA-S![]>@Ø-O +VES!VOd[pÚNA-Z\[]ØJÓÂAB[]>TS

æºØD[ADW'EI\VE0X)E^ØJA-IPSA-Ñb[ ð -õ òA Lñ

)ADZfÑ]A-W'E^I\V/E0XtE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[ òDõ õa

æºØD[ADW)ADZfÑ]A-WEI\V/EXtE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[ ð/õ-ô õa í

M&íÁÝmO¶[^UK>@Ñ<E]VÕPOKV/ÓV/Od[Y×tV">@Od[]E^ØNIKZPS!V+[^UKVOKØ-[]>@Ø-O¶ØDÙ úB÷1-0/]ú JÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑÚ.¼VHA-W@Ñ]ØG>ÏOd[]E^Ø\I\ZPSV

[^UKV#E]V/W@AD[]>@Ø-OPÑ]UK>@λØDÙHVpA-SUú?>û¥ÿG-?- úD÷ãÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV×0>Ï[]UÖ[]UKV úB÷-S/]ú Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VpÑښæGUK>@Ñ

E^V!ÕPOPVÓ#VOd[S!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[^Ñ)ØDÙ&ÙÜØ-W@W@ØB×0>ÏOKÞOKV/× Ñb[^AD[]V(?BADE^>@A-ÐKW@V/Ñt[nÒNÎfVpIRAJÑ)ÙÜØ-W@WÏØB×Ñ/à

0 0X]

%% 0 0 0 0 0

- 0

æGUKV#?BADE^>TADÐKW@V/Ñ úB÷-S/]ú HADOfI ú>ûšÿG--  úB÷$ADE^VZPÑ]V/I»[]ØSAJÑn[A³Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V#A-Ñ1V>Ï[]UKV/E(A

SØ-Ó#ÎKZ\[AB[]>@Ø-OØ-E+ASØ-Od[]E^Ø-WdÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VJÚ/æGUKVGÑbV[ ^úD÷1-0/]úKSØ-Od[^A->ÏOfÑ<[^UKVGS!Ø-Od[^E]ØJWJÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑ

Ñ]VOd[¶ÐdÒ»[]UKV#ÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVEpڐæGUKV?BA-E]>TADÐKW@V<>#ø2+[+úD÷1-0/]ú>TѶAÀÎfADE][]>TADW+>ÏODänV/Sƒ[^>Ï?JVÙÜZKOPSƒ[^>ÏØJO

×0UK>TSUçIKV!ÕPOKVpÑ1E]V/W@AD[]>@Ø-OPÑ]UK>@ÎÖADÓ#Ø-OPÞ³AÀSØ-Od[]E^Ø-W&Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VA-OPI»>Ï[^ѶSØ-Ó#ÎKZ\[AB[]>@Ø-OÖÓVpÑná

Ñ^ADÞJV-Ú-ݽ[G>@ÓÎPWÏ>@V/Ñt[]UfAB[H[^UKVE^V¶SADOÂØJOKW@ÒКV¶AØ-OPVS!ØJOd[]E^Ø-WPÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV0ÙÜØ-E)V/AJSUÀS!ØJÓÎPZ\[^ADá

[^>ÏØJOÓ#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-V)ADOPI(?N>TS!Vá~?JVEÑ]APÚ/æGUKVGÑbV[ / B÷ % >Âø.+[+ úB÷-S/]ú '0S!Ø-Od[AD>@OPÑY[^UKVGS!Ø-Ó#ÎKZK[^AB[^>ÏØJO

Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VpÑtÙÜØ-E0×0UK>TSUS!Ø-Od[^E]ØJWšÓ#VpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ)UPA-ÑGКVV/OÑbV/OJ[0ÐNÒ­[^UKVÑ]V

å

ZKVOfS!VEpÚ

Mºõ

Í

OKV× V?-V/Od[b3ø ø LøRùúB÷-S/^ú>TÑ>@Od[]E^Ø\I\ZPS!VpIÚ çV>ÏW@W@ZPÑn[^E^AD[]V[]UPAD[¶AÀÎKE]Ø\SV/Ñ^ÑØ-[]UKV/E

[^UPADO­Ñ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!V/ESADOÂI\V/WÏ>@?-V/EHA ú>ûšÿG- - úB÷³ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJVGØ-OKW@Ò>Ïِ>¬[HUfA-Ñ"E^V/SV>@?-V/I úB÷-S/]ú

Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ^ADÞ-VÙÜØ-E&>¬[pÚpݽ["SA-OКVtOKØ-[]>TS!VpI([]UfAB[&[]UKV)Ó#V/Ñ^Ñ]A-Þ-VHI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E]Ò[]Ø[]UPV)Ñ]>¬[^V/ѺØD[^UKVEº[]UPA-O

[^UKVÑbV

å

ZKVOPSVE0>TÑ0I\Ø-OPV(ZPÑb>@OKÞ[]UPVÑbV

å

ZPVOPSV1ONZKÓÐfV/E0Þ-V/OKVEAB[^V/I³ÐdÒ­[]UKVÑ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!V/E/Ú

çÈHÅË)]Ê "NÌnÈtÅ "

ÝmO[^UK>@Ñ1ÎPA-ÎfV/E×)VUfAL?-VØJZ\[]W@>ÏOPV/IØJZKEE^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[1ÐPA-Ñ]V/I»A-ÎKÎKE^ØJAJSU³ÙÜØJEÙÜØJE]ÓÂA-WºI\V/?-VW@Ø-ÎKá

Ó#VOd[¶ØDÙtA­Ù ADZKWÏ[[^Ø-W@VEADOd[Ó#Ø\I\V/W@Ñ1ØDÙtE]V/ÎKWÏ>TSAD[]VpI»IKAB[ADÐPAJÑbVÑbÒ\Ñb[]VÓÚ¼VUPAL?JVÎKE^V/Ñ]VOd[^V/I

[]UPVÀADÐPÑb[]EA-S![X Ó#Ø\I\V/W@Ñ(Ø-ÙG[]ØD[ADWtØ-EI\VE(ÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[A-OPIÛØ-Z\[^WÏ>@OKVpIÛUKØB× A-OÁADÐPÑb[]EA-S![([]Ø-á

[^A-WYØ-EI\V/EGS/ADOКV(E]VÕPOKV/IRÐNÒÂ[^UKVS!ØJOPS!E^V![^V¶Ñ]V

å

ZKV/OPS!V(ONZKÓÐfV/E^ÑG>@OR[]UKV(E^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[Ñb[]V/ÎPÑÚ

æGUKVÛADКØ-E][]>@Ø-O Ø-Ù[]UKVÛS!ØJO\âP>TSƒ[^>ÏOKÞ$ZKÎ¥IKAB[^Vç[^E^A-OPÑ^A-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOPÑ­ØJE]>@Þ->@OPAD[]V/I AD[RI\>B¥VE^VOd[Ñ]>Ï[]V/Ñ

ÓÂALÒãÐfVAL?JØ->TI\V/Iã>ÏÙ[^UKVZKÎ¥IKAB[^V/Ñ#ADE^VRIKVW@>Ï?JVE^V/IÛ[^Øç[^UKVÎPADE][]>TS!>@ÎPAD[]>@OKÞçÑ]>¬[^V/Ñ#>@O$AÖ[]Ø-[^ADW

Ø-EI\V/E/Ú<ߨB×tV/?-V/E/à[^UKV­[^ØD[ADWHØJE^IKVEÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[IKØdVpÑOPØD[ÎKE^V/Ñ]VE^?-V#[^UKV³S/ADZPÑ^ADW@>Ï[nÒçADÓ#ØJOKÞ

[]UPV#[]EADOPÑ^A-S![]>@Ø-OPÑ/Ú¥ÝmO ìÏðfDî~à×)V#ZPÑbVpIçARE^V!ÕPOPVÓ#VOd[ADÎKÎPE]ØdA-SUÖ×0>Ï[]U ?JVOd[X ÙÜØ-E¶ÙÜØJE]ÓÂA-W

I\V/?-VW@Ø-ÎPÓV/Od[+Ø-ٚÐPE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[+Ñ]Ò\Ñn[^VÓ ×0UP>@SUÂI\V/WÏ>@?-V/E"ÓVpÑ]Ñ^ADÞJV/Ñ+Ñ^AB[]>TÑbÙÜÒd>@OKÞ¶?BADE^>ÏØJZPÑ+Ø-EI\V/E]>@OKÞ

ÎKE^Ø-ΚVE][]>@V/Ñ/ÚA¼V1UPAL?-V1I\V?JVW@Ø-ΚV/IÂ[^UKV¶ÑbV/ÎPADEAB[^VÓ#Ø\I\VWTÑ)ØDِ[]Ø-[^A-WšØJE^IKVE)ÐKE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[/àdSADZfÑ]A-W

Ø-EI\V/EtÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[GADOPI­[]Ø-[^ADWYS/ADZPÑ^ADWšØ-EI\V/EtÐKE^ØJAJIKSAJÑn[pÚdæGUPV1×)Ø-E^C#×)AJÑGSADE^E^>ÏVpIÂØ-Z\[GØ-O³[]UPV

tW@>@SCOHE]ØB?JVX []ØNØ-W~Ú<æGUKV#[^ØdØJW"Þ-V/OKVEAB[^V/Ñ[]UKVÀÎKE]ØNØ-ÙtØ-ÐPWÏ>@ÞJAD[]>@Ø-OPÑÙÜØ-EE]VÕPOKVÓ#V/OJ[A-OPI

S!ØJOPÑ]>@Ñb[]V/OPS!ÒSUKVpSCd>@OKÞfÚfæGUKVpÑbVÎKE^ØdØ-Ù ÑUKV/WÏΚV/IçZPÑ[]ØRZKOPI\V/E^Ñb[^A-OPI[^UKVSØ-Ó#ÎKW@V!é\>Ï[nÒRØ-Ù[]UPV

ÎKE^Ø-ÐKW@VÓÔADOfIR[]UKVS!Ø-E^E^V/Sƒ[^OKV/Ñ^Ñ0Ø-Ù"[]UKVÑbØJWÏZ\[^>ÏØJOPÑ/ÚPæGUKVÒA-W@Ñ]ØÂUKVW@ΚV/IZPÑ[]سI\>@Ñ^S!ØB?JVEOPV×

Ñ]ÒNÑb[]V/Ó >ÏON?BADE^>TADOd[^Ñ×0UK>TSUÎKE^ØB?N>@I\VRAçSWÏVpADE>ÏOfÑb>@Þ-Ud[[]Øç[]UKVÑ]ÒNÑb[]V/ÓÚ+æGUPVRØB?JVEADW@WHÎKE^ØNØDÙ

Ñb[^AB[^>@Ñb[]>TSÑ)ÙÜØJEG?LA-E]>@Ø-ZfÑtI\V/?-V/WÏØJÎKÓ#VOd[^Ñ)>@OPS!W@ZPI\>@OKÞÂA[]ØD[ADW¥Ø-EI\V/E)ÐPE]ØdA-IKS/A-Ñb[t>TÑGÞ->@?-VO³>ÏO³[]UPV

æ&ADÐKW@VÁð-ÚZKE­VéNΚVE^>@VOPSV»×0>¬[^U []UPV/Ñ]VÖSAJÑbV»Ñb[]ZPIK>ÏVpÑÀÑb[]E^VOKÞ-[]UKV/OPÑ­ØJZKE­ÐšVW@>ÏVÙ([]UPAD[RADÐKá

Ñb[]EA-Sƒ[^>ÏØJOADOPIE^V!ÕfOKVÓ#VOd[A-E]V(?BA-WÏZPA-ÐKW@V([]VpSUKOK>

å

ZPVÙÜØ-EÓØ\I\V/WÏW@>@OKÞ³SØ-Ó#ÎKW@V!éI\>@Ñb[]E^>@ÐKZ\[]VpI

Ñ]ÒNÑb[]V/ÓÚ

$[$YÇH$<ÅË$"

€

†

„

†

¸

†

Et®-lnqÏse

†

- ; > >)/@/ 8 DCDCHJ2L HLJ 9P/CJ29P3 G%D 14/NG;P32LMHLJ2D

†

v+sw1®Jlnq¬u-²pi

z

(10)

† † ¾

°

q|knadqjo#rmi^k"knaJic/lm} †Y¾o - 7 Dn…dxds/²/ir€ … †

†

« qj{B}Ds/¯/s/oBkEt²lbs

°

s/e’…

¹

yJr½kbsƒ{LcEHejcpodrmc-… EHw¶l0hYe Et®d®dspu-q܅PsoNu

¾ cps/oNs_Dkbsodcpq † hY´-xJe¬c/q|knq¬oJ² sknc/w(qj`)®Jlncpspu-`ƒs/r½kqjolnixdejqj`ƒskniuuJskbs/®ds/rmir i^´DknioduJiƒu(s®dr½kmlbs`^k †¾ ov&a-lnq¬r½knq¬sofi^od²Lsydi^lƒ…

slmknqjo ¹ lnqji®Je܅Ns/oduÂ_-i^ln²/iq ¹ clneÏs!kn`]aP…Niƒu-q|knc/lnr… 79P/3 9]…K{Lc/ejydw(i1€

cg ;PB+17 9P;/21 ;=D

HL 5 /2G 71;=9 B+H4;=L0B;]…NxNs²pir

†

_-x-lnq¬oJ²pi^lƒ…P€L

†

† adqjejq¬x$E † ‚&i^lnodr½kni^q¬oP…ºs/rmrmc/r ± spuqjeÏs`cpr…\s/oNu sknads/o ¹ cBcDuJws/o † 5 /2L B-79 9C;=L B 5 /2LM19P/65

32L0:"!?;PB/#2;=9$HL&%32143('C32D+;)* DC1;=G%D

†

Etudu-q¬rmc/oJ¸,+i^rme¬i]}B…\€-p

†

†0‡ ioJodi^kna ¥† ‚&q|lnws/oP… Etodu-l/.i&_-`badqjx\i^lƒ…!soNu sk_DknixJadioJrmcpo † fqj²paBk

°

iqj²/kY`s/ydrnse-s/oNus!kncpw(qj`

²/lnc/ydxw1yde|knqj`ƒsr½k † 8 510 - 9(32L D 2 5 /2G $7 132142DC132¬…

$  € …Y€-€ †

†5 sƒ{Dqji^l « i^g’s²pcJ…MEHoNu-l/.. i)_-`badqjx\i^lƒ…Bs/oNu i^kni^l. z ln®6.so † šc/kbse\c/lbu-i^l"®Jlncpspu-`ƒs/r½ksoNu(w1yJe|knq¬`s/r½k

s/ej²/c/lnq|knadw(r7 ¥s´-c/odcpw}s/oNurmyJln{Li]} † 8 510 5 /2G 71328$79#2¬…

$  9 €p… †  † Ete¬so;:di^¯Li^knip… sod`^}NE † P}-od`baf…PsoNuNEteji^´Js/oduJi^lE † _-aD{ps!lmknrmws/o † _Dx\i`q|g@}-qjod²s/odu³ydrmqjoJ²

sxNslmknq|knqjcpods/®Je¬i0²lncpyJx`c/w(w1yJodqj`ƒsknqjc/ormi]ln{-qj`i † 8 510F- 9P3 L D 2#5 /2G $7 132142DC132¬…K€ $j€!B€$

€ -…

€

†

- † †<± spu4^q¬e¬s`cprs/oduÛ_ †šc/ydi² † Eêw(cDu-yde¬slsxdx-lncLs/`baçknc³g’s/yJe|km¸ knc/eji^lbs/oBk®JlncpspuJ`s/r½knrs/odu

lnie¬skniuxJlnc/®dejiw(r † ši`badoJqj`ƒs/e ti^x\c/lmk ¸n€ ( D…Kv&c/lnodi^e¬e z oJq¬{pi^lnrmq|k~}B… …\€ †

† fqjods/r<fs/qj®dqjodqjr…-hYejioNs flncpyJ®dq|knr½}-oNsD…-_Js!lnq=fixJx1>s/oJiof…B„pcpads/o?fqjejq¬yJr…-s/odu?@GsqjrnslE †

s/ejqj¯ †

:dclnws/e-rmi^ln{Dq¬`^i^¸ c/lnqjioBkniƒu(uJi^{LiejcpxJw(ioBkYc/gKg’syde|kºknc/eji^lbs/oBk+`^cpw(w1yJodqj`ƒs!knq¬oJ²)r½}-r½kniw(r

†\¾ oA!?HJ

/29(/7D%;$#2;+5/ 0G;=LM1 /CB 5 / G 5;EDGFO37 51 - /65;=9(32L 1H42DC1;=GDb…fxNs²pir -€ -pD…{pcpejydw(i €p

c/gIfi`^kny-lni cknirq¬o#v&cpw(xJyJkni^lt_D`qjiod`i/…\_DxJlnqjod²/i^lƒ…

† € † fi^rme¬qjiJfs/w(x\c/lmk † +qjw(ip…<`ejcB`b¯-r…&s/odu»knaJi#c/lbu-i^lnqjod²³c/g0i{pioBknr¶qjo¼s³uJqjr½kmlnqj®dyJkniuçr½}-r½kniw †

5 /2GG 7L=2 8 510­… €  $- B…Y€L- †

€p€ † fi^rme¬qji6fs/w(x\c/lmk<soNu s/oJ`^}E † P}-od`ba †

« qjr½kmlnqj®dy-kniƒu`^cpw(xdy-knqjod²4 cDu-iejr&soNuw(i]knadcDuJr

†J¾

o

#32L :('C/@/$/CB- ;P/29C;=1HIBC365 5 /2G 71;=9K0B+H4;=L B ;$LNMM/657G;> OFO/29G 365O0N/@:<;+5D 3 L :? ;=G 321HIB+D

P>RQƒ…dxds/²/ir€/€/SN€/€ † € † € † ¥† † iejejq¬slm¸~_-w(q|knaP…=fc/ydqjrmi¶h † cprmi^lƒ…PsoNuT)qj{Li^¯EH²/lbs °

seÏs † ‚ºlncpspuJ`s/r½kxJlnckncB`cpejr)g@c/l

uJqjr½kmlnqj®dy-kniƒur½}-r½kniw(r †VURR - 9P3 L D 2O?329(3655;+5%#HDC19H,'21* D 132j…š€ € $j€!S B…€

†

€ † v

i^kbs}Bi^lƒ…¥„ EH®Jlnq¬s/e’…soNuWXºc/qjrmcpo † hY{LioBkm¸‚ e¬s/od²/yNs²pi † H « ¾ uJiejqj{Li^lbs®dejir † …

aBkmknxOYYƒlncDuJqjo †`r †oJ`e†s` †yd¯4Y/u-iejqj{Li^lbs/®JejirY «  †xKu-g~…

† € † fc/ydqjrmiÂh † cprmi^lƒ… † †

iejejq¬slm¸~_-w(q|knaf… « i^®\c/lbs/a E

† Et²psl ° s/e’… tsƒ{Dq ‡¶† ‚ºyNuJaJq¬s-…ºs/odu

v&cpejejiio$E † fqjoJ²peji^}D¸ s/xNs/uJc/x\cpydejc/r † šc/kniw Eãg’syde|km¸Ükncpeji^lbsoDkHwyde|knqj`ƒs/r½k"²lncpyJx`c/w(w1yJodq|¸

`ƒs!knq¬c/o#r½}-r½kniw

†

5 /2GG 7L=2 8 510­…

$ …€ † € † † ¥s/w(i^l >

Z^rmys/odu skmlnqj`b¯J&seÏu-yJlnqji7 † 89HL B+H05;=D/CB%#HD 19 H,'-71;P:T%32143('C32D+;A* DC1;=G%D[L

;PBC/2L0:K?:2H1HI/ L

† lni^oDknqj`i]¸

±

s/eje’…š€

†

€ † Etodu-lni­_D`]aJqjx\i^ls/odu

qj`]aJie ts}-oNs/e† :Jlnc/w ²/lnc/ydxÛ`c/w(w1yJodqj`ƒsknqjc/oçkncRkmlbsodrns/`]knq¬c/odrqjo

uJqjr½kmlnqj®dy-kniƒur½}-r½kniw(r † 5 / G%G 7LMHIBC321HI/2LN/CB 1 ; 8 510­…

$

9-LD…€ †

€! † v † fcpqjoNs!lbuP… ¹ i^lbs!lbuJ:¥e¬clnqjof…KsoNuÂv † v+s!lmlni7 † E$g@c/lnws/ešw(i^knadcDukncx-lnc!{Li0c/lbu-i^lnqjod²xJlnc/xJ¸

i^lmknqjirc/gYwyde|knqj`ƒs/r½kr½}-r½kniw(r † 8 510F7 M;=9(321HL<JA* DC1;=G%DZ!?;$#@H4;$\Y… $S/--…€ †

€S-†

« qj{/s/¯/sl &spudsƒ{³s/odu qj`]ads/ie"‚ºyJkneji^l

†

EHxdxJe¬qj`ƒs!knqjcpoc/gHhY{LioBk‚ knc#²pejc/®Ns/e&`ƒs/yJrns/e+clbuJi^lm¸

qjod²(gTclGg’syde|kGknc/e¬i]lbs/oBkGkmlbs/oJrns/`^knqjc/odr †0¾o] 9(/@B28/CB]^/29 D / /2L]! HJ2H9P/)7 DH8LJ2HL ;;=9 HL<J$/CB

FO37 51%- /65;=9P3 L 1H42DC1;=GKL!6RF-R_`/…šxNs²pir

d€ … i ° `ƒs/r½kneji#yJx\cpo <}-odip…º€Â„pyJe|} R…

aBkmknxOYY!ixJlnqjoBknr †i`r †rmc/knc/o †s/` †yJ¯4YD€ -D€Y †

€ † « qj{/s/¯/sl &spudsƒ{s/odu

qj`]ads/ieš‚&yJkneji^l † :dclnws/ePrmx\i`q|¿N`ƒs!knqjcpodrts/odu{Li^lnq|¿d`ƒsknqjcpoc/gYw(irmrns²pi

c/lbu-i^lnqjod²(x-lncpx\i^lmknqjirtq¬o#s®-lncLs/uJ`ƒsr½k)r½}-r½kniw ydrmqjoJ²h<{Li^oDkt‚ †¾o - ;PB LMHIBC365!?; /29=1aL BM/@/65

/CB 5;PB+19P/2LMHIB+D 3 L : 5 /2G 71;=9" B+H4;=L0B;$LAb L H#2;=9=DCH1a$/CBK /71M3 G 014/2L4L6 /71M32G 014/2L4L7b=c0…

s} D…\aBkmknxYYix-lnqjoDknr † i`^r † rmckncpo † s` † yd¯4YD€ ( €Y †

† « qj{/s/¯/sl &spudsƒ{soNu

qj`baNs/i^eš‚&y-kneji^l † tqj²pclncpyJr)u-irmqj²po#cgg’s/yJe|km¸ knc/eji^lbs/oBkkmlbs/oJrns/`^knqjcpoJrHg@c/l

lnixJe¬qj`ƒs!kniƒuÛuJskbs/®ds/rmi­r½}-r½kniw(r(ydrmqjoJ²»h<{Li^oDk‚

†$¾

od!?HJA/ 9P/7D?%;$#2;+5/ 0G;=LM1 /CB 5 /2G 5;ED

FO37 51 - /65;=9(32L 1e* DC1;=G%Dn…YxNs²pir …º{pcpejydw(i €pÂc/gfPi`^knyJlni c/knirq¬oÖv&c/w(xdy-kni^l

_-`^q¬i^od`ip…N_-x-lnqjod²pi]lƒ…

References

Related documents

The 126 bed hospital is a full fledge medical facility with a Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Orthopedic,

 Visual  literacy  development  in  young  children:  An   investigation  with  informational  texts...  Young  children’s  understanding  of  specific  graphical

when government scientists and corporate-funded scientists are working on parallel, competing scientific agendas. In particular, NOAA's implementing regulations

Automated, in situ observations of dissolved oxygen, water temper- ature, conductivity, turbidity, and standard meteorological parameters, including wind speed and direction,

Our intention was to give you as many options or choices as possible. The cost for the networking inside Ohio is already covered for the connections to the list of Ohio data

The study was therefore conducted to ascertain how the level of organizational stability influences employee turnover in selected secondary schools in Kenya’s Nandi County.. A

For continuous protection against cholera, a single booster dose is recommended two years after completing the primary course for adults and children over six years of age, and

In this paper, change detection, viewed as a particular case of multi- temporal image classification problems and some methods like support vector machines, fuzzy c -means