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corso

mb

mbed

mbed

Conoscere

e usare

dell’ing. Vincenzo Mendola

ome abbiamo già spiegato nella prima puntata di questo corso, l’mbed ha un package DIP di 40 pin, con passo 0.1”, che misura soltanto 54x26mm, quindi non mol-to più grande di un Arduino Nano.

Per poter utilizzare in maniera proficua tutte le caratteristiche del nostro sistema di prototipazione, è conveniente disporre di un circuito stampato cui poter connette-re in maniera stabile e affidabile il nostro mbed e che sia in grado inoltre di fornirci

un supporto meccanico adeguato. Il codice per sviluppare applicazioni con l’mbed è diverso da quello utilizzato da Arduino, tuttavia nella prima puntata abbiamo mostrato che è possibile eseguire in maniera equivalente le stesse fun-zioni di gestione dei GPIO, ADC, ecc.

Allora, perché non realizzare un unico PCB che, oltre a fornire un utile supporto alle connessio-ni del nostro mbed, ci permetta anche di impie-gare gli innumerevoli shield di Arduino?

Ci siamo posti questa domanda e in risposta

ab-C

mbed

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mb

ed

scheda di questo circuito, che possiamo ritenere un vero e proprio adattatore. Sono presenti gli strip ai quali connette-re diconnette-rettamente l’mbed, gli strip per gli shield di Arduino con il loro caratteristico passo, un connettore USB di tipo B, un connettore RJ45 per interfacciarsi alla rete, i terminali ICSP ed un plug a cui connet-tere un alimentatore esterno in continua che fornisca una tensione di valore com-preso tra 7 e 12 V; quando si alimenta il circuito tramite il plug, si consiglia di non eccedere i 7 V per evitare di dissipare inutilmente potenza nel regolatore lineare a tre terminali a basso dropout (Low Drop Output regulator) REG1117-5.

Questo integrato, prodotto dalla Texas Instruments, è disponibile in due varianti:

• la versione “base”, caratterizzata da un drop-out di 1,2 V (per funzionare corret-tamente fornendo in uscita i 5 V previsti deve avere all’ingresso una tensione di almeno 6,2 V) e da una corrente massima erogabile di 800 mA, che vengono pro-gressivamente ridotti automaticamente superando i 10 V all’ingresso per evitare un eccessivo riscaldamento del chip;

• la versione “advance”, indicata con l’aggiunta di una “A” nel codice di iden-tificazione del prodotto (REG1117-5A), che ha un drop-out di 1,3 V alla massima corrente erogabile (pari ad 1A), anche in biamo progettato un circuito stampato di

supporto e interconnessione, che soddisfa tutti i requisiti richiesti: compatibilità con gli shield già esistenti e facilità d’ accesso alle principali periferiche dell’mbed, tra cui l’ethernet e l’USB.

Vediamolo nel dettaglio: in Fig. 1 è ripor-tato lo schema elettrico, mentre in Fig. 2 è visibile una possibile realizzazione della

Fig. 1

[image:28.595.17.556.17.727.2]

corso

mb

ed

questo caso automaticamente ridotta per tensioni d’ingresso maggiori di 10 V.

In entrambi i casi la massima tensione ap-plicata all’ingresso del regolatore non può eccedere i 15 V, pena il danneggiamento irreversibile del chip. Nel nostro circuito possono essere utilizzate entrambe le ver-sioni, dato che hanno la stessa piedinatura; per quanto riguarda la corrente di eserci-zio, difficilmente verrà superato il valore di 500 mA, che poi è la corrente standard erogabile da una comune porta USB. Per la stessa ragione abbiamo scelto il più com-patto case SOT223, che difficilmente sarà sottoposto a grandi stress termici, meglio tollerati dalla più massiccia versione in contenitore DDPAK.

Come è visibile dallo schema elettrico, sia il plug DC che la USB sono protet-ti dai cortocircuiprotet-ti mediante protezioni autoripristinanti ottenute mediante l’uso

di poliswitch da 500 mA, che abbiamo voluto inserire anche se generalmente le porte USB dei PC sono già munite di una loro protezione; in questo modo si può stare tranquilli anche qualora si decida di alimentare il circuito mediante USB non standard o presenti su alimentatori au-tocostruiti come quelli che presenteremo nei prossimi numeri della rivista. I diodi Schottky D1 e D2 servono per separare le sorgenti di alimentazione dato che, come abbiamo visto, il nostro mbed può essere alimentato sia tramite USB, sia tramite il DC plug.

Sempre sulla linea di alimentazione, possiamo notare D3, il quale, in maniera analoga a quanto appena visto, ha la fun-zione di garantire che il terminale d’uscita a 5 V del regolatore LDO presente sul PCB dell’mbed possa solo erogare corrente e non diventare un carico. I catodi di questi tre diodi sono fra loro connessi,

garanten-Listato 1

#include “mbed.h” #include “ds1307.h” Serial pc(USBTX, USBRX); DS1307 my1307(p9,p10);

int sec = 00; // Values to set time int min = 00;

int hours = 12; int day = 7; int date = 3; int month = 3; int year = 13;

void test_rw(int test) {

if (test == 0)

{pc.printf(“%.2D:”,hours); pc.printf(“%.2D:”,min); pc.printf(“%.2D \n\r”,sec); pc.printf(“%.2D/”,date); pc.printf(“%.2D/”,month); pc.printf(“%.2D \n\r”,year); pc.printf(“\n\r”);}

else pc.printf(“Last R/W operation failed!\n\r”);

wait(1); }

int main () {

//test_rw(my1307.settime( sec, min, hours, day, date, month, year)); wait(3); // Required only during the first RTC connection to set the RTC.

while(1){

test_rw(my1307.gettime( &sec, &min, &hours, &day, &date, &month, &year)); // Read the time and display on screen

mbed

corso

mb

ed

garantisce una piccola caduta di tensione (400mV@IF=500mA); C1 e C2 sono i due condensatori di filtro al tantalio da 10 µF, della stessa tipologia consigliata dal datasheet; R1 e R2 (da 180 ohm) sono le due resistenze di limitazione della corren-te che scorre nei LED inseriti all’incorren-terno do in questo modo una corretta tensione

di alimentazione al pin Vin del mbed. Alla luce di quanto appena visto, al fine di ridurre le cadute di tensione ai loro capi, i tre diodi devono essere necessariamente di tipo Schottky, come ad esempio l’PME-G2005AEA della NXP da noi scelto, che

Listato 3

#include “mbed.h”

#include “EthernetInterface.h” #include “NTPClient.h” EthernetInterface eth; NTPClient ntp;

int main() {

eth.init(); //Use DHCP eth.connect();

printf(“Trying to update time...\r\n”);

if (ntp.setTime(“ntp1.inrim.it”) == 0) // INRIM italian NTP server {

printf(“Set time successfully\r\n”); time_t ctTime;

ctTime = time(NULL);

printf(“Time is set to (UTC): %s\r\n”, ctime(&ctTime)); }

else {

printf(“Error\r\n”); }

eth.disconnect(); while(1) {

} } Listato 2

#include “mbed.h” int main() {

// get the current time from the terminal struct tm t;

printf(“Enter current date and time:\n\r”); printf(“YYYY MM DD HH MM SS[enter]\n\r”);

scanf(“%d %d %d %d %d %d”, &t.tm_year, &t.tm_mon, &t.tm_mday, &t.tm_hour, &t.tm_min, &t.tm_sec); // adjust for tm structure required values

t.tm_year = t.tm_year - 1900; t.tm_mon = t.tm_mon - 1;

// set the time set_time(mktime(&t));

// display the time while(1) {

time_t seconds = time(NULL); printf(“%s \r”, ctime(&seconds)); wait(1);

corso

mb

[image:31.595.35.590.15.731.2]

ed

del connettore RJ45 dotato di filtri ma-gnetici (si può acquistare da Futura Elet-tronica, www.futurashop.it, con il codice 7300-RJ45EM) che possono essere utilizzati per segnalare la connessione dell’mbed ad una rete ethernet e per evidenziare lo scambio di dati su di essa. C3 e C4 servo-no per disaccoppiare la tensione di 3,3 V come riportato nella pagina del cookbook dedicata (punto [1] dei Riferimenti). Il pcb è stato disegnato per ottenere la massima compatibilità con gli shield di Arduino; la Tabella 1 illustra la corrispon-denza tra i pin dell’mbed con quelli di Arduino, un’informazione necessaria, du-rante la scrittura del codice, per garantire una perfetta equivalenza delle funzionalità con gli shield già esistenti.

Come si può notare, sono disponibili tutti i GPIO dell’Arduino Uno (D2-D13), i sei PWM (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11), la seriale (D0, D1), la I2C (A4-A5), le connessioni all’ICSP e 4 ADC (A0-A3), tutti disponi-bili nella stessa posizione in cui lo sono sull’Arduino. Per l’mbed LCP1768 è anche disponibile il DAC, che risulta connesso al pin 18 dell’mbed e all’A3 del nostro PCB. Ora che abbiamo a disposizione questo comodo circuito, che ci permette di uti-lizzare con facilità gli shield di Arduino, possiamo ad esempio collegare all’mbed l’RTC realizzato per Arduino e presentato nel Fascicolo n° 163 (febbraio 2012) della nostra rivista, con l’unica accortezza di ponticellare con dei fili le due connessioni a SDA e SCL (replicate nelle ultime revi-sioni di Arduino UNO alle estremità del connettore dei GPIO, oltre il D13) con i

pin analogici A4 (SDA) e A5 (SCL) della Arduino stessa.

Ora, prima di procedere è importante fare una precisazione: gli mbed sono 5V-tolerant (cioè accettano livelli TTL, pur

ARDUINO MBED FUNCTION

D0 p14

D1 p13

D2 p8

D3 p21 PWM

D4 p12

D5 p22 PWM

D6 p23 PWM

D7 p27

D8 p30

D9 p24 PWM

D10 p25 PWM

D11 p26 PWM

D12 p28

D13 p29

A0 p15

A1 p16

A2 p17

A3 p18 DAC

A4 P9 SDA

A5 P10 SCL

ICSP P5 MOSI

ICSP P6 MISO

ICSP P7 SCK

Fig. 3

mbed

corso

mb

ed

Riferimenti

[1] http://mbed.org/cookbook/Ethernet-RJ45 [2] http://mbed.org/blog/entry/103/

prediligendo quelli 0/3,3V) ma, per essere certi di evitare danni irreparabili al chip, è sempre consigliabile utilizzare un trasla-tore di livello tipo quello presentato per Raspberry Pi nel fascicolo di febbraio di quest’anno, oppure lavorare direttamente con logica a 3,3 V, ovviamente anche per il Bus I²C.

Lo shield RTC di Arduino lavora con un I²C a livello TTL (0/5V) per cui è necessa-ria molta attenzione qualora lo si voglia connettere direttamente all’mbed. Sappiamo che l’LCP1768, a differenza della versione LPC11U24, incorpora già un modulo RTC, ma comunque ad entrambi è possibile connettere un DS1307 della Maxim, servendosi di un’apposita libreria (ad esempio quella disponibile all’indi-rizzo http://mbed.org/users/harrypowers/ code/DS1307/docs/c3e4da8feb10/ds1307_8h_ source.html) e del semplice codice riportato

nel Listato 1.

Nella Fig. 3 è visibile la schermata di terminale della seriale, contenente i dati in uscita dall’RTC. Notate che è possibile uti-lizzare anche l’RTC a bordo dell’LPC1768 e del nuovo modello FRDM-KL25Z, ser-vendosi del codice (punto [2] dei Riferi-menti) contenuto nel Listato 2.

Come si vede dalla lettura delle poche istruzioni necessarie, l’RTC on-board di mbed viene impostato direttamente inse-rendo la data e l’ora tramite seriale, sulla quale viene costantemente aggiornata e visualizzata ogni secondo.

Il nostro PCB di adattamento

dispo-ne anche di un condispo-nettore etherdispo-net che consente di connettere l’LPC1768 alla rete LAN (Local Area Network) e WAN (Wide Area Network); perciò vi proponiamo un semplice esempio di utilizzo della libreria ETHERNET che permette di determinare l’ora esatta tramite un server NTP (Net-work Time Protocol) qualora abbiate con-nesso il vostro mbed alla rete INTERNET e vogliate sfruttare l’altissima precisione fornita dagli orologi atomici (il codice è illustrato nel Listato 3). Per i nostri test ci siamo serviti del primo dei due server NTP primari installati nel Laboratorio di Tempo e Frequenza Campione dell’IN-RIM, accessibili liberamente. Ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili alla pagina http://www.inrim.it/ntp/index_i.shtml. La libreria ed il relativo codice sono disponibili nella pagina http://mbed.org/users/donatien/ code/NTPClient_HelloWorld/.

Nella Fig. 4 si vede il risultato della sin-cronizzazione con il server NTP.

Bene, con questo abbiamo concluso anche questa puntata; nella prossima mostrere-mo ulteriori esempi di utilizzo del nostro circuito di adattamento e approfondiremo la conoscenza delle schede di

prototipa-zione per mbed. g

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corso

mb

mbed

mbed

Conoscere

e usare

dell’ing. Vincenzo Mendola

elle puntate precedenti abbiamo intro-dotto le schede di prototipazione mbed, mostrandovi le nozioni base per il loro utiliz-zo per aiutarvi a prendere confidenza con il relativo hardware; abbiamo inoltre introdotto un comodo circuito adattatore che ci permette di utilizzare con facilità gli shield di Arduino sulla piattaforma mbed a 32 bit. Con questo adattatore abbiamo iniziato a realizzare alcune applicazioni, descrivendo di volta in volta il relativo codice. In questa puntata

proseguia-mo la descrizione delle applicazioni e lo facciaproseguia-mo proponendo la gestione di vari display standard (a controllo parallelo) a cristalli liquidi, ma anche la generazione di segnali di forma d’onda più comune. Partiamo con il primo esempio applicativo, uti-lizzando l’LCD shield per Arduino, presentato sul numero 174 di marzo 2013 di Elettronica In (e commercializzato da Futura Elettronica con la sigla 7100-FT1030K) per mostrare qualche esempio di codice che permette ad mbed di interfacciarsi ad un comune LCD. Per prima cosa provvediamo alla

N

3

Arduino in modo da

visualizzare scritte a piacere e l’ora dell’RTC, ma anche per generare forme d’onda usando il DAC del LPC176.