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Shakedown, ratchet, and limit analyses of 90° back-to-back pipe bends under cyclic in-plane opening bending and steady internal pressure

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Figure

Fig. 1. Half model of the 90° back-to-back pipe bends with two attached vertical straight pipe sections
Table 2. Component material properties and temperature dependent yield stresses, where E and ν
Fig. 3. Cyclic in-plane opening bending moment applied within the limit, shakedown, and ratchet analyses
Fig. 4. Limit load interaction curve computed by the LMM for the thin walled straight pipe normalised by the reference loads from Eqs
+7

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