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ENHANCED MOBILE LOCATION ESTIMATION WITH A SINGLE BASE STATION
LIM CAI LI
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For The Bachelor Degree Of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer Universiti Teknikal Malayasia Melaka
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek ENHANCED MOBILE LOCATION ESTIMATION WITH A SINGLE BASE STATION Sesi
Pengajian 1 3 / 1 4 1.
Saya LIM CAI LI mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
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“I hereby declare this report has been done by me except for the certain passage or summary that I already clarified each of their sources.”
Signature : ………..
Prepared by : LIM CAI LI
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion it is satisfied in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor of Electronic Engineering with
Honors (Telecommunication Electronics).”
Signature : ………..
Supervised by : DR.AZMI BIN AWANG MD. ISA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRAK
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER CONTENT
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION FORM ii
DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDIX xviii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Scope Of Project 4
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1.6 Project Report Structure 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 WIMAX 7
2.1.1 Advantages of WiMAX 8
2.1.2 How WiMAX Works 9
2.2 Location And Positioning Techniques 11
2.2.1 Cell-ID and TA Method 12
2.2.2 Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) 13
2.2.3 Angle of Arrival (AOA) 13
2.2.4 Time of Arrival (TOA) 14
2.2.5 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 15
2.3 MIMO 15
2.3.1 Benefits of MIMO 17
2.4 Current Research of L&P 19
3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Flow Chart 21
3.2 Location And Positioning 23
3.2.1 System Model for Single MIMO Base Station
(SMBS) 23
3.2.2 SMBS Algorithm Using Linear Least Estimation 27
3.2.3 Proposed Technique 30
4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 37
4.1 MATLAB 37
4.1.1 Using MATLAB 38
4.1.2 M-File 39
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4.2.1 LLS Algorithm 42
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44
5.1 Results 44
5.2 Results Analysis 46
5.2.1 MIMO (Nt x Nr) 46
5.2.2 Ring of Scatterer (ROS) 51
5.2.3 Distance between BS and MS 53
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 56
6.1 Conclusion 56
6.2 Recommendation 57
REFERENCES 59
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LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE
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2.1 Comparison of existing location and positioning estimation
for mobile station 19
5.1 Analysis Result of Number of MIMO 47
5.2 Analysis of Radius of ROS in Meter 51
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LIST OF FIGURES
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2.1 WiMAX: One Solution for Multiple Needs 11
2.2 The Basic Principle of Cell-ID and Enhanced Cell-ID Methods 12 2.3 Positioning By Measuring Angles from Two Access Points 14
2.4 2X2 MIMO System 16
3.1 Flow Chart of Project 22
3.2 The MIMO Channel Model Angle Parameter 23
3.3 Simplified 3GPP Channel Model for MIMO Simulations 24 3.4 Geometry of Obtaining 1st SMVirBS Based Location System 36
3.5 Relationship between the Physical BS, VirBSs and MS 36
4.1 A MATLAB Desktop 38
4.2 Flow Chart for Software Development 41
5.1 Initial Result 45
5.2 2x1 MIMO 47
5.3 2x2 MIMO 48
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5.5 4x4 MIMO 49
5.6 CDF Comparisons of Location Errors for Several MIMO
Antenna Array 50
5.7 Effect of the Radius of ROS on Average RMSE Performance between The Proposed SMVirBS And LLS Algorithms With
several antenna Mode Configurations 53
5.8 Comparison of Average RMSE for the SMVirBS and LLS
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AOA - Angle of Arrival AOD - Angle of Departure
AMC - Adaptive Modulation and Coding AWGN - Addictive White Gaussian Noise
BS - Base Station
CDF - Cumulative Distribution Function CPE - Customer-Provided Equipment DOA - Direction of Arrival
DOP - Dilution of Precision
GDOP - Geometric Dilution of Precision
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISDN - Integrated Service Digital Network
IMT - International Mobile Telecommunications LAN - Local Area Network
LLS - Linear Least Square
LS - Least Square
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L&P - Localization and Positioning MAN - Metropolitan Area Network MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MS - Mobile Station
NLOS - Non-Line of Sight PAN - Personal Area Network
PC - Personal Computer
QOS - Quality-of-Service
RF - Radio Frequency
RMSE - Root-Mean-Square Error ROS - Ring of Scatterer
RSS - Received Signal Strength
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication SBM - Single Bounce Macrocell Model SD - Sequential Derivation
SINR - Signal-to-Noise-Plus-Interference Ratio SISO - Single Input Singe Output
SMBS - Single MIMO Base Station
SMVirBS - Single MIMO with Virtual Base Station SVD - Singular Value Decomposition
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TDOA - Time Difference of Arrival TOA - Time of Arrival
TOF - Time of Flight VirBS - Virtual Base Station WAN - Wide Area Network
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
3G - Third Generation
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LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1.1
In this globalization era, communications by using internet play a vital role by linking people around the world. About 10 years ago, internet is used by using cable modem, dial-up connection or ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) [1]. For easing people, wireless broadband or wireless internet connections have been created and implemented in telecommunication sector. By having wireless internet connection, people can use internet at anywhere and anytime.
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The wireless technology is getting popular, wider and advanced since there are many competitors who try to provide better network coverage and performance. One of the wireless famous standards is WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). This standard provides high-speed data rates and it has wide coverage area.
Location and positioning technology also have great interest to explore in aspects of navigation, tracking, security and monitoring movement of the mobile devices. This technology helps a lot in determining the location and position of mobile phones since most of the emergency calls received is from mobile phones. Thus in this situation, the accurate location information should be delivered by using wireless technology.
There are many kinds of localization and positioning technique like received signal strength (RSS), angel of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA) and so on. To achieve satisfactory location estimation accuracy, at least three base stations (BS) is required for most of the location estimation algorithms.
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Objectives 1.2
The development of this project comes with several objectives. The objectives include:
To develop hybrid algorithm that utilizing a single MIMO Base Station by extending the virtual BS concept to further improve the accuracy of location estimation
To develop algorithm for simulation of the proposed L&P technique
To incorporate the developed algorithm into WiMAX specification and evaluate the performance of the algorithm
Problem Statement 1.3
To achieve a satisfactory level of location and positioning of a mobile device, at least three base stations are needed. This means that the location of mobile device cannot be accurately estimate if there are not enough base stations around it. This project is about to localize user’s position and to enhance the accuracy of the estimation location and position of a WiMAX user by using a single base station.
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Besides, estimation of location and position of the user by using only a single base station will decrease the accuracy and precision of the actual location of the user. Most of base stations implemented single input single output (SISO) technology which consist one transmitter antenna and one receiver antenna at each base station respectively. In this case, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is proposed to be used in to solve this problem.
Scope of Project 1.4
The aim of this project is to develop algorithm of location and positioning enhancement by using a single base station for WiMAX. The existing algorithms for SMBS are reviewed and developed. Then, the SMBS algorithm with virtual base station is developed and proposed.
The proposed algorithm with virtual base station consider the hybrid location and positioning technique that consist of time of arrival (TOA), angle of departure (AOD), and angle of arrival (AOA).
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Brief Explanation on Methodology 1.5
Antenna technology includes single input single output (SISO), multiple input multiple output (MIMO), relay station, beam forming and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). However, the project is limited to one method which is MIMO.
There are several positioning technique can be used. They include received signal strength (RSS), time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), direction of arrival (DOA), angle of departure (AOD), angle of arrival (AOA), and others. The technique used in this project is TOA, AOA and AOD since it only uses a single base station.
Before developing the SMBS algorithm, the fundamental information about WiMAX, MIMO and the existing algorithm are reviewed. Then, the existing SMBS algorithm is further developed and verifies it with powerful simulation tool. The proposed algorithm with virtual base station is developed and validates its enhancement efficiency by using simulation tool. The performances of the existing and proposed algorithm are evaluated.
Project Report Structure 1.6
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