Lecture 11-Classification-M

(1)

CSC479

Data Mining

Lecture # 11

Classification

Basic Concepts

Decision Trees

(Ch # 8: Data Mining-Concepts and

(2)

Catching tax-evasion

Tax-return data for year 2011

A new tax return for 2012 Is this a cheating tax return?

An instance of the classification problem: learn a method for discriminating between records of different classes (cheaters vs non-cheaters)

2

Tid Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

1 Yes Single 125K No

2 No Married 100K No

3 No Single 70K No

4 Yes Married 120K No

5 No Divorced 95K Yes

6 No Married 60K No

7 Yes Divorced 220K No

8 No Single 85K Yes

9 No Married 75K No

10

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(3)

What is classification?

 Classification is the task of learning a target function f that

maps attribute set x to one of the predefined class labels y

cate goric al cate goric al cont inuo us class

One of the attributes is the class attribute

In this case: Cheat

Two class labels (or classes): Yes (1), No (0)

Taxable

3 No Single 70K No

6 No Married 60K No

(4)

What is classification (cont…)



The target function

f

is known as a

classification model



Descriptive modeling:

Explanatory tool

to

distinguish between objects of different

classes (e.g., understand why people

cheat on their taxes)



Predictive modeling:

Predict a class of a

(5)

Examples of Classification Tasks

Predicting tumor cells as benign or malignant

Classifying credit card transactions as legitimate or fraudulent

Categorizing news stories as finance, weather, entertainment, sports, etc

Identifying spam email, spam web pages, adult content

Understanding if a web query has commercial intent or

(6)

General approach to classification

 Training set consists of records with known class

labels

 Training set is used to build a classification model

 A labeled test set of previously unseen data records

is used to evaluate the quality of the model.

 The classification model is applied to new records with unknown class labels

(7)

Illustrating Classification Task

Apply Model Induction Deduction Learn Model Model

Tid Attrib1 Attrib2 Attrib3 Class 1 Yes Large 125K No

2 No Medium 100K No

3 No Small 70K No

4 Yes Medium 120K No

5 No Large 95K Yes

6 No Medium 60K No

7 Yes Large 220K No

8 No Small 85K Yes

9 No Medium 75K No

10

Tid Attrib1 Attrib2 Attrib3 Class 11 No Small 55K ?

12 Yes Medium 80K ?

13 Yes Large 110K ?

14 No Small 95K ?

15 No Large 67K ?

10

Learning algorithm

(8)

Evaluation of classification models



Counts of

test records

that are correctly

(or incorrectly) predicted by the

classification model



Confusion matrix

_{Class = 1 Class = 0}

Class = 1 f11 f10

Class = 0 f₀₁ f₀₀

(9)

Classification Techniques



Decision Tree based Methods



Rule-based Methods



Memory based reasoning



Neural Networks



Naïve Bayes and Bayesian Belief Networks

(10)

Classification Techniques



Decision Tree based Methods



Rule-based Methods



Memory based reasoning



Neural Networks



Naïve Bayes and Bayesian Belief Networks



Support Vector Machines

(11)

Decision Trees



Decision tree

 A flow-chart-like tree structure

 Internal node denotes a test on an attribute

 Branch represents an outcome of the test

 Leaf nodes represent class labels or class

(12)

Example of a Decision Tree

cate goric al cate goric al cont inuo us class Refund MarSt TaxInc YES NO NO NO Yes No Married Single, Divorced

< 80K > 80K

Splitting Attributes

Training Data Model: Decision Tree

Test outcome

Class labels

12

Taxable

3 No Single 70K No

6 No Married 60K No

9 No Married 75K No

(13)

Another Example of Decision Tree

cate goric al cate goric al cont inuo us

class MarSt

Refund TaxInc YES NO NO NO Yes No

Married DivorcedSingle,

< 80K > 80K

There could be more than one tree that fits the same data!

Taxable

3 No Single 70K No

6 No Married 60K No

9 No Married 75K No

(14)

Decision Tree Classification Task

Decision Tree 14 Apply Model Induction Deduction Learn Model Model

2 No Medium 100K No

3 No Small 70K No

6 No Medium 60K No

7 Yes Large 220K No

9 No Medium 75K No

10

12 Yes Medium 80K ?

13 Yes Large 110K ?

14 No Small 95K ?

15 No Large 67K ?

(15)

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

Married Single, Divorced

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Start from the root of tree. _{Refund Marital}

Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(16)

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

16

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(17)

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(18)

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

18

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(19)

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

Married

Single, Divorced

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(20)

Refund

MarSt

TaxInc

YES NO

NO

Yes No

Married

Single, Divorced

< 80K > 80K

Test Data

Assign Cheat to “No”

Apply Model to Test Data

20

Refund Marital Status

Taxable

Income Cheat

No Married 80K ?

(21)

Decision Tree Classification Task

Decision Tree Apply Model Induction Deduction Learn Model Model

2 No Medium 100K No

3 No Small 70K No

6 No Medium 60K No

7 Yes Large 220K No

9 No Medium 75K No

10

12 Yes Medium 80K ?

13 Yes Large 110K ?

14 No Small 95K ?

15 No Large 67K ?

Tree Induction algorithm

(22)

Tree Induction

 Finding the best decision tree is NP-hard

 Greedy strategy.

 Split the records based on an attribute test that optimizes

certain criterion.

 Many Algorithms:

 Hunt’s Algorithm (one of the earliest)  CART

 ID3, C4.5

 SLIQ, SPRINT

(23)

The central choice in the ID3 algorithm is selecting which attribute to test at each node in the tree

We would like to select the attribute which is most useful for classifying examples

For this we need a good quantitative measure

For this purpose a statistical property, called

information gain is used

(24)

- In order to define information gain precisely, we

begin by defining entropy

- Entropy is a measure commonly used in

information theory.

- Entropy characterizes the impurity of an

arbitrary collection of examples

Which Attribute is the Best Classifier?

Definition of Entropy

(25)



Entropy (D)

 Entropy of data set D is denoted by H(D)

 C_is are the possible classes

 p_i = fraction of records from D that have class C

Entropy

2

( )

log

i

i i

c

(26)

Entropy Examples



Example:

 10 records have class A

 20 records have class B

 30 records have class C

 40 records have class D

 Entropy = -[(.1 log .1) + (.2 log .2) + (.3

log .3) + (.4 log .4)]

 Entropy = 1.846

(27)

Splitting Criterion



Example:



Two classes,

+/-

100 records overall (50 +s and 50 -s)



A and B are two binary attributes

• Records with A=0: 48+,

2-Records with A=1: 2+,

48-• Records with B=0: 26+,

24-Records with B=1: 24+,

26-

Splitting on A is better than splitting on B

• A does a good job of separating +s and -s

(28)

The expected information needed to classify a tuple in D is

= Entropy

How much more information would we still need

(after partitioning at attribute A) to arrive at an exact classification? This amount is measured by

= H(D, A)

Info Gain (D, A) = H(D) – H(D, A)

In general, we write Gain (D, A), where D is the collection of examples & A is an attribute

Which Attribute is the Best Classifier?

Information Gain

(29)

Information Gain

 Gain of an attribute split: compare the

impurity of the parent node with the average impurity of the child nodes

 Maximizing the gain  Minimizing the weighted

average impurity measure of children nodes

1

(

)

v j

(

_j

)

j

D

InfoGain

H parent

H D

D



(30)

30

(31)

Examples Constructing Decision Tree

 So the attribute Age will be placed at root

level.

 For placement at second level we find

(32)

32

(33)

Lecture 11-Classification-M

Data Mining

Lecture # 11

Classification

(Ch # 8: Data Mining-Concepts and

Catching tax-evasion

Tax-return data for year 2011

Refund Marital Status

What is classification?

cate goric al cate goric al cont inuo us class

What is classification (cont…)

General approach to classification

Illustrating Classification Task

Evaluation of classification models

Class = 1 f11 f10

Classification Techniques

Naïve Bayes and Bayesian Belief Networks

Splitting Attributes

Another Example of Decision Tree

class MarSt

Decision Tree Classification Task

Refund

YES NO

Test Data

YES NO

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

YES NO

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

YES NO

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

YES NO

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

YES NO

Test Data

Apply Model to Test Data

Refund Marital Status

Decision Tree Classification Task

Tree Induction

 SLIQ, SPRINT

Which Attribute is the Best Classifier?

Splitting Criterion

Which Attribute is the Best Classifier?

Which Attribute is the Best Classifier?: Use Information Gain to develop the complete tree