Petroleum Engineering 이경행과장 삼성중공업프로세스설계팀

Petroleum Engineering

Waterflooding EOR and Hydraulic Fracturing

Waterflooding, EOR, and Hydraulic Fracturing

이 경 행 과장

–

삼성중공업 프로세스 설계팀

Petroleum Engineering

– Geology

– GeostatisticsGeostatistics

Oil is not in an underground pool; but in pore spaces of porous (concrete-like) rock

Gas Cap

Oil Column

Aquifer Aquifer

Petroleum Engineering

H h?? Well Testing

How much?? Well Testing

Petroleum Engineering

– Enhanced Oil Recovery (Polymer & Surfactant) – Transport PhenomenaTransport Phenomena

– Artificial Lift

– Natural Gas Engineering Near Wellbore Problems – Near Wellbore Problems – Geomechanics

– Drilling and Well Completion

VLP (Vertical Lift Performance) & IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship)

Oil Industry Technical Areas

Drilling

•

Drilling

-- Drill bits; Drill stems; Casing -- Cementing; Drilling fluids

•

Reservoir Engineering

-- Logging; Tracer tests -- Downhole monitoring -- Multi-laterals; Coiled tubing

•

Surface Facilities

g

•

Enhanced Oil Recovery

G fl d

Surface Facilities

-- Pipelines; Pumps & compressors -- Fluids separators; Treating

-- Gas flood -- Emulsion flood -- Polymer flood •

Production Operation

•

Heavy Oil Recovery

-- Completions; Sand control

•

Production/Injection

ea y O

eco e y

Production/Injection

Assurance

-- Matrix acidizing; Fracturing

-- Electromagnetic heating -- Bitumen mining -- Conformance control -- Artificial lift

•

Unconventional Resources

•

Environmental Remediation

Production Operation

• High-strength, light-weight tubing

T h l f l d i b d l d

Tubing/ Completion Systems

-- Technology for low-cost mass production yet to be developed

• Integrity of tubing joints

T h l l i d t b il bl i t d d -- Technology claimed to be available; improvement needed

• Improved elasticity & long-term integrity of packers/joints/o-rings

d h h diti

under harsh conditions

-- Technology for nano-polymer composites available; improvement needed

Formation damage control/Sand control

• Perforation/sand screen that can control flow of different fluid phases

-- Intelligent linings that respond to reservoir conditions or external field

Formation damage control/Sand control

• Multi-functional downhole sensors that can endure harsh conditions Downhole Monitoring

Life of an Oil Field

• Primary Recovery: 10–20% Original-Oil-In-Place

• Secondary Recovery (Waterflooding, Gas cycling): 20–30% OOIP

E h d R P l fl di 5 15% OOIP

• Enhanced Recovery: Polymer flooding 5–15% OOIP Gas flooding 5–15% OOIP Surfactant flooding 15–30% OOIPg

• Heavy Oil Primary Recovery: 0–10% OOIP

• Heavy Oil Thermal EOR: > 50% OOIP

Like people, maintaining good productivity into old age

(goal of EOR) requires maintaining a disciplined “life

style” with good advance planning

y

g

p

g

Petroleum Engineering

Artificial Lift Artificial Lift

Petroleum Engineering

Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing

Petroleum Engineering

Shale Gas Shale Gas

중앙일보 6.13

Primary and Secondary Recovery Methods

Primary and Secondary Recovery Methods

• Aquifer Drive

• Solution Gas Drive

• Water Flood

• Pressure Maintenance

Technical Basis for Water and Polymer Flooding

• Polymer flooding recovers the mobile oil that has been bypassed by earlier waterflooding or aquifer intrusion due to reservoir

by earlier waterflooding or aquifer intrusion, due to reservoir

heterogeneity. It does not recover the residual oil that is trapped at rock pores even after extensive waterflooding.

Polymer Flooding

• Polymer flooding is a field proven mature technology

• Polymer flooding is a field-proven, mature technology

-- Large-scale flood at Petro-China’s Daqing field, China

-- Elf Aquitaine’s Chateaurenard field, France (40-cp oil at 30 C) q , ( p ) -- Shell’s Marmul field, Oman (80-cp oil at 46 C)

• Key properties for EOR polymers y p p p y

-- High viscosification efficiency

-- Effective transport through porous media (Shear-thinning rheology) -- Low retention in rock

-- Thermal and chemical stability -- Low cost

-- Resistance to mechanical degradation

• Common EOR polymers are polyacrylamide and xanthan gump y p y y g

• Key operational considerations for polymer flooding

f f

-- Dissolution of polymer in brine to generate a solution of ~1000 ppm -- Filtration to generate a homogeneous solution

Increase of Water Viscosity by Dilute Polymer

Xanthan Viscosity

vs

Apparent Viscosity in Rock

vs

y Concentration

Overall Assessment of Polymer Flooding

• For most reservoirs, especially for those with oil viscosity between 10 and 500 cp, a significant amount of mobile oil is still left due to reservoir heterogeneity

still left due to reservoir heterogeneity

• For the heavy-oil reservoirs, application of polymer flooding at early stage e g at the beginning of waterflooding results at early stage, e.g., at the beginning of waterflooding, results in better oil recovery

• Polymer flooding at high salinity and high temperature conditions are still difficult

Polyacrylamide loses viscosity for salinities > ~3 wt% -- Polyacrylamide loses viscosity for salinities > ~3 wt%

-- Xanthan biopolymer is better for both salinity and temperature

-- New polymers (e.g., with sulfonate graft) are being tested to extend th li it d t t

the salinity and temperature range

• Development of polymer flooding technology, combined with low-cost manufacturing of polymer, holds promise as a way for Korea to acquire oil reserves

Technical Basis for Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

• The main target of surfactant/polymer flood is the residual oil ganglia trapped at pore throats even after extensive waterfloods

• Mobilization of the residual oil is governed by the capillary number correlation

Surfactant/Polymer Flood Process Design

• Microemulsion bank should be able to generate interfacial tension of

• Microemulsion bank should be able to generate interfacial tension of 0.01 dyne/cm or lower

• For the purpose of mobility control, polymer is added into the microemulsionp p y , p y bank; and the polymer drive bank has a higher viscosity and larger size

Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

A ll d i d f t t/ l fl d i t ll ll

• A well-designed surfactant/polymer flood can recover virtually all the oil in the reservoir. Technology has been proven in the field.

• A successful surfactant/polymer flooding requires a well-trained technical team

-- “Microemulsion”, a thermodynamically stable dispersion of surfactant, oil and brine, is usually injected

-- Surfactant structure, and the injection composition, need to be tailored for each reservoir, to generate the ultra-low interfacial tension condition

• With improved process economics, the potential for reserve addition is high

-- 64% of U.S. discovered (~510 B bbl) unrecoverable by primary and secondary means

• Surfactant flooding has been effectively employed for remediation of subsurface contaminants, e.g., DNAPL.

Overall Assessment of Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

• For virtually all mature reservoirs, a significant amount of oil is still left as the residual oil, a large portion of which could be produced by a well-designed surfactant/polymer flooding produced by a well designed surfactant/polymer flooding

• Surfactant/polymer flooding is still quite expensive.

With improved process economics however the potential for With improved process economics, however, the potential for reserve addition is high

A f l f t t/ l fl di i ll t i d

• A successful surfactant/polymer flooding requires a well-trained technical team

• Development of surfactant/polymer flooding technology,

combined with efficient manufacturing of surfactant and polymer, holds promise as a way for Korea to acquire oil reserves

holds promise as a way for Korea to acquire oil reserves

• Surfactant/polymer flooding technology can be utilized as a reliable method of subsurface contaminants remediation

Technical Basis for Gas Injection Processes

• Primary oil recovery mechanism for gas injection processes is the generation of miscibility between oil and gas

• Swelling of oil by gas is also an important recovery mechanism

Gas Injection Processes

• Wherever a secure and low-cost supply of gas is available gas

• Wherever a secure and low-cost supply of gas is available, gas flooding is generally economical

-- At Permian Basin of West Texas, an extensive pipeline network brings CO2 from CO2 reservoirs in New Mexico and Colorado

-- With CO2 price of ~$1.50 for incremental bbl of oil, CO2 flooding is widely implemented

• Because of the low viscosity and low density of gas, the recovery efficiency for gas floods is generally poor

-- Channeling through high-permeability layers and gravity segregation -- For improved sweep efficiency, water-alternating-gas (WAG) is employed

N2 d H d b fl d

• N2 and Hydrocarbon gas floods

-- Mexico’s offshore Cantarell field: N2 injection for pressure maintenance -- Prudhoe Bay Miscible Gas Project: gas plant capacity of 8 bcfd

solvent composition: 20% CO2, 34% C1, 30% C2, 23% C3

• CO2 flood is an attractive option to sequestrate CO2 from power plant flue gas emission

Overall Assessment of Gas Injection Processes

• Wherever a secure and low-cost supply of gas is available, gas flooding is generally economical

• Extraction of CO2 from power plant flue gas, or from other

combustion sources, and injection into mature reservoirs for CO2 flooding is an economic way of reducing CO2 emission into air

• Co-development of low-cost CO2 extraction technology and CO2p gy injection EOR technology could be a way for Korea to contribute to the CO2 sequestration effort

-- Transport of CO2 from the flue-gas source to the mature oil reservoir is the key economic consideration

• Development of ways to directly thicken the supercritical CO2 will greatly improve the oil recovery efficiency of CO2 flooding

Technical Challenges for Light-Oil EOR Processes

• Surfactant Flooding • Surfactant Flooding

-- Surfactant adsorption (consumption) in the reservoir -- Efficient process design for a given reservoir

• Polymer Flooding

Polymer adsorption; Mechanical and thermal degradation -- Polymer adsorption; Mechanical and thermal degradation

-- Long-term viscosification under high-salinity, high-temperature environment

CO2 and Hydrocarbon Gas Floods • CO2 and Hydrocarbon Gas Floods

-- Use of direct thickener for CO2 phase (Fluoride-based chemicals too costly) -- Design of effective WAG condition, possibly with surfactantg , p y

• Cost-efficient ways to improve light-oil recovery

I t t d fl d t (Effi i t l i d l d t li bl -- Integrated flood management (Efficient geologic model update; reliable

simulation of large-scale project; permanent wellbore monitoring)

E i t l

• Environmental concerns

Potential Heavy Oil Recovery Methods

In Situ Combustion

Approximate Range of Applicability

Steamflood _California

Polymer Flood Oman

Cold Flow w/o sand

Cold Flow w/sand

Orinoco Belt, Venezuela

c

ess

Cyclic Solvent Process

Pro

c

Cyclic Steam Stimulation Cold Lake

Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)

Vapor Extraction (VAPEX)

Cold Lake, Athabasca

Athabasca, Cold Lake

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

Surface Mining Athabasca

Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage

y

g

Oil Drainage

• Convection effects are also important in and around the steam chamber

Conduction

• Phase behavior is similar to other steam injection processes

• Opened new phase in thermal development and spawned new classes of processes and activity in Canadian Heavy Oil

Man “commercial” and pilot projects nder a in Canada • Many “commercial” and pilot projects underway in Canada

Heavy-Oil EOR Conclusions

• Trillions of barrels of bitumen in Canada and Venezuela is expected to be an important future source of energy

• Use of steam needs to be phased out, because of the high natural-gas cost and the CO2 emission. Development of cost-effective non-thermal methods is the key technical challenge

• Development of physico-chemical ways to drastically reduce bitumen viscosity, and a better understanding of effects of geomechanics of unconsolidated sands on the transport of

injected fluids and bitumen production are major technical tasks injected fluids and bitumen production, are major technical tasks to be solved

D t it i l f l h il j t

• Due to its immense scale, a successful heavy oil recovery project requires a large capital investment, and a well-designed project management by a well-trained technical team. Korea’s strength ing y g these areas potentially offers an opportunity.

장비업체 현황

• 한진 디엔비 (HANJIN D&B)

- 시추기 제조 업체 (Drilling Equipment)

지하수/지열 드릴 광산 조사 드릴 발파드릴 방향제어드릴

- 지하수/지열 드릴, 광산 조사 드릴, 발파드릴, 방향제어드릴

-- Shale Gas Production 과 관련 - 에어컴프레셔, , 워터햄머, , 물펌프, , 머드펌프 등

-- Hydraulic Fracturing (수압파쇄와 관련)

현대 하이스코 (HYUNDAI HYSCO)

• 현대 하이스코 (HYUNDAI HYSCO)

- 일반배관용, 대형송유관 등 – Shale Gas Transportation 과 관련

• 에너지 홀딩스 그룹 (Energy Holdings Group)

- 프로젝트 제안, 중계, 파이낸싱, 예측 및 전망, 전략 수립 등

• 골든 오일 (Golden Oil Corp.)

Thank you

Thank you

Q

ti

?

Questions?