UNIT 1
FILA A
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art
galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
1. By a narrow margin. ………
2. Group of religious officials (e.g. priests, ministers…). ……… 3. Altered for more effective utilization. ……… 4. The period of European history between the 14th and
17th centuries when there was a new interest in science
and in ancient art and literature especially in Italy. ……… 5. Outdoor areas equipped with facilities for recreation. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Public galleries are a recent innovation. ❐ ❐
………
2. Art galleries became symbols of national identity in the 18th century. ❐ ❐
………
3. Nowadays industrial sites are used to display art. ❐ ❐
………
4. It is very expensive to convert old buildings into art galleries. ❐ ❐
………
5. Thanks to art, Europe’s old industrial sites are used again. ❐ ❐
………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. Who is the Tate Modern gallery in London named after?
... 2. What period of the British Art History does it display?
... 3. What original materials of the old building were used when it was converted into an art gallery? ... 4. When did it open?
... 5. Is it a popular site for tourists?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Vivienne Westwood and her views about fashion. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is a relatively recent
innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200 years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19th and 20th centuries art galleries
became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. In Leipzig, in eastern Germany, an old cotton mill, the Spinnerei, has become a gallery. In Essen, in western Germany, an old coal mine, the Zollverein, has become an arts centre and concert hall. This creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent: in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites (among them a contemporary art gallery, Weils, in an old brewery in Brussels; a modern art museum in an old railway station, the Hamburger Bahnhof, in Berlin). This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
1. A right or benefit only given to some people. ……… 2. A class or group of people considered to be superior. ……… 3. Taking control of an area and moving in there. ……… 4. That relates to cities. ……… 5. The act or process of putting an end to something. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Before the French revolution, ordinary people could only see art in churches. ❐ ❐
………
2. In the 19th and 20th century art galleries became symbols of privilege. ❐ ❐
………
3. Industrial buildings are nowadays used as art galleries. ❐ ❐
………
4. Urban regeneration is still not popular in Europe. ❐ ❐
………
5. Old buildings are converted also for economic reasons. ❐ ❐
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. How many sites does the Tate Modern art gallery in London have?
... 2. What kind of building was it before becoming an art gallery?
... 3. What kind of art does it display?
... 4. What were the materials of the original building?
... 5. Does the Tate Modern generate a lot of money?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Vivienne Westwood and her views about fashion. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
Nowadays, every important city has its own art gallery. The public gallery is
a relatively recent innovation; even the oldest public galleries are barely 200
years old. Before the French Revolution, in fact, the appreciation of fine art was
a privilege reserved for the clergy and the aristocracy, and the only way to see
painting or sculpture was to go to church. Only during the 19
thand 20
thcenturies
art galleries became symbols of civic and national identity. Galleries are now
colonising old industrial spaces, as industrial sites are converted into galleries. This
creative approach to urban regeneration has been copied all across the continent:
in virtually every European country industrial sites are becoming cultural sites.
This post-industrial renaissance also has an economic root, as adapting redundant
buildings is usually more economical than constructing new galleries. When the
old heavy industries died, Europe’s old industrial buildings looked destined for
destruction. Instead, they’ve been reborn, as the new playgrounds of modern art.
(Adapted from
http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20171121-the-rise-of-the-post-industrial-art-gallery)
EXERCISE 1. Write the words from the box next to the correct definitions.
barely • urban • clergy • aristocracy • privilege
1. That relates to cities.
………
2. A right or benefit only given to some people. ………
3. By a small margin.
………
4. A group of people considered to be superior. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Public galleries are a recent innovation.
❐
❐
………
2. Art galleries became symbols of national identity in the 18
thcentury.
❐
❐
………
3. It is very expensive to convert old buildings into art galleries.
❐
❐
………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. Who is the Tate Modern gallery in London named after?
………
2. What period of the British Art History does it display?
………
3. What original materials of the old building were used when it was converted
into an art gallery?
………
4. When did it open?
………
EXERCISE 4. Write two paragraphs on Vivienne Westwood’s ideas about:
FASHION INDUSTRY AND MODELS
………
………
………
ADVERTISING AND FEMINISM
………
………
………
FILA A
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a focus on the artwork. Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov. However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
Banksy’s Rage, the Flower Thrower
EXERCISE 1. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
1. Unidentified ……… 2. Social standing ……… 3. Represents ……… 4. Supporting ……… 5. Paying a tribute ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.
1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony to
❐ A. deliver messages to politicians.
❐ B. make the public appreciate art through dark humour. ❐ C. deliver important messages to the masses.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous as this
❐ A. makes him more popular as an artist. ❐ B. makes people focus on his artwork.
❐ C. makes people understand artists are not celebrities.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower Thrower
❐ A. represents a man who is about to throw flowers. ❐ B. represents a man who is about to throw a weapon. ❐ C. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov.
4. It is located in a
❐ A. peaceful area. ❐ B. high-conflict area. ❐ C. neutral area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute to
❐ A. an age-old religious conflict. ❐ B. lost lives.
❐ C. active hard work.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a focus on the artwork. Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov. However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
Banksy’s Rage, the Flower Thrower
EXERCISE 1. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
1. Known ………
2. Spectators ……… 3. Focal point ……… 4. To locate ……… 5. Representing ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.
1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony to
❐ A. deliver messages to politicians.
❐ B. deliver important messages to the masses.
❐ C. make the public appreciate art through dark humour.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous as this
❐ A. makes people focus on his artwork. ❐ B. makes him more popular as an artist.
❐ C. makes people understand artists are not celebrities.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower Thrower
❐ A. represents a man who is about to throw a weapon. ❐ B. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov. ❐ C. represents a man who is about to throw flowers.
4. It is located in a
❐ A. peaceful area. ❐ B. neutral area. ❐ C. high-conflict area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute to
❐ A. lost lives.
❐ B. an age-old religious conflict. ❐ C. active hard work.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
English graffiti artist Banksy has become one of the world’s most recognised
artists while remaining relatively anonymous. He utilises satire, subversion, dark
humour, and irony to create resonant social, political, and humanist messages for
the masses on a populous and public level. Banksy’s artistry lies in his ability to
use humour to trick viewers into contemplating the underlying seriousness of his
messages about capitalism, advertising, politics, and humanity. Banksy chooses
anonymity because it removes the status of artist as celebrity, and instead forces a
focus on the artwork.
Rage, the Flower Thrower (2005) is one of his most important
artworks. This work, now covered and protected by a Perspex overlay, features a
man dressed up with traditional riot gear, with a bandana obscuring his face and
his cap on back-to-front. His position tells us that he is about to throw a Molotov.
However, instead of a weapon, he holds a bunch of flowers (which are the only part
of the mural to appear in colour.) This piece is located on a wall on the side of a
garage in Jerusalem on the main road to Beit Sahour, Bethlehem. By substituting a
weapon with a bunch of flowers, Banksy is advocating peace instead of war, and he
chose to install this message of peace in a high-conflict area. The work also carries
the message that peace comes with active hard work. The bouquet of flowers in
this work, in addition to symbolising peace, life, and love, may also be understood
as commemorating lost lives in an age-old religious conflict. It is a fine example of
Banksy’s use of art to relay messages of social importance.
(Adapted from https://www.theartstory.org/artist-banksy.htm)
EXERCISE 1. Draw a line to match the words with the same meaning.
1. Unidentified
2. Representing
3. Social standing
4. Spectators
5. Paying a tribute
a. Status
b. Viewers
c. Anonymous
d. Commemorating
e. Symbolising
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and choose the correct option.
1. Graffiti artist Banksy makes use of satire and irony to
❐
a. deliver important messages to the masses.
❐
b. make the public appreciate art through dark humour.
2. Banksy chose to stay anonymous because
❐
a. this makes people focus on his artwork.
❐
b. this makes him more popular as an artist.
3. His artwork Rage, the Flower Thrower
❐
a. represents a man who is about to throw a Molotov.
❐
b. represents a man who is about to throw flowers.
4. It is located in a
❐
a. peaceful area.
❐
b. high-conflict area.
5. The bouquet in the artwork is a tribute to
❐
a. lost lives.
❐
b. an age-old religious conflict.
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei.
………
………
………
………
………
FILA A
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary. Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques, which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos, staging, and the photogram. Many of these photographers focused on presenting images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art.
(Adapted from: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-dada-and-surrealist-photography.htm) EXERCISE 1. Match the following words with their synonyms.
1. Nonsensical 2. Detached 3. Intent 4. Challenged 5. Journals A. Questioned B. Publications C. Illogical D. Objective E. Separated
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.
1. During the Dada movement artists
❐ A. made use of satire. ❐ B. criticised the war. ❐ C. documented reality.
2. Photographs
❐ A. portrayed the new reality.
❐ B. represented usual and familiar contexts. ❐ C. questioned the viewer’s perception.
3. Artists began to explore
❐ A. unusual techniques. ❐ B. revolutionary techniques. ❐ C. very old techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense of
❐ A. twisted reality. ❐ B. accurate reality. ❐ C. unfair reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art to
❐ A. the elites. ❐ B. the masses. ❐ C. the artists.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph Afghan Girl.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary. Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques, which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos, staging, and the photogram. Many of these photographers focused on presenting images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to mass distribute these works of art.
(Adapted from: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-dada-and-surrealist-photography.htm) EXERCISE 1. Match the following words with their synonyms.
1. Horrors 2. Tool 3. Revolutionary 4. Focused 5. Distorted A. Concentrated B. Deformed C. Cruelty D. Subversive E. Instrument
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.
1. During the Dada movement artists
❐ A. criticised the war. ❐ B. made use of satire. ❐ C. documented reality.
2. Photographs
❐ A. questioned the viewer’s perception. ❐ B. portrayed the new reality.
❐ C. represented usual and familiar contexts.
3. Artists began to explore
❐ A. unusual techniques. ❐ B. very old techniques. ❐ C. revolutionary techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense of
❐ A. accurate reality. ❐ B. unfair reality. ❐ C. twisted reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art to
❐ A. the elites. ❐ B. the artists. ❐ C. the masses.
EXERCISE 3. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph Afghan Girl. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
Dada
was an art movement formed during the First World War in negative
reaction to the horrors of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by
dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. Whereas photography
had been widely used as a tool to document reality, artists began to work
with the camera and progressive techniques to create images detached from
photography’s original uses. Photographs were challenging the viewer’s
perceptions, and emphasised the artist’s intent, by presenting familiar images
disconnected from their usual context, inviting new perspectives of the ordinary.
Artists during this time began to explore revolutionary photographic techniques,
which included photomontage, collage, post-production manipulation of photos,
staging, and the photogram. Many of these photographers focused on presenting
images grounded in reality but which challenged perception, or tricked the eye of
the viewer into seeing what lay beneath, forcing a sense of distorted reality. Artists
borrowed methods from the magazine and newspaper industry, turning their work
into “advertisements” of the individual artist’s mind. Many art journals appeared
during this time, a perfect platform for printing these photographs, and a way to
mass distribute these works of art.
(Adapted from: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-dada-and-surrealist-photography.htm)
EXERCISE 1. Write the words from the box next to the correct definitions.
nonsensical • subversive • concentrated • publications • instrument
1. Revolutionary ………
2. Tool
………
3. Illogical
………
4. Journals
………
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate endings.
1. During the Dada
movement artists
❐
a. made use of satire.
❐
b. documented reality.
2. Photographs
❐
a. portrayed the new reality.
❐
b. questioned the viewer’s perception.
3. Artists began to explore
❐
a. unusual techniques.
❐
b. revolutionary techniques.
4. Images often gave a sense of
❐
a. twisted reality.
❐
b. accurate reality.
5. Many art journals appeared to distribute art to
❐
a. the elites
❐
b. the masses.
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Steve McCurry and his famous photograph
Afghan Girl.
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
FILA A
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass. They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example, through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent as the concern for the environment grows.
(Adapted from: https://sh-architecture.com/2016/sustainability/what-is-sustainable-architecture)
EXERCISE 1. Read the following words, and find their opposites in the text. 1. Unaware ………
2. Increase ……… 3. Inefficaciously ……… 4. Disadvantages ……… 5. Insignificant ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. When did sustainable architecture start being very popular?
... 2. What kind of resources are used for sustainable buildings?
... 3. Does sustainable architecture focus on materials only?
... 4. What is an example of an alternative energy source?
... 5. What are the benefits of sustainable buildings?
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. Who designed La Sagrada Familia, and what is its architectural style?
... 2. Who was a famous architect from Finland, and what style is associated with him?
... 3. Name a famous Italian architect, and one of his most famous works.
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the ‘Starchitects’ who changed the modern world, and their major works. Make sure you analyze:
• their innovative designs; • their innovative ideas; • the materials used.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass. They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example, through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent as the concern for the environment grows.
(Adapted from: https://sh-architecture.com/2016/sustainability/what-is-sustainable-architecture)
EXERCISE 1. Read the following words, and find their opposites in the text. 1. Disappeared ………
2. Exhaustible ………
3. Waste ………
4. More costly ……… 5. Disinterest ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What happened since the 1960s and 1970s?
... 2. What kind of materials do architecture firms use for sustainable buildings?
... 3. What does sustainable architecture focus on?
... 4. How can energy be conserved?
... 5. What are the advantages of sustainable buildings?
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. Who designed the Guggenheim Museum, and what is its shape?
... 2. Who was a famous Canadian architect, and what kind of style did he adopt?
... 3. Name a famous female architect, and one of her most famous works.
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the ‘Starchitects’ who changed the modern world, and their major works. Make sure you analyze:
• their innovative designs; • their innovative ideas; • the materials used.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
Since the concept of “green building” emerged in the 1960s and 1970s,
sustainable architecture has become one of the fastest-growing architecture
trends in today’s eco-conscious world. The idea behind sustainable architecture is
to use only environmentally friendly techniques and materials during the building
process. It also seeks to minimise the negative impact of buildings through
efficient energy consumption and development space. Architecture firms who
design sustainable buildings typically use natural and renewable resources such
as concrete, harvested wood and rock as well as recycled materials like glass.
They may also reuse architectural components of other buildings, including
doors, windows and flooring in the structure. However, sustainable architecture
involves much more than just the materials used. It also focuses on how energy
will be used for the structure, and how to effectively conserve it, for example,
through good insulation. Sustainable buildings also rely on solar energy or other
alternative energy sources. The use of natural and recycled building materials
combined with renewable energy sources typically make sustainable buildings
much cheaper to construct and maintain. Besides the benefits to the environment
and cost savings, one of the greatest benefits of sustainable architecture is that
style and design are not compromised. Sustainable architecture, in fact, places
emphasis on style and design as well as innovation. The result is that many
sustainable buildings are known for their impressive looks. There’s no doubt that
sustainable architecture is the way of the future, and will become more prevalent
as the concern for the environment grows.
(Adapted from: https://sh-architecture.com/2016/sustainability/what-is-sustainable-architecture)
EXERCISE 1. Match the words on the left with their opposites on the right.
1. Unaware
2. Exhaustible
3. Disadvantages
4. More costly
5. Disinterest
a. Cheaper
b. Concern
c. Conscious
d. Renewable
e. Benefits
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. When did sustainable architecture start being very popular?
………
2. What kind of materials do architecture firms use for sustainable buildings?
………
3. How can energy be conserved?
………
4. What is an example of an alternative energy source?
………
5. What are the benefits of sustainable buildings?
………
EXERCISE 3. Write a paragraph on Zaha Hadid, the famous female Arab
architect.
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
FILA A
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor Papanek in 1971. Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced, in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force. “Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions. 1. Announced officially or publicly. ……… 2. To have in common. ………
3. Harmful effect. ………
4. Insufficient for a purpose. ……… 5. Supplied with energy. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Papanek believed industrial design and mass production have negative effects
on the environment. ❐ ❐
………
2. Designers today still use toxic materials in packaging. ❐ ❐
………
3. Papanek did not believe design could change society. ❐ ❐
………
4. In the 1960s he used design to address the isolation of the Indonesian villages. ❐ ❐
………
5. He designed a standard radio. ❐ ❐
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Art Nouveau?
... 2. What is Alessi?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Bruno Munari.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor Papanek in 1971. Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced, in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force. “Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
1. Accepted enthusiastically. ……… 2. Designed to be thrown away after use. ………
3. Harmful, poisonous. ………
4. To think about and deal with. ……… 5. With no special or distinctive feature. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Industrial design and mass production are negative for the environment
according to Papanek. ❐ ❐
………
2. Toxic materials in packaging are still used today by designers. ❐ ❐
………
3. Papanek thought design cannot change society. ❐ ❐
………
4. He addressed the problem of isolation of the Indonesian villages in the 1960s. ❐ ❐
………
5. Papanek designed a standard radio, made with technologically advanced materials. ❐ ❐
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Art Deco?
... 2. Who is Giovannoni?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on Bruno Munari.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
“Industrial design has put murder on a mass-production basis” proclaimed Victor
Papanek in 1971. Four decades later, Papanek’s viewpoint is widely embraced,
in fact contemporary designers share his belief that factories “pollute the air we
breathe” or that disposable goods have become “permanent garbage to clutter
up the landscape”. In fact, trendy designers today package their products with
environmentally sustainable alternatives to the toxic materials that Papanek
criticised. However, sustainable design can only reduce the damage done by a
product, but Papanek wanted to transform industrial design into a positive force.
“Design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes society and
himself,” he wrote. In the 1960s Papanek used design to address the isolation
of Indonesian villages. He wanted to provide villagers with a source of outside
information. The only practical medium was the radio, but standard radio
technology was inadequate for people without electricity. So he looked to local
sources of energy and designed a transistor radio made from ordinary metal
food cans, powered by a burning candle. This technology was sustainable at a
sociopolitical level, as it could be locally made, repaired and modified.
(Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com)
EXERCISE 1. Write the words from the box next to the correct definitions.
damage • proclaimed • ordinary • inadequate • disposable
1. Announced officially or publicly.
………
2. Designed to be thrown away after use.
………
3. Harmful effect.
………
4. Insufficient for a purpose.
………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Correct the false ones.
T F
1. Papanek believed industrial design and mass production have
negative effects on the environment.
❐
❐
………
2. Papanek did not believe design could change society.
❐
❐
………
3. He addressed the problem of isolation of the Indonesian villages
in the 1960s.
❐
❐
………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Alessi, and who is their major designer?
………
2. What is
Art Deco
?
………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on Bruno Munari.
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
FILA A
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it. Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising, with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave people with no choice. If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now” commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase “buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous Marmite slogan “Love it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective. Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
(Adapted from: https://formationmedia.co.uk/language-in-advertising-understanding-its-use/)
EXERCISE 1. Read the summary and fill in the blanks with the words in the box. adverbs • influence • language • today • carefully • past • emotions • effective Nowadays 1. ……… is more important in advertising than it was in the
2. ………. Adverts used to be generic, while 3. ……… adverts are more specific, and can target their audience more individually. Language has become more refined and more 4. ………, influencing us subconsciously. The use of 5. ……… chosen imperatives, adjectives, 6. ……… and verbs helps companies sell their prod-ucts. Slogans touch our 7. ………, bring us to action, and use connotations attached to words that can greatly 8. ……… us.
EXERCISE 2. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
1. Arrival ……… 2. Limited ……… 3. Mighty ……… 4. Connected ……… 5. Alternative ……… 6. Beneficial ……… 7. Continuously ………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What are a designer’s main communication tools?
... 2. What is a pictogram?
... 3. What is the Swoosh?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on David Ogilvy.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it. Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising, with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave people with no choice. If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now” commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase “buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous Marmite slogan “Love it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective. Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
(Adapted from: https://formationmedia.co.uk/language-in-advertising-understanding-its-use/)
EXERCISE 1. Read the summary and fill in the blanks with the words in the box. verbs • influence • advertising • specific • use • past • products • subconsciously Nowadays language is more important in 1. ……… than it was in the
2. ………. Adverts used to be generic, while today adverts are more
3. ………, and can target their audience more individually. Language has become more refined and more effective, influencing us 4. ………. The 5. ……… of carefully chosen imperatives, adjectives, adverbs and 6. ……… help companies sell their 7. ………. Slogans touch our emotions, bring us to action, and use connotations attached to words that can greatly 8. ……… us.
EXERCISE 2. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
1. Result ……… 2. Public ……… 3. Customs ……… 4. Controls ……… 5. Intensity ……… 6. Obliges ……… 7. Various ………
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the role of designers?
... 2. What are the four basic elements of a brand?
... 3. What does each letter stand for in SWOT analysis?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on David Ogilvy.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
Language is the ultimate power in advertising. A strong company name and tagline
can make or break a product. And with the advent of social media and web 2.0, the
written word has become more prominent than ever. In fact, people are constantly
reading on social media, and advertising has changed as a consequence of it.
Once, advertising was confined to the generic – an advert on a bus, a 30 second TV
commercial, a half-page in a newspaper. These reached a large audience but were
not specific. Now, adverts are much more powerful, as cookies and GPS track your
location both online and offline to target you and your individual habits. The power
of an advert has, therefore, become much stronger, as it can be personally attached
to your own daily life. Language has become more refined in recent advertising,
with a tendency to use imperatives and adjectives. Imperatives are used to leave
people with no choice. If a slogan says “buy our new product now”, the word “now”
commands you in a subconscious way, leaving a deeper imprint than the phrase
“buy our new product”. Nike’s “just do it” slogan is an example of powerful use of
imperatives. Adjectives bring depth to adverts, for example, the Subway slogan “eat
fresh” uses an adjective that suggests their food is healthy. Many adverts also use
verbs and adverbs to encourage people to action. The famous
Marmite slogan “Love
it or Hate it” forces you to choose between love or hate. By using powerful words with
intense connotations of emotion behind them, the slogan becomes very effective.
Language in adverts is vast, varied, and constantly evolving, and adverts contain
many connotations that influence us on a subconscious scale.
(Adapted from: https://formationmedia.co.uk/language-in-advertising-understanding-its-use/)
EXERCISE 1. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
emotions • specific • influence • subconsciously • past
1. Nowadays language is more important in advertising than it was in the ……… .
2. Adverts used to be generic, while today adverts are more ……… .
3. Language influences us ……… .
4. Slogans touch our ……… .
EXERCISE 2. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.
1. Result
2. Powerful
3. Public
4. Alternative
5. Obliges
6. Beneficial
7. Various
a. Audience
b. Forces
c. Consequence
d. Varied
e. Mighty
f. Healthy
g. Choice
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the four basic elements of a brand?
………
2. What is the
Swoosh
?
………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on David Ogilvy.
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
FILA A
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that. Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:
1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally sustainable way of doing things.
2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example, automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can be improved by minimising heavy machinery.
3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre – from an old warehouse to a multi-storey car park. The advantage of found spaces is that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.
4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.
5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
(Adapted from: http://www.cladglobal.com/architecture-design-features?codeid=32297)
EXERCISE 1. Find the opposite of the following words in the text.
1. Boring ………
2. Decreasing ……… 3. Worsened ……… 4. Permanent ……… 5. Exclusive ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.
1. Andy Hayles thinks
❐ A. new trends are emerging in theatre design. ❐ B. new trends are emerging in theatre lighting.
2. Renovating existing buildings
❐ A. is not cheaper. ❐ B. is less costly.
3. Automation
❐ A. can be minimised. ❐ B. can be improved.
4. Found spaces are
❐ A. old and new venues. ❐ B. unusual venues.
5. If budget is limited, the best solution is
❐ A. community spaces. ❐ B. temporary theatres.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What did dramatists write during the English Renaissance, and who ruled at the time?
... 2. What happen during the Interregnum?
... 3. Who was Oscar Wilde?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on scenography.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that. Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:
1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally sustainable way of doing things.
2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example, automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can be improved by minimising heavy machinery.
3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre – from an old warehouse to a multi-storey car park. The advantage of found spaces is that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.
4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.
5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
(Adapted from: http://www.cladglobal.com/architecture-design-features?codeid=32297)
EXERCISE 1. Find the opposite of the following words in the text.
1. Disappearing ……… 2. Inelasticity ……… 3. More difficult ……… 4. Less and less ……… 5. Unrestricted ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.
1. New trends are emerging
❐ A. in theatre lighting. ❐ B. in theatre design.
2. Renovating old theatres
❐ A. is less costly. ❐ B. is not cheaper.
3. Hayles states that automation
❐ A. can be improved. ❐ B. can be minimised.
4. Theatres in found spaces mean
❐ A. venues can be unusual places. ❐ B. venues can be old and new.
5. The best solution for limited budgets is
❐ A. temporary theatres. ❐ B. community spaces.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of plays did Shakespeare write? Who ruled at the time?
... 2. What happened in 1660?
... 3. Describe how the introduction of a new medium challenged live theatre performances.
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on scenography.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
Andy Hayles has worked in the world of theatre consultancy and design for the best
part of two decades and was a theatre electrician and lighting designer before that.
Hayles believes there are some exciting emerging design trends. Five of these are:
1. Renovating existing theatres. The demand for renovation and adaptive use
projects is growing, particularly as it’s a cheaper and more environmentally
sustainable way of doing things.
2. Flexibility in the theatre. Directors and designers love flexibility. For example,
automation – putting staging and seats on lifts and so on – is very expensive, but it
can be replaced with a “back to basics” approach, easier to maintain. Flexibility can
be improved by minimising heavy machinery.
3. Theatres in found spaces. It’s certainly becoming increasingly popular for young
theatre-makers to put on shows wherever they can. Any building can be a theatre –
from an old warehouse to a multi-storey car park. The advantage of found spaces is
that they can become the centre of really immersive theatrical experiences.
4. Temporary theatres. Temporary venues are often the best solution for someone
with a limited budget and the need to create something a bit different. You don’t
need to spend hundreds of millions to realise a great theatre.
5. Theatres as community spaces. Making theatres more inclusive and accessible
to the whole community is a really exciting emerging trend.
(Adapted from: http://www.cladglobal.com/architecture-design-features?codeid=32297)
EXERCISE 1. Match the words on the left with their opposites on the right.
1. Boring
2. Inelasticity
3. Permanent
4. Less and less
5. Exclusive
a. Increasingly
b. Inclusive
c. Flexibility
d. Exciting
e. Temporary
EXERCISE 2. Read the sentences and choose the appropriate ending.
1. Andy Hayles thinks
❐
a. new trends are emerging in theatre design.
❐
b. new trends are emerging in theatre lighting.
2. Renovating existing buildings
❐
a. is not cheaper.
❐
b. is less costly.
3. Automation
❐
a. can be minimised.
❐
b. can be improved.
4. If budget is limited, the best solution is
❐
a. community spaces.
❐
b. temporary theatres.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What did dramatists write during the English Renaissance, and who ruled at
the time?
………
2. What happen during the Interregnum?
………
3. What happened in 1660?
………
EXERCISE 4. Write a paragraph on scenography.
………
………
………
………
FILA A
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (ba) through the netherworld, their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A Book of the Dead papyrus was made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus. Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of Book of the Dead manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
(Adapted from: https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/3665_BOTD_schools_Teachers.pdf)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions.
1. Realm of the dead. ………
2. Connected, closely linked. ……… 3. Words believed to have magic power. ……… 4. Preserved body of a dead person. ……… 5. Papyrus manuscript of written spells. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What did ancient Egyptians use magic for?
... 2. What happened during the day of burial?
... 3. How could the dead person reach the netherworld?
... 4. What material was used to write the Book of the Dead?
... 5. Who wrote the Book of Dead?
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. To which god or goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to?
... 2. Explain what Roman baths were.
... 3. Who was murdered in the famous Canterbury Cathedral in 1170?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the Art of Ancient Greece.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA B
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (ba) through the netherworld, their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A Book of the Dead papyrus was made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus. Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of Book of the Dead manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
(Adapted from: https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/3665_BOTD_schools_Teachers.pdf)
EXERCISE 1. Find the words in the text that match the following definitions. 1. The act or ceremony of putting a dead person in a grave.
………
2. A building or chamber in which a dead body is kept. ………
3. An ornament with a magic incantation against evil. ………
4. A copier of manuscripts.
……… 5. Papyrus manuscript of written spells. ………
EXERCISE 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What was the ancient Egyptians’ idea of the cosmos?
... 2. What was the Book of the Dead?
... 3. Why was it important to mummify dead bodies?
... 4. Why were amulets and charms buried with the mummy?
... 5. What material was used to write the Book of the Dead?
...
EXERCISE 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What were the three “orders” in Greek architecture?
... 2. Which emperor established the Roman Colosseum?
... 3. Who wrote the famous Canterbury Tales?
...
EXERCISE 4. Write an essay of about 140-190 words on the Art of Ancient Greece.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
FILA C
The ancient Egyptians believed that the cosmos consisted of the earth (world of the
living), the sky, and a netherworld (world of the dead) and that the natural world of
people and the supernatural world of the gods were closely interwoven. Magic and
ritual were part of religious practices, used to overcome the challenges of everyday
life, such as sickness or injury. Magic was also used to enable the dead to reach the
afterlife. It was invoked by pronouncing spells and performing special actions. The
Book of the Dead
was a collection of about 200 spells that helped the dead person to
successfully face dangers and tests in the netherworld and achieve eternal life. The
day of burial marked the transition of the dead person from the world of the living to that
of the dead. While the dead person travelled as a spirit (
ba
) through the netherworld,
their preserved body (mummy) remained in the tomb. The mummy had to be kept safe
so that their spirit could reunite with their body ready for the perfect afterlife. The dead
person’s mummified body was taken to the tomb accompanied by members of the
family, mourners, and servants bringing grave goods. Small amulets, or charms, were
placed on and under the wrappings of the mummy, giving the dead person a range of
powers and protection. The dead person, in spirit form, had to journey through the world
of the dead either on foot, by boat, or through the air. A
Book of the Dead
papyrus was
made by highly skilled scribes. Usually, more than one scribe worked on a papyrus.
Sometimes spaces were left for another artist to add the images. Thousands of
Book of
the Dead
manuscripts have been discovered during the past 200 years.
(Adapted from: https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/3665_BOTD_schools_Teachers.pdf)
