Wireless Communication Systems
From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies
KE-LIN DU and M. N. S. SWAMY
Concordia University, Canada
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
1 Introduction 1 1.1 The wireless age 1 1.2 Spectrum of electromagnetic waves 2 1.3 Block diagram of a communication system 3 1.4 Architecture of radio transceivers 3 1.4.1 Super-heterodyne transceivers 4 1.4.2 Direct-conversion transceivers 5 1.5 Organization of the book 7 References 10 2 An overview of wireless communications 11 2.1 Roadmap of cellular communications 11 2.1.1 First-generation systems 11 2.1.2 Second-generation systems 12 2.1.3 Third-generation systems 14 2.1.4 Fourth-generation systems 18 2.1.5 Satellite communications 20 2.2 Mobile cellular networks 21 2.2.1 Circuit/packet switching 22 2.3 Roadmap for wireless networking 24 2.3.1 Wireless local-area networks 25 2.3.2 Wireless personal-area networks 26 2.3.3 Wireless metropolitan-area networks 28 2.3.4 Wireless regional-area networks 29 2.3.5 Ad hoc wireless networks 30 2.4 Other applications 32 2.4.1 Paging systems 32 2.4.2 Digital broadcasting systems 33 2.4.3 RF identification 33
viii Contents C," ' :... ~ 1
2.5 Open systems interconnect (OSI) reference
model 34 Problems 37 References 38 3 Channel and propagation 39 3.1 Propagation loss 39 3.1.1 Free-space loss 39 3.1.2 Plane earth loss model 39 3.1.3 Okumura-Hata model 41 3.1.4 COST-231-Hata model 42 3.1.5 Other empirical models 43 3.1.6 COST-231-Walfisch-Ikegami model 43 3.1.7 Indoor propagation models 45 3.1.8 Channel models in wireless standards 46 3.2 Channel fading 48 3.2.1 Log-normal shadowing 48 3.2.2 Rayleigh fading 50 3.2.3 Two-path model of Rayleigh fading 53 3.2.4 Random frequency modulation 55 3.2.5 Ricean fading 56 3.2.6 Other fading models 58 3.2.7 Outage probability 58 3.3 Doppler fading 60 3.3.1 Doppler spectrum 60 3.3.2 Level crossing rates 63 3.3.3 Average duration of fades 64 3.4 WSSUS model 65 3.4.1 Delay spread 67 3.4.2 Correlation coefficient 68 3.4.3 Channel coherent bandwidth 69 3.4.4 Doppler spread and channel coherent time 70 3.4.5 Angle spread and coherent distance 71 3.5 Propagation mechanisms 73 3.5.1 Reflection and refraction 73 3.5.2 Scattering 75 3.5.3 Diffraction 76 3.6 Atmospheric effects 78 3.6.1 Tropospheric effects 79 3.6.2 Ionospheric effects 80
* 3.7 Channel sounding 82 Problems 84 References 86
4 Cellular and multiple-user systems 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6 4.7
The cellular concept 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 Multiple 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 Random 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
Cell planning
Increasing capacity of cellular networks Interference in multiuser systems Power control
Channel assignment Handoff
access techniques
Duplexing: FDD versus TDD FDMA
TDMA CDMA OFDMA SDMA multiple access
ALOHA
Carrier-sense multiple access Scheduling access
Erlang capacity in uplink 4.4.1
4.4.2 Protocol 4.5.1 4.5.2
Erlang B equation Erlang C equation
design for wireless networks Layered protocol design Cross-layer design Quality of service
User location Problems References 5 Diversity
5.1 5.2
5.3
5.4
Diversity' methods
Combining multiple signals 5.2.1
5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
Selection diversity Maximum ratio combining Equal gain combining Switch diversity Optimum combining Transmit diversity
5.3.1 5.3.2
Open-loop transmit diversity Closed-loop transmit diversity Multiuser diversity
5.4.1 5.4.2
Pdfandcdf
Multiuser diversity versus classical diversity
92 92 93 95 96 98 98 99 101 102 104 104 105 106 106 108 108 109 113 114 114 115 117 117 120 121 123 126 128 130 130 133 134 137 143 145 145 148 149 150 150 151 152
Contents
Problems 153 References 154 Channel estimation and equalization 158 6.1 Channel estimation 158 6.1.1 Adaptive channel estimation 159 6.1.2 Blind channel estimation 160 6.2 Channel equalization 160 6.2.1 Optimum sequence detection 161 6.2.2 Linear equalizers 162 6.2.3 Decision-feedback equalizers 166 6.2.4 MLSE equalizer 167 6.2.5 Viterbi algorithm 168 6.2.6 Frequency-domain equalizers 170 6.2.7 Blind equalizers 171 6.2.8 Precoding 172 6.3 Pulse shaping 172 6.3.1 Raised-cosine filtering 173 6.3.2 Root-raised-cosine filtering 175 Problems 176 References 177 Modulation and detection 180 7.1 Analog modulation 180 7.1.1 Amplitude modulation 180 7.1.2 Phase modulation and frequency modulation 182 7.2 Introduction to digital modulation 183 7.2.1 Signal space diagram 184 7.2.2 Demodulation and detection 185 7.2.3 Error probability in the Gaussian channel 186 7.3 Baseband modulation 188 7.3.1 Line codes 188 7.3.2 Pulse time modulation 190 7.4 Pulse amplitude modulation 191 7.5 Phase shift keying 195 7.5.1 Binary phase shift keying 195 7.5.2 M-ary phase shift keying 197 7.5.3 Quaternary phase shift keying 202 7.6 Frequency shift keying 207 7.6.1 Binary frequency shift keying 207 7.6.2 M-ary frequency shift keying 211 7.6.3 Minimum shift keying 213 7.6.4 Gaussian minimum shift keying 215 7.6.5 Continuous phase modulation 217
7.7 Quadrature amplitude modulation 218 7.8 Bandwidth efficiencies of M-ary modulation 224 7.9 Matched filtering 225 7.10 Synchronization 226 7.10.1 Carrier synchronization 227 7.10.2 Symbol timing recovery 228 7.11 Differential modulation 231 7.12 Error probability in fading channels 231 7.12.1 Flat Rayleigh fading channel 232 7.12.2 Flat Ricean fading channel 235 7.12.3 Alternative form of the Q-function 236 7.12.4 Error probability using moment-generating functions 237 7.13 Error probabilities due to delay spread and frequency dispersion 238 7.14 Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception 239 Problems 241 References 243 246 246 248 248 249 252 252 253 254 255 255 256 257 259 260 263 263 264 265 265 267 268 269 271 8.5 Bit error probability and system capacity 272 8.5.1 BER performance 272 8.5.2 Uplink capacity 274 Spread spectrum communications
8.1 8.2
8.3
8.4
Introduction
Spreading sequences 8.2.1
8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 8.2.7 8.2.8
Properties of spreading sequences Pseudo-noise sequences
Gold sequences Kasami sequences Walsh sequences
Orthogonal variable spreading factor sequences Barker sequences
Complementary codes Direct-sequence spread spectrum 8.3.1
8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6
DS-CDMA model Conventional receiver Rake receiver
Synchronization in CDMA Power control
Soft handoff Multiuser detection 8.4.1
8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5
Introduction
Optimum multiuser detector Linear multiuser detection
Serial/parallel interference cancellation Combination of linear MUD and nonlinear SIC
xii Contents
8.6 Other DSSS techniques 276 8.7 DSSS and DS-CDMA in wireless standards 277 8.8 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 280 8.8.1 Error performance of FHSS 282 8.8.2 FHSS versus DSSS 283 Problems 284 References 285 9 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 290 9.1 Introduction 290 9.2 Principle of OFDM 291 9.3 OFDM transceivers 293 9.4 Cyclic prefix 294 9.5 Spectrum of OFDM 297 9.6 Fading mitigation in OFDM 300 9.7 Channel estimation 301 9.7.1 Pilot arrangement for channel estimation 302 9.7.2 Pilot-assisted channel estimation 303 9.8 Peak-to-average power ratio 305 9.8.1 Peak factor: definition and impact 305 9.8.2 Peak factor reduction techniques 306 9.8.3 Amplitude clipping or companding 308 9.9 Intercarrier interference 312 9.10 Synchronization 314 9.10.1 Influence of frequency offset 314 9.10.2 Phase noise effects on OFDM 317 9.10.3 Influence of timing offset 318 9.10.4 Implementation of synchronization 318 9.11 OFDM-based multiple access 322 9.12 Performance of OFDM systems 324 9.13 Multi-carrier CDMA 326 9.14 Other OFDM-associated schemes 329 Problems 330 References 331 10 Antennas 337 10.1 Maxwell's equations 337 10.2 Introduction to computational electromagnetics 338 10.2.1 Method of moments 339 10.2.2 Finite difference time-domain method 339 10.2.3 Finite element method 340 10.3 Antenna fundamentals 341 10.3.1 Radiation patterns 342 10.3.2 Antenna field zones 343
10.3.3 Antenna gain and directivity 344 10.3.4 Effective area and effective height 345 10.3.5 Antenna temperature 346 10.3.6 Polarization 346 10.3.7 Receiving and transmitting power
efficiency 347 10.4 Antennas for wireless communications 349 10.4.1 Antennas for base stations 349 10.4.2 Antennas for mobile stations 350 10.5 Dipole antennas 351 10.5.1 Wire dipole antennas 353 10.5.2 Baluns 355 10.5.3 Wire monopoles 356 10.6 Patch antennas 356 10.6.1 Microstrip antennas 357 10.6.2 Broadband microstrip antennas 358 10.7 Polarization-agile antennas 359 10.8 Antenna arrays 360 10.8.1 Array factor 361 10.8.2 Mutual coupling and spatial correlation 362 10.9 Wideband antennas 364 10.9.1 Implementation of wideband antennas 364 10.9.2 Ultra wideband antennas 366 Problems 367 References 369 11 RF and microwave subsystems 373 11.1 Introduction 373 11.1.1 Receiver performance requirements 373 11.1.2 Architecture of RF subsystems 374 11.2 RF system analysis 375 11.2.1 Noise 376 11.2.2 Noise figure 378 11.2.3 Link budget analysis 379 11.3 Transmission lines 380 11.3.1 Fundamental theory 380 11.3.2 Types of transmission line 384 11.4 Microwave network analysis 385 11.5 Impedance matching 388 11.5.1 Stub tuners 388 11.5.2 Quarter-wave transformer 389 11.5.3 Multisection matching transformers 389 11.6 Microwave resonators 390 11.6.1 RLC resonant circuits 390
xiv Contents
11.6.2 Transmission line resonators 391 11.6.3 Waveguide cavities 393 11.7 Power dividers and directional couplers 393 11.7.1 Three-port networks 393 11.7.2 Four-port networks 395 11.8 RF/microwave filters 397 397 400 401 402 403 405 406 408 410 414 414 417 422 424 425 425 427 428 428 429 430 433 435 436 436 11.16 Oscillators 437 11.16.1 Analysis methods 437 11.16.2 Phase noise 439 11.16.3 Classification of RF oscillators 440 11.17 Frequency synthesis 443 11.17.1 Composition of phase-locked loops 443 11.17.2 Dynamics of phase-locked loops 446 11.17.3 Direct frequency synthesis 448 11.18 Automatic gain control 449 11.19 MICsandMMICs 451 11.19.1 Major MMIC technologies 451 11.19.2 Approach to MMIC design 452 11.9
11.10 11.11
11.12 11.13 11.14
11.15
11.8.1 11.8.2 11.8.3 11.8.4 11.8.5 11.8.6 11.8.7
Insertion loss method Prototyping
Stub filters
Stepped-impedance lowpass filters Coupled line bandpass filters
Computer-aided design for RF/microwave filter design
Filters for wireless communications Phase shifters
Basic concepts in active RF circuits Modeling
11.11.1 11.11.2 Switches
of RF components Diodes
Transistors Attenuators
Mixers 11.14.1 11.14.2 Amplifier:
11.15.1 11.15.2 11.15.3 11.15.4 11.15.5 11.15.6 11.15.7
Operation of mixers Types of mixers
5
Requirements in wireless systems Structure of amplifiers
Classification of amplifiers Linearization techniques
Microwave transistors for amplifiers Stability
Transistor amplifier design
11.19.3 Passive lumped components 453 11.19.4 RFCMOS 455 11.19.5 Impedance matching 456 Problems 457 References 461 12 A / D and D/A conversions 464 12.1 Introduction 464 12.2 Sampling 464 12.2.1 Ideal and natural sampling 464 12.2.2 Sampling theorem 466 12.2.3 Aliasing and antialiasing 466 12.2.4 Oversampling and decimation 468 12.2.5 Bandpass sampling theorem 468 12.3 Quantization 470 12.3.1 Uniform quantization 470 12.3.2 Improving resolution by oversampling 472 12.4 Analog reconstruction 473 12.5 Parameters for A/D and D/A converters 475 12.5.1 SNR of A/D and D/A converters 476 12.5.2 SFDR and dithering 477 12.6 A/D converter circuits 479 12.6.1 Flash A/D converters 480 12.6.2 Successive-approximation register A/D converters 480 12.6.3 Sigma-delta A/D converters 481 12.7 D/A converter circuits 484 12.8 A/D and D/A converters for software-defined radios 485 Problems 486 References 487 13 Signals and signal processing 489 13.1 Basic transforms 489 13.1.1 Fourier transform" 489 13.1.2 Laplace transform 490 13.1.3 z-transform 491 13.2 Discrete-time Fourier transform 494 13.2.1 Windowing 495 13.2.2 DFT 498 13.2.3 FFT 499 13.3 Digital filters 501 13.3.1 FIR and IIR filters 501 13.3.2 Stability 502 13.3.3 Inverse filters 503
ye
xvi Contents
13.3.4 Minimum-, maximum-, and mixed-phase
systems 504 13.3.5 Notch and comb filters 505 13.4 Digital filter design 507 13.4.1 FIR digital filter design 508 13.4.2 IIR filter design 511 13.4.3 Hardware implementation of digital filters 513 13.5 Adaptive filters 513 13.5.1 Wiener solution 514 13.5.2 LMS algorithm 515 13.5.3 RLS algorithm ^ 515 13.6 Digital up-conversion and digital down-conversion 516 13.6.1 Numerically controlled oscillators 517 13.6.2 Direct digital frequency synthesis 518 13.7 Sampling-rate conversion 520 13.7.1 Interpolation 521 13.7.2 Decimation 524 13.7.3 Sample rate converters 525 13.7.4 Cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters 525 13.8 Discrete cosine transform 527 13.9 Wavelet transform 530 13.9.1 Discrete wavelet transform 532 13.9.2 Multiresolution analysis 533 13.10 Filter banks 535 13.11 Sub-band coding 538 13.11.1 Two-channel perfect reconstruction filter banks — 539 13.11.2 Pseudo-QMF filter bank 541 13.11.3 Modified DCT (MDCT) 542 Problems 543 References 545 14 Fundamentals of information theory 550 14.1 Basic definitions 550 14.2 Lossless data compression 555 556 557 559 560 563 565 567 568 14.3
14.4
14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5
Source coding theorem Huffman coding
Exponential-Golomb variable-length codes Arithmetic coding
Dictionary-based coding Rate-distortion theorem
Channel capacity
14.4.1 Capacity of the AWGN channel for Gaussian distributed input
14.4.2 Capacity of the AWGN channel for discrete
input alphabets 571 14.4.3 Area spectral efficiency 574 14.5 Source-channel coding theorem 575 14.6 Capacity of fading channels 576 14.6.1 Capacity with CSI at receiver only 577 14.6.2 Capacity with CSI at transmitter and receiver 579 14.6.3 Capacity of frequency-selective fading channels 581 14.7 Channel capacity for multiuser communications 582 14.7.1 AWGN channel 582 14.7.2 Flat-fading channels 585 14.8 Estimation theory 585 Problems 586 References 589 591 591 592 593 595 596 597 600 600 603 606 607 608 611 613 616 618 619 620 621 622 625 15.8.1 Turbo encoder 625 15.8.2 Turbo decoder 627 15.8.3 MAP algorithm 630 15.8.4 Analysi s of the turbo code 635 15.9 Serially concatenated convolutional codes 639 15.9.1 Design of the SCCC 640 15.9.2 Decoding of the SCCC 640 15 Channel coding
15.1 15.2
15.3 15.4
15.5 15.6
15.7 15.8
Preliminaries Linear 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.2.3
block codes
Error detection/correction
Simple parity check and Hamming codes Syndrome decoding
Hard/soft decision decoding Cyclic
15.4.1 15.4.2
codes
Encoder and decoder Types of cyclic codes Interleaving
Convolutional codes 15.6.1
15.6.2 15.6.3 15.6.4 15.6.5 15.6.6 15.6.7 15.6.8
Encoding of convolutional codes Encoder state and trellis diagrams Sequence decoders
Trellis representation of block codes Coding gain and error probability Convolutional coding with interleaving Punctured convolutional codes
Trellis-coded modulation Conventional concatenated codes Turbo codes
xviii Contents
15.10 Low-density parity-check codes 641 15.10.1 LDPC code: a linear block code 641 15.10.2 LDPC encoder and decoder 644 15.11 Adaptive modulation and coding 646 15.12 ARQ and hybrid-ARQ 649 Problems 652 References 654 659 659 659 661 661 662 663 663 665 668 668 670 672 673 674 680 683 683 684 686 688 691 696 697 699 701 703 705
707 707 709 709 710 712 713 16 Source
16.1 16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
17 Source 17.1 17.2
17.3 17.4
coding 1: speech and audio coding Introduction
16.1.1 Coding for analog sources Quantization
16.2.1 16.2.2 Speech 16.3.1 16.3.2
Scalar quantization Vector quantization
production and auditory systems Speech production
Psychoacoustics Speech/audio quality 16.4.1
16.4.2 Speech 16.5.1 16.5.2 16.5.3 16.5.4 16.5.5 16.5.6 16.5.7 16.5.8 16.5.9 16.5.10 Audio c 16.6.1 16.6.2
Subjective quality measures Objective quality measures coding
Logarithmic PCM coding
Linear prediction analysis and synthesis Predictive coding
Frequency-domain waveform coding Voice activity detection
Linear predictive coding Pitch period estimation Analysis by synthesis CELP-based codecs Wideband speech coding
;oding
MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio MPEG-4 Audio
Problems References
coding II: image and video coding Introduction
Perception of human vision 17.2.1
17.2.2 Quality
Human visual system Color spaces
of image and video coding Predictive coding
17.5 Transform-based image compression 715 17.6 JPEG standard 716 17.6.1 Four modes of operation 716 17.6.2 Quantization 718 17.6.3 Coding 720 17.7 Wavelet-transform-based image coding 721 17.7.1 Sub-band decomposition 721 17.7.2 Wavelet filter design 722 17.7.3 Coding of wavelet subimages ' 724 17.8 Wavelet-based image coding standards 729 17.8.1 JPEG2000 standard 729 17.8.2 MPEG-4 still image mode 730 17.9 Comparison of image coding standards 731 17.9.1 Comparison of six popular standards 731 17.9.2 DjVu and adaptive binary optimization
(ABO) 733 17.10 Video data compression 733 734 734 735 739 740 742 743 744 745 746 17.11 Introduction to video standards 747 752 754 18 Multiple antennas: smart antenna systems 757 18.1 Introduction 757 18.1.1 The concept of smart antennas 757 18.1.2 Smart antennas in mobile communications 758 18.2 Direction-finding 759 18.2.1 Pseudospectrums 760 18.2.2 MUSIC 761 18.3 Beamforming 763 18.3.1 Blind source separation 764 18.3.2 ZF, MRC, and Wiener beamformers 764 18.3.3 Switched-beam antennas 765 18.4 Adaptive beamforming 767 18.4.1 DoA-based beamforming 767 17.10.1
17.10.2 17.10.3 17.10.4 17.10.5 17.10.6 17.10.7 17.10.8 17.10.9 17.10.10
Frame format Frame types
Motion compensation Basic structure of video Video encoder/decoder Scalability
Integer DCT transform Shape coding
Object-based coding and sprite coding Rate control
Introduction to video standards Problems
References
xx Contents
18.4.2 Training-based beamforming 770 18.4.3 Blind beamforming 774 18.5 Cyclostationary beamforming 776 18.5.1 Preliminaries on cyclostationarity 776 18.5.2 Summary of some algorithms 778 18.5.3 ACS algorithm 780 18.6 Wideband beamforming 782 18.6.1 Tapped-delay-line structure 782 18.6.2 Pure delay-line wideband transmitter beamformer 783 Problems 785 References 785 19 Multiple antennas: MIMO systems 788 19.1 Introduction 788 19.2 MIMO system 788 19.2.1 MIMO system model 788 19.2.2 Spatial correlation and MIMO
channel model 789 19.2.3 MIMO decoding 791 19.2.4 MIMO channel decomposition 791 19.2.5 Channel estimation 792 19.2.6 CSI or partial CSI at the transmitter 794 19.3 Capacity in i.i.d. slow fading channels 795 19.3.1 No CSI at the transmitter 797 19.3.2 CSI known at the transmitter 798 19.3.3 Channel capacities for transmitter with
versus without CSI 800 19.4 Capacity in i.i.d. fast fading channels 801 19.4.1 Outage and ergodic capacities 801 19.4.2 Capacity bounds 807 19.4.3 Ricean channels 808 19.5 Space-time coding 809 19.5.1 Performance analysis of space-time codes 810 19.5.2 Orthogonal space-time block codes 813 19.5.3 Space-time trellis codes 817 19.5.4 Differential space-time coding 819 19.6 Spatial multiplexing 819 19.6.1 Layered space-time receiver structures 820 19.6.2 Space-time receivers 822 19.6.3 Spatial precoding 826 19.6.4 Other closed-loop MIMO schemes 828 19.6.5 Beamspace MIMO 829 19.7 Diversity, beamforming, versus spatial multiplexing 830 19.7.1 Diversity, beamforming, and spatial multiplexing gains 830
19.7.2 Error probabilities for MIMO systems 832 19.7.3 MIMO beamforming 835 19.8 MIMO for frequency- or time-selective fading channels 836 19.8.1 MIMO-SC 837 19.8.2 MIMO-OFDM 838 19.8.3 MIMO for time-selective channels 841 19.9 Space-time processing 841 19.9.1 Linear space-time processing model 842 19.9.2 ZF and MMSE receivers 842 19.10 Space-time processing for CDMA systems 844 19.10.1 Signal model 844 19.10.2 Space-time detection algorithms 846 19.10.3 Adaptive implementation of ST-MUD 850 19.11 MIMO in wireless standards 855 Problems 857 References 859 20 Ultra wideband communications 870 20.1 Introduction 870 20.2 UWB indoor channel 873 20.3 UWB capacity 876 20.4 Pulsed UWB 877 20.4.1 Pulse shape 877 20.4.2 Modulation and multiple access for pulsed UWB 879 20.4.3 Time-hopping and direct-sequence UWB signals 881 20.4.4 Pulsed-UWB transceivers 883 20.4.5 Challenges for pulsed UWB systems 885 20.4.6 Rake receivers 886 20.4.7 Transmitted-reference receivers 887 20.5 Multiband UWB 890 20.5.1 Modulation of pulsed multiband UWB 891 20.5.2 MB-OFDMUWB 891 Problems 893 References " 894 21 Cognitive radios 898 21.1 Conception of software-defined radio 898 21.2 Hardware/software architecture of software-defined radio 899 21.3 Conception of cognitive radio 901 21.3.1 Topics in cognitive radio 902 21.3.2 Cognitive radio in wireless standards 904 21.4 Spectrum sensing 905 21.4.1 Secondary user-based local spectrum sensing 905 21.4.2 Cooperative spectrum sensing 908
xxii Contents
21.5 Spectrum sensing using cyclostationary property 910 21.5.1 Spectrum-cyclic-analysis-based spectrum sensing 910 21.5.2 Cyclostationary beamforming-based spectrum sensing 911 21.6 Dynamic spectrum access 915 21.6.1 Water-filling for dynamic spectrum access 915 21.6.2 Basic game theory 921 21.6.3 Four persona models 924 21.6.4 Game-theoretic models for dynamic resources allocation 925 Problems 928 References 929 22 Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Wireless sensor networks 22.2 Routing
22.3 Security
22.3.1 Security problems 22.3.2 Encryption
22.4 Technical overview for wireless ad hoc networks 22.5 Technical overview for wireless sensor networks 22.6 Data aggregation and routing for WSNs
22.6.1 Data aggregation 22.6.2 Routing
22.7 Relay, user cooperation, and MIMO relay networks 22.7.1 Relay
22.7.2 User cooperation 22.7.3 MIMO relay networks Problems
References Appendix A The Q-f unction
Reference
Appendix B Wirtinger calculus Reference
Index
