CRYPTOGRAPHY: CONCEPTS, BACKGROUND AND METHODS
Sangeeth Rajan
Abstract
With the increase in digital media, the need for methods to protect such information is becoming more necessary. The source of digital media’s growth can be linked to the wealth of information provided by the Internet.
Cryptography is a method of sending and receiving encrypted information’s that can be decrypt only by the sender or the receiver. Cryptography method is mainly used to storing and transmitting the data in an appropriate manner than can read and process only by intended person.
In this paper, we present a survey related to the familiar data protection methods of cryptography towards its growth. Also, we highlight some constraints and recommendations for implementation of cryptography algorithms. Finally, we anticipate several trends in cryptography methods.
Keywords: Cryptography, Encryption, Decryption, Data, Key.
1. Introduction
Cryptography is nearly connected to the disciplines of cryptology and cryptanalysis. Some of the Cryptography techniques are microdots, merging words with images, and other way to hide information in storage or transit [1-5]. Though, cryptography is mostly related with scrambling plaintext (ordinary text or clear text) into ciphertext (a technique called encryption) and reverse process (known as decryption). Individuals who work this field are known as cryptographers [6-11].
Cryptography method is depending on complex mathematical problems like prime number factorization, elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem and discrete
logarithm problem [12-16]. The impression of this problem is the computation can be easily done in direct direction but opposite direction is very tedious [17]. The result of multiplying two numbers is not difficult one but the challenge is to find prime factors of a number [18].
Hence, cryptography is based on the design and analysis of mathematical technique which can provide secure communications in the presence of malicious adversaries [19]. Before moving further, the common cryptography terms are:
Plaintext: The message which is transmitted to the recipient [20].
Encryption: The procedure of changing the content of a message in a way that it conceals the real message [21].
Cipher text: The output which is produced after encrypting the text [22].
Decryption: The reverse function of encryption.
It is the process of retrieving the plain text from the cipher text [23].
2. Security Goals
Cryptography contains two processes such as a) encryption and b) key management process. Each security system must supply some security processes that guarantee the secrecy of the system [24-30]. Some of the goals can be achieved by cryptography stated as:
Authentication: It is the process of verifying the identity of the users before the communication in between them. It assures that communicating party is the one that it claimed to be [31-36].
Confidentiality: It means that only the authenticated people are able to interpret the message (data) content and no one else. It ensures that nobody can understand the received message except the one who has the decipher key.
It ensures that system is secure [37-41].
Access control: Verifying if the user has the adequate permission to use the service. It prevents the unauthorized use of resources. It checks the conditions and restrictions for access to be occurred.
Integrity: It assures that data is not tampered or it is free from any modification in-between the end points [42-45].
Non-Repudiation: This implies that neither the sender nor the receiver can falsely deny that they have sent a certain message [46].
Availability: Cryptographic model must be designed in such a way that, it must be available in case of any failure [47-50].
Accountability: All user actions that are security critical must be traceable back to the user. It stops the abuse of services as the malice activities are being traceable and can be punished[51-53].
3. Key generation
Key generation is an important process to generate both public key and private key. The sender will encrypt the information with the receiver’s public key and the receiver will decrypt by the use of private key. Key generation is a method of generating keys for cryptography. Data is being encrypted or decrypted by using of key. Modern cryptographic systems contain symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms (such as RSA and ECC). A single shared key is used by symmetric-key algorithms; keeping data secret needs keeping this key secret [54-58].
The key generation process is illustrated in figure 1. In this diagram, a sender encrypts date by using of public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypts this data. The public-key algorithms consider as slower
than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and SSH. Secure shell (SSH) is a combination of two:
one party receives the others key public key and encrypts a small piece of data (either a symmetric key or some data used to generate it). The other one is the reminder of the conversation uses a (typical faster) symmetric-key algorithm for encryption [59].
Symmetric vs. Session Key
In session key; the symmetric key can be changed every time in communication between two parties. It is randomly generated and valid for only one session. If an attacker gets the session key, he/she can decrypt only the messages for a particular session. If both parties always used the same key for all sessions, the attacker would be able to decrypt all messages encrypted with this key [60].
Scalability and Secure Key Distribution
Scalability is the important issue in symmetric ciphers. Suppose, if there are x people need to communicate with each other, they require (x-1) various keys to launch for separate and confidential communication channels. Another issue is secure key distribution. While transmitting the information from one user to another, if a middle-man got the key then the security of the system is damaged [61].
HASH Function
A hash function is a function used to draw data of random size to data of fixed size. Hash function is used to lookup the table or database in quick manner by sensing duplicate records in a large file. For example is detecting equivalent stretches in sequences. It is also used in cryptography. A cryptography hash function permits one to easily confirm that some input data maps to a given hash value, but the input data is unknown; it is intentionally complex to reconstruct it (or equivalent alternatives) by knowing the stored hash value [62].
A cryptographic hash function is a hash function which considering as difficult to reverse, that is, difficult to recreate the input data from its hash value. The input
data is known as the message, and the hash value is called as the message digest or simply the digest [63-65].
The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main properties:
It is easy to compute the hash value for any given message
It is infeasible to generate a message from its hash
It is infeasible to modify a message without changing the hash
It is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash.
Cryptographic hash function contains various information security applications like digital signatures;
message authentication codes (MACs) and other forms of authentication.
4. Cryptography Models 4.1 DES
DES is a block cipher that uses secret key for both encryption and decryption. DES algorithm considers a fixed length of string in plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of operations into cipher text bit sting of the same length and its each block consists of 64 bits [66].
This consists of 16 different stages of processing, termed rounds. There is also an initial and final permutation which named as IP and FP
4.2 3DES
3DES is an advance form of DES and it is 64 bit block size with 192 bits key size. This standard of encryption method is similar to the one in the original DES and increase the encryption level and the average safe time.
The 3DES algorithm is slower than other block cipher methods. It uses either two or three 56 bit keys in the sequence order of Encrypt-Decrypt- Encrypt.
4.3 AES
AES algorithm is the most identical algorithm developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan and Vincent Rijmen. This AES algorithm uses secret-key algorithm which means it uses same key for both encrypting and decrypting the data [67-69].
AES on the other hand which encrypts complete 128 bits in one iteration. This is one of the reason why it uses a comparably small number of rounds. AES encryption is fast and flexible when compared with the rest of the algorithms. It can be implemented on various platforms especially in small devices
4.4 RSA
RSA is a public key algorithm which was invented by Rivest, Shamir, Adleman . RSA uses both public key and a private key. The public key is known to everyone and is used for encrypting the messages.
Messages which are encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted using the private key.
The private and public keys used for the encryption and decryption process can be generated using many ways.
4.5 SECURING THE DATA
When we transfer a data we need some security for keeping the information safely between the sender and receiver only.
That security is given by these above algorithms which take too much of time to break.
By using these algorithms we can encrypt and decrypt the information such that the information is shared only between the people who have the access rights to it.
4.6 HACKING
Hacking which is considered to the stealing of unauthorized information.
Hacking is the process where we access to someone else’s message illegally where we don’t have access to it.
5. Conclusion
This paper presented an overview of Cryptography concepts, methods and some important models. It is most important component in network security because it is used to transfer the data from sender to receiver with utmost confidential. This paper also presents a detailed study of the standard Encryption Algorithms such as RSA, DES, 3DES and AES. The Security provided by these algorithms can be modified further, if more than one algorithm is applied to different types of information.
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