FOREST TYPES AND STAND STRUCTURES IN V. J.
KRAJINA’S SUB-BOREAL SPRUCE FOREST ZONE IN
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Part I. Static structures
László Orlóci
A historic account of conditions which have existed in 1957 in the Aleza Lake
Experimental Forest, and matters regarding the phytosociological survey of the
site during the same year, are the basis of structural analyses given in the
present essay. The examples have importance in showing possibilities for the
extraction of information from past phytosociological data by modern
statistical techniques.
Contents
Preliminaries... 2
Briefly about the flora ... 3
Early work on forest types ... 4
Terminology ... 5
Field sampling and data ... 5
Forest types – a brief description ... 6
Type 1: Black spruce - Sphagnum moss ... 6
Type 2: Alder–Struts fern ... 7
Type 3: White spruce–Subalpine fir ... 7
Type 4: Lodge pole pine–Lichen ... 7
Type 5. Willow – Willowherb ... 7
Stand structure ... 8
The visible structure ... 8
The energy-based entropy structure ... 10
Case 1. Vegetation type a complex ... 11
Case 2. Emergent E ... 12
Case 3. Catenation ... 12
Case 4. Venn diagram components of E ... 13
Reference bibliography ... 14
Preliminaries
In this paper I am revisiting a student essay of mine (Orlóci 1958),
submitted as course requirement in forest ecology during the
1957/58 academic year at the University of British Columbia. The
essay’s topic is the phytosociological survey of the Aleza Lake
Experimental Forest, completed in 1971.
1Aleza Lake is located,
70 kilometres north-east from Prince George on the Upper Frazer
Road (Figure 1).
1
The experimental station was shut down years ago. Only a portion of the total area is retained
as an Ecological Reserve, thanks to the devoted work of my late Ph.D. mentor in forest ecology,
Professor Vladimir J. Krajina.
Figure 1. Road map to the Aleza Lake survey site. The forest experimental
station has been closed, only a small portion preserved as an Ecological
Reserve (top map). The actual survey covered an approximately 5 x 8 kilometer
area east and south relative to the Reserve all the way down to the Boron River
(right bottom map). Large dot on map in bottom left locates the site in British
Columbia. Some vertical distortion is applied.
The landscape on the site is a complex of low hills and uplands
which form a complex pattern with wetlands. The glacial outwash
substrate forms spatial pattern with river alluvia and organic
deposits. The climate is Köppen Dfb. The terrain’s average
elevation is 700 meters above sea level.
Briefly about the flora
My 1958 student report emphasized that the topography in the
region has no significant barrier for plant distribution. The
climatic effect is allowed to be clearly manifested. In deed, the
local flora exchanges species with three major biomes of as many
climatically different regions in contiguity:
1. The general presence of Douglas-fir and associated species
indicate a floristic connection to the Caribou park land further to
the south on the arid interior plateau, reach in graminoid and
shrub indicator species which highlight the Ponderosa pine
savannah.
2. To the north lies the main body of the sub-boreal spruce forest
to which the linkage is locally strong, most typically on deep loam
and in muskegs.
3. Out of the south east, species of the Columbia Cedar-Hemlock
forests reach the local sites in numbers on the alluvia of the swift
flowing Boron River.
Early work on forest types
Regarding vegetation studies of historic significance, my student
report mentions Griffid (1926), Kujala (1945), Fraser and
Alexander (1949), and Arlidge (1952, 1956). Griffid is responsible
for the Aleza Lake research station’s herbarium which was
already poorly kept in 1957. Kujala, a forester researcher on a
visit from Finland, had the forest types surveyed in the summer of
1931, but did not published his results until 13 years later. He
named four types based on the leading species in the lesser
vegetation:
1. Vaccinium membranaceum.
2. Tiarella – Rubus pedatus
3. Tiarella – Fatsia
4. Inpatiens – Circaea – Athyrium
Kujala’s classification has no types named for muskegs (peatbogs)
and other wetlands. Arlidge took exception to the classification by
the fact that Vaccinium membranaceum becomes dominant under
intensive light effect, therefore Kujala’s Type 1 is a one-rotation
kind of derivative type. Arlidge’s report describes 6 forest types.
He names them by indicator species selected from the lesser
vegetation:
1. Devil’s - club
2. Disporum
3. Sarsaparilla – Oak Fern
4. Bunchberry – Moss
5. Horsetail – Peat moss
6. Black Twinberry - Nettle
Declaration type status on derivative types based on short-term
dominance is avoided.
Terminology
My student report is constructed about concrete objects, such as
vegetation stands, and types of such objects. Stands are described
by record sets of species presence or performance. Such a record
set is a relevé. The type’s description is a synthesis of relevés.
The vegetation stand, delineated on the ground, is assumed to be
homogeneous in real dimensions for both vegetation composition
and environmental conditions, such as its (climatope,
edaphotope, and history, particularly disturbance regime. In all
cases homogeneity implies random arrangements. A random
arrangement of plants is not difficult to accept where the
environmental conditions are homogeneous. If the arrangement
is a mosaic of patches, homogeneity implies random
arrangements within the patches and a random arrangement of
patches themselves.
A stand’s observed state is considered momentary in the natural
assembly/disassembly process, forced in a chance mitigated
manner. Kerner von Marilaun (1863) refers to the process in situ
as community development. An alternative term is succession
whose engine is facilitation.
The term chronosere is used meaning a time series of successive
plant communities forming in situ. Time progresses from ec
esis bringing compositional changes in the direction of the
attractor state, called climax. Local chronoseres are captured in
the succession diagrams of the 1958 report.
Field sampling and data
The survey used square shaped sample plots, each 0.1 ha in size.
The plots were laid selectively in homogeneous sites. I call this
method preferential sampling.
At the time of the survey, I had in mind a research project to be
continued at future dates in an increasingly refined manner.
2
It
2The term “process sampling” applies (Wildi and Orlóci. 1987, Orlóci and
was not to be. New windows opened for me, and with it came new
vistas and inviting opportunities. I moved on in the direction of
quantitative ecology in the U.K. under my post doctoral mentor,
Professor Peter Greig-Smith.
The 1957 vegetation records are reproduced in the data set I
included in the Appendix. I have reanalysed a condensed set of
richness and cover totals which I give in Table 1a,b. The totals are
sorted by vegetation layer and type.
Table 1a.
Layering
Cover %
Totals
Type 1 2
3
4
5
T
1 a
17
1
160
32
10
220
2 b
29
40
219
84
45
417
3 c
33
110 394
102 66
705
4 d
24
0
85
37
0
146
Totals T
103
151 858
255 121 1488
Table 1b.
Layering
Richness
Totals
Type 1 2
3
4
5
n
1 a
4
1
10
7
2
12
2 b
15
10 30
21 16 45
3 c
14
31 55
33 33 85
4 d
5
0
9
8
0
14
Totals n
38
42 104
69 51 156
Symbols: a-crown canopy, b-shrub layer, c-herb layer, d-ground cover of bryophytes
and lichens; T total cover; n total number of species contributing to the total T.
Forest types – a brief description
Five types are referenced in the data tables (Appendix). The
description of the types is extracted from my 1958 student report:
Type 1: Black spruce - Sphagnum moss
This type is common on the oldest peat of muskegs. Tree height
decreases outward from the muskegs edge toward the centre. At
its best on nutrient rich terrestrial edge the type defining black
spruce (Picea mariana) can attains 20-22 metres height. The type
is considered an edaphic climax state in muskeg succession. The
type’s indicator species include Ledum groenlandicum, Kalmia
polifolia, and many briophytes, such as Sphagnum palustre,
rubellum, recurvum, and others.
Type 2: Alder–Struts fern
This type is specific to the alluvial soils along creeks and
especially the mighty Boron River. The dominant tree is alder
(Alnus tenuifolia). Alder attains 6-7 m height. The types indicator
species include the tall struts fern, Matteucia struthiopteris,
Athyrium filix-femina, Urtica Lyallii, and other nitrophilous herbs.
Type 3: White spruce–Subalpine fir
This type has a wide niche, but comes to its biomass productive
best on deep moist soils. The crown canopy is dominated by white
spruce (Picea glauca) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). The
tallest trees can exceed 40 m height in 80 years. Other
phenomenally productive species include Picea engelmannii and
the sporadic Pseudotsuga mensiesii. The set of indicator species
include druter: Oplopanax horridus, Aralia nudicaulis, Disporum
oreganum,
Dryopteris
disjuncta,
Cornus
canadensis,
Hylocomnium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and Entodon
shreberi. Patches of Sphagnum squarrosum are common. On the
drier sites, in southern exposure, Corylus and Vaccinium species
are seen in abundance. Oplopanax is indicator of the most
productive sites for Picea glauca, and Disporum for Pseudotsuga.
Type 4: Lodge pole pine–Lichen
This type is common on excessively drained soils after fire or clear
cutting in the Picea–Abies type. Lodge pol pine (Pinus contorta)
shares dominance with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea mariana,
and Populus tremuloides. Other indicator species include several
Vaccinium, Spirea and Viburnum species. The ground cover of
bryophytes (Rhytidialdelphus, Hylocomnium, Entodon) lichens
(Cladonia and Peltigera) are characteristic. Mature trees can top
20 m in height.
Type 5. Willow – Willowherb
This type occupies sites left clear by logging or fire in the White
spruce and Subalpine fir type on heavy, moist soils. All species of
the original type are present. Willow species (Salix) and Aspen
(Populus tremuloides) are well-performing pioneer species.
Willowherb (Epilobium), Impatiens, and several fern species
reach high abundance.
Figure 2 presents an idealised catena of the major types (2, 3, 4).
Types 1 and 5 are not included.
Figure 2.
Stand structure
Taking note that cover estimates are our data, when added up
over species, the total is expected to be greater than the over-all
ground cover of the stand. Therefore, the facts observed in Figure
3 should be understood as facts about the totals. Yet, they can still
reveal interesting information about a stand’s structure.
The visible structure
The number of layers in the stand, or equivalently plant growth
forms as I use this term, the number of species, and the
distribution of cover totals among them, allows me to speak about
stand structure as a visible object. This type of structure is easy to
discover and describe. The graphs in Figure 3 are examples.
Figure 3b. The n graphs.
Figures 3a,b are based on T and n values (Table 1). Looking at the
graphs of T in Figure 1a, the arrangement by layer is best seen on
the west side of the virtual box. This shows the herb layer c
highest in each type, stratum b comes next, followed by layer d.
The tree layer a is last. The same pattern is observed for n in
Figure 1b.
Table 2. This table is derived from Table 1. Cover% values are in the top
sub-table, and species richness% values in the bottom sub-table.
Layer
Type 1
2
3
4
5
Sample
totals %
a
17
1
19
13
8
15
b
28
26
26
33
37
28
c
32
73
46
40
55
47
d
23
0
10
15
0
10
Total T
100
100
100
100
100
100
Layer
Type 1
2
3
4
5
a
11
2
10
10
4
8
b
39
24
29
30
31
29
c
37
74
53
48
65
54
d
13
0
9
12
0
9
Total n
100
100
100
100
100
100
The values in Table 2 suggest that cover% and the richness%
capture statistically identical structures. This is obviously the case
from examination of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors in Table 3.
The eigenvalues capture the covariance structure with 85 and 95
percent efficiency. The correlation of the eigenvectors rounds up
to 1. In these terms, cover and richness indeed captures the same
stand structure. To put this finding into perspective, we observe a
strong binary effect, meaning that the data set (Appendix) is
saturated with zeros and ones. This is normal with this kind of
phytosociological data.
Table 3.
Source Eigenvalue Efficiency % Eigenvectors Correlation Cover% 1495.1 89 -857.9 1061.5 -203.5 -406.9 406.8 1.0 Richness% 1127.7 95 -712.0 722.8 -101.8 -292.0 383.1
The energy-based entropy structure
This is an intangible structure. It has to be brought to light by
quantum analysis. The term ‘quantum’ honours the historic fact
that the analysis involves Max Planck’s energy-based entropy
function.
As given in Table 1, the layer structure, to become the same as the
observed, required energy. Energy-based entropy (EBE) is a
proxy measure of energy, specifically potential enegy. At this
point, I introduce the term ‘complex’. This can be any object
whose description is the kind for which Table 1 is an example. I
have shown (Orlóci 2016 and references therein) that Max
Planck’s principle that energy-based entropy (EBE), a function of
the probability P of the complex, is indeed proxy for potential
energy, provided that P is normally distributed. This applies to
any complex, of any kind, for which P is known and for which the
normal distribution can be assumed to hold true. Accordingly, I
refer to any vegetation stand or collection of stands as a complex,
and analyse it as such.
We deal with several cases of EBE analysis. Depending on the
case, the definition of the complex and the parameters of T and n
in
T n T n(T n 1)!
(T N)
E = - ln P = ln
ln
T!(n 1)!
T n
++ −
+
−
change. E is a suitable
parameter on which multiscale and hierarchical statistical
analyses are performed. The basics are reviewed:
a.
E = nH = (T+n) ln (T+n) - T ln T - n ln n
This is my ‘working’ equation for E, and in proxy terms, for the potential energy
level in the complex. I use in the equation. Symbols T and n totals for species
cover and species number (richness) in the complex. Clearly, E is a high level,
holistic ecological entropy parameter. Note, ln stands for the natural logarithm,
therefore E is measured in natural units (nats).
b. E is dependent on n,
H
nH
n
=
is not, therefore H is universally comparable.
c.
HP
=
e
is the probability of an
H , exactly as extreme as the observed H ,
occurring by chance alone. On this basis, we can test H ’s statistical significance.
d.
2 2w=1 - P - (1-P )
is a squared probability, proportional to instability in the
complex’s EBE energy state. The value of
w
ranges between 0 (complete
stability) and 0.5 (complete instability). This is easy to see if 1 or 0.5 is
substituted for P. How do we interpret
w
? There is more than one way to do
this. One example: when
w
increases, the chance of the stand’s energy state
flipping by pure chance into one of its
possible alternative
states increases. In
other word, the chances of the stands composition changing by chance into
another random state increases. The number of possible states is
1
P
.
The
choice of state is among
C-1.
e.
=
2w
is a probability associated with
w
.
The
parameter reappears in
two other parameters,
−m
and m
.
f.
−m = - ln (1- )
is the unit instability moment in nats. This is energy-based
entropy, the strength of instability, or equivalently, the unit linear moment
forcing the stand’s energy structure to flip into another random state. All
possible states, other than the state actually observed, are called ghost states.
g.
m
= −
ln( )
is the unit stability moment in nats.
Another kind of moment is the standard deviation, a central moment, having to
do with variation about the mean.
Case 1. Vegetation type a complex
Results are given in Table 4. Note, T and n are Vegetation type
totals. The specific definitions and results are given in Table 4.
Table 4. Statistical analysis is based on E. The results allow approximation of the
potential energy level of the types and evaluation of the EBE structure’s
stability.
Layer
Type 1
2
3
4
5
All
types
Excluding
Type 5
T
103
151
858
255
121
1488
1367
n
38
42
104
69
51
156
105
nH
82.170
101.108
329.525
167.785
104.555
515.738
378.407
H
2.162
2.407
3.169
2.432
2.050
3.306
3.604
P
0.115
0.090
0.042
0.088
0.129
0.037
0.027
1-P
0.885
0.910
0.958
0.912
0.871
0.963
0.973
P
20.013
0.008
0.002
0.008
0.017
0.001
0.001
(1-P)
20.783
0.828
0.918
0.832
0.759
0.928
0.946
w=1-P
2-(1-P
20.204
0.164
0.081
0.160
0.224
0.071
0.053
ω=(2w)
0.50.638
0.573
0.401
0.566
0.670
0.376
0.325
mω=-ln(ω)
0.449
0.558
0.913
0.569
0.401
0.979
1.123
-mω=-ln(1-OM)
1.017
0.850
0.513
0.835
1.108
0.471
0.394
The 5 types are ordered by H from low to high stability: 5, 1, 2, 4,
3. Type 3 is what classical ecology considers the climatic climax.
Type 5 is a community in the process of reassembly after logging
in the ecological environment of Type 3.
Case 2. Emergent E
The emergent or ghost energy-based entropy comes about by
enlarging the complex . In the example, we simulate with the 5
types in two steps. As the first step, I pool Types 1, 2, 3, 4 and and
calculate E. In the second step I add on to the group Type 5. This
is what I get:
nH(1 to 4)
nH(1 to 5)
dnH
nH(5)
gnH
378.406513 515.7375727 137.3310597 104.5553 32.7758
The ghost EBE in last column is a difference. This is the amount of
EBE that emerge when Type 5 is attached to the sample of 4 types,
in percentage terms 100* gnH/ nH(1 to 5) = 6.4%. This may remind
the reader of the ecological principal: the whole can be greater
than the sum of its parts.
Case 3. Catenation
I use the arrangement of Figure 3 to show a catena of Types 2, 3
and 4. I include also Type 1 in the calculations for which the
detailes are given in Table 1.
The objective is to isolate the phylogenetic effect, linked to the
functional types enabling layering in the forest stands, and to the
environmental effects associated with the moisture gradient. The
relevant results are in Table 5.
Catena
Types
T
n
nH
dnH
dH
P
H
P
Wet 1
1
103
38
82.170
82.170
2.162
0.115
2.162
0.115
2
1+2
254
80
183.876
101.706
2.422
0.089
2.298
0.100
3
1+2+3
1112
184
529.459
345.583
3.323
0.036
2.877
0.056
Dry 4
1+2+3+4
1233
235
645.634
116.175
2.278
0.102
2.747
0.064
Total
645.634
2.747
0.064
The basic terms are defined already. Column dH and the next
column P are of particular interest. These have corresponding
graphs in Figure 4. It can be seen that by crossing into the mesic
zone (Type 3) on the catena makes the specific energy quantity
come to a maximum. Taking 0.05 as the critical probability, the
maximum reached is statistically significant.
Figure 4.
Case 4. Venn diagram components of E
In statistical jargon these are main effects, random effects,
interaction terms, and total effects. Table 5 shows the partitions
of E specific to phylogeny (layering or species richness),
environmental mediation (moisture gradient), emergent EBE (so
called random effect), joint and total effects. The numerical
results are written in Table 6 for layering and Table 7 for species.
Table 6.
T
n
nH
%
nH (Layer+Emer)
H
P
Layering
1367
4
27.3422
31.3349
59.9157
6.6573
0.0013
Environment 1367
4
27.3422
31.3349
59.9157
6.6573
0.0013
Emergent
1367
*5
32.5735
37.3302
6.5147
0.0015
Joint
1367
16
87.2578
100.0000
5.4536
0.0043
Total
119.8313
*Indicates iteration for n, of the following kind:
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
1
2
3
4
P
ro
ba
bi
lt
y
(m
in
in
Ty
pe
3)
dH (
m
ax
in
Ty
pe
3)
Types on soil moisture gradient - wet to dry
T
n
nH
1367
4
27.3422
1367
*5
33.0638
1367
6
38.5848
Upon inspection of Table 5 we find that the emergent effect tops
37% in absolute terms, but the relative values (column H) are not
all that different. The probabilities indicate highly significance
levels of EBE.
Table 7.
T
n
nH
%
nH (Rich +Emer) H
P
Richness
1367
105
378.4065
38.8339
947.0803
3.2546
0.039
Environment
1367
4
27.3422
2.8060
596.0160
3.1369
0.043
Emergent
1367
*186
568.6738
58.3601
3.0574
0.047
Joint
1367
420
974.4225
100.0000
2.3201
0.098268
Total
1543.0963
* n value by iteration:
T
n
nH
1367
185
566.9923
1367
*186
569.1168
1367
187
571.2367
In this case the emergent nH has the highest value. The
environmental component is negligible in absolute terms, but not
so in terms of H.
Reference bibliography
Arlidge, J. W. C. 1952. Ecological investigations in the
Spruce-Alpine fir type, Aleaza Lake Experimental Forest, British Columbia
Forest Service, Research Division, Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Arlidge, J. W. C. 1956. Ecological investigations in the
Spruce-Alpine fir type, Aleza Lake Experimental Forest, British Columbia
Forest Service, Research Division, Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Decie, T. P. 1956. Working plan the Forest Experimental Station,
Aleza Lake. British Columbia Forest Service, Research Division,
Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Fraser, A. R. and J. L. Alexander. 1949. Development of the
Spruce-Balsam type in the Aleza Lake Experimental Forest. British
Columbia Forest Service, Research Division, Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Griffith, B. G. 1926. Herbarium collection at the Forest
Experimental Station at Aleza Lake. British Columbia Forest
Service, Research Division, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Halliday, W. E. D. 1937. Forest classification of Canada. Forest
Service Bulletin 89, Ottawa.
Kelley, C.C. and L. Farstad. 1946. Soil survey of the Prince George
area, British Columbia. British Columbia Forest Service, Research
Division, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Krajina, V. J. 1965. Biogeoclimatic zones and classification of
British Columbia. In: Ecology of Western North America, Vol. 1:
1-17. Department of Botany, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Orlóci, L. 1958. Data for the classification of plant communities at
Eliza Lake, Central British Columbia. Department of Botany,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
Orlóci, L. 2016. Statistical quantum ecology. Essays on the
resonator complex model of the vegetation stand . SCADA
Publishing, Canada. Online Edition: https://createspace.com/
6509504
Orlóci, L. 1965. The coastal western hemlock zone on the
South-Western British Columbia Mainland. In: Ecology of South-Western North
America, Vol. 1: 18-34. Department of Botany, British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada.
Peck, M. E. 1961. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binford
& Mort Publishing, Hillsboro, Oregon.
Spilsbury, R. H. and Smith, D. S. 1947. Forest site types of the
Pacific Northwest. British Columbia Forest Service, Research
Division, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Taylor, T. M. C. 1963. The Ferns and Fern-allies of British
Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Ottawa, Canada.
Appendix
Sample plot data are given for species from the original source
(Orlóci 1957) for six forest types:
1. Black spruce – Sphagnum moss
2. Alder –Struts fern
3. White spruce - Subalpine fir
4. Lodge pole pine - Lichen
5. Willow - Willowherb
The entries in the tables are cover estimates on the 5-state
phytosociological scale: 1 1-5%, 2 5-25%, 3 25-50%, 4 50-75%,
5 75-100%. L stands for layer in the sampled stand.
Blocks are types and columns within types are relevés.
Aleza Lake tables:
Type 1 Type 2 Taxa # L 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Abies lasiocarpa 1 A 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abies lasiocarpa 2 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abies lasiocarpa 3 B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acer glabrum 4 B 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Aconitum columbianum 5 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Actaea spicata 6 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Agropyron sp. 7 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus synuata 8 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus tenuiflora 9 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus tenuifolia 10 B 0 0 1 0 4 5 3 3 5 Amelanchier alnifolia 11 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anaphalis margaretacea 12 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Andromeda polyfolia 13 B 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aralia nudicaulis 14 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arnica cordifolia 15 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aruncus silvester 16 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Asarum caudatum` 17 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster douglasii 18 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster sp. 19 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Athyrium filix-femina 20 C 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 1 0 Betula glandulosa 21 B 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 22 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 23 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brachypodium sp. 24 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calamagrostis sp. 25 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex lenticularis 26 C 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 Carex microglochin 27 C 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Carex sp. 28 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex tetanica 29 C 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Carex trisperma 30 C 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Chimaphylla umbellata 31 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chiogenes hispidula 32 C 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Cinna latifolia 33 C 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Circaea alpina 34 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Cladonia rangiferina 35 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sp. 36 D 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sylvatica 37 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Clintonia uniflora 38 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comandra umbellata 39 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comarum palustre 40 C 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cornus canadensis 41 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cornus stolonifera 42 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Corylus cornuta 43 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dicranum scoparius 44 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disporum oreganum 45 C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Dryopteris phegopteris 46 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris austriaca 47 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Dryopteris sp. 48 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris disjuncta 49 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Dryopteris filix-mas 50 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elymus sp. 51 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entodon schreberii 52 D 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium adenocaulon 53 C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Epilobium angustifolium 54 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Equisetum fluviatilis 55 C 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Equisetum pratense 56 C 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 Equisetum sylvaticum 57 C 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 Fragaria sp. 58 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fritillaria lanceolata 59 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Galeopsis tetrachit 60 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium aparine 61 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Galium borealis 62 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium triflorum 63 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Geranium sp. 64 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Geum oreganum 65 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Habenaria sp. 66 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heracleum lanatum 67 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 Hylocomium splendens 68 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hypnum sp. 69 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Impatiens biflora 70 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 Juniperus communis 71 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ledum groenlandicum 72 B 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 73 A 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 74 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lathyrus ochroleucus 75 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Linnaea borealis 76 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Listera cordate 77 C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lonicera involucrata 78 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 4 1 Lycopodium annotinum 79 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium clavatum 80 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium complanatum 81 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium obscurum 82 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lyschitum americanum 83 C 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maianthemum uniflorum 84 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Matteuccia struthiopteris 85 C 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 2 5 Melampyrum sp. 86 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mitella nuda 87 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium insigne 88 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium punctatum 89 D 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Moneses uniflora 90 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oplopanax horridus 91 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orysopsis asperifolia 92 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peltigera sp. 93 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Petasites speciosa 94 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea engelmanii 95 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 96 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 97 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 98 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 99 A 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 100 B 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 101 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus conorta v. latifolia 102 A 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus contorta v. latifolia 103 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plagiothecium undulatum 104 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poa sp. 105 C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Polytrichum juniperinum 106 D 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus X 107 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 108 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 109 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus trichocarpa 110 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Pseudotsuga menziesii 111 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 112 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pteridium aquilinum 113 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Pyrola asarifolia 114 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pyrola secunda 115 C 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculus repens 116 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Rhodobryum roseum 117 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhytidiadelphus triquetus 118 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ribes hudsoniana 119 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ribes lacustre 120 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rosa sp. 121 B 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rubus ideus 122 B 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Rubus parviflorus 123 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rubus pedatus 124 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rubus sp. 125 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Salix sp. 126 B 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sambucus pubens 127 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Sambucus sp. 128 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Smilacina racemosa 129 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Sonchus asper 130 C 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Sorbus sitchensis 131 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sphagnum sp. 132 D 5 5 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea densiflora 133 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea lucida 134 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea menziesii 135 B 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea pyramidata 136 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sreptopus amplexifolius 137 C 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Streptopus sp. 138 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Streptopus roseus 139 C 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Symphoricarpus albus 140 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thalictrum occidentale 141 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tiarella unifoliata 142 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Trientalis latifolia 143 C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 144 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 145 B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urtica Lyalii 146 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Vaccinium caespitosum 147 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium membraneaceum 148 B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium occidentale 149 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium ovalifolium 150 B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium oxicoccus 151 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium scoparium 152 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium vitis-idea 153 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Veratrum viride 154 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viburnum parviflorum 155 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viola glabella 156 C 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 Type 3 Taxa # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Abies lasiocarpa 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 Abies lasiocarpa 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abies lasiocarpa 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 Acer glabrum 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Aconitum columbianum 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Actaea spicata 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Agropyron sp. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus synuata 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus tenuiflora 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Alnus tenuifolia 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amelanchier alnifolia 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Anaphalis margaretacea 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Andromeda polyfolia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aralia nudicaulis 14 3 3 1 3 4 3 4 2 0 3
Arnica cordifolia 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Aruncus silvester 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asarum caudatum` 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Aster douglasii 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster sp. 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Athyrium filix-femina 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Betula glandulosa 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 22 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Betula papyrifera 23 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Brachypodium sp. 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calamagrostis sp. 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex lenticularis 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex microglochin 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex sp. 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Carex tetanica 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex trisperma 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chimaphylla umbellata 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chiogenes hispidula 32 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Cinna latifolia 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circaea alpina 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cladonia rangiferina 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sp. 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sylvatica 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Clintonia uniflora 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Comandra umbellata 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comarum palustre 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cornus canadensis 41 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Cornus stolonifera 42 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Corylus cornuta 43 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dicranum scoparius 44 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Disporum oreganum 45 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris phegopteris 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris austriaca 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Dryopteris sp. 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris disjuncta 49 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Dryopteris filix-mas 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Elymus sp. 51 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entodon schreberii 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium adenocaulon 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium angustifolium 54 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Equisetum fluviatilis 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equisetum pratense 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Equisetum sylvaticum 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 Fragaria sp. 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fritillaria lanceolata 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galeopsis tetrachit 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium aparine 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium borealis 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium triflorum 63 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Geranium sp. 64 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Geum oreganum 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Habenaria sp. 66 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Heracleum lanatum 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hylocomium splendens 68 0 0 3 0 2 1 1 1 0 1 Hypnum sp. 69 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Impatiens biflora 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Juniperus communis 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ledum groenlandicum 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lathyrus ochroleucus 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Linnaea borealis 76 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Listera cordate 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lonicera involucrata 78 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Lycopodium annotinum 79 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Lycopodium clavatum 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lycopodium complanatum 81 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium obscurum 82 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Lyschitum americanum 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maianthemum uniflorum 84 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Matteuccia struthiopteris 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melampyrum sp. 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mitella nuda 87 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Mnium insigne 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium punctatum 89 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Moneses uniflora 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oplopanax horridus 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 Orysopsis asperifolia 92 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Peltigera sp. 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Petasites speciosa 94 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Picea engelmanii 95 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Picea glauca 96 1 3 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 Picea glauca 97 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Picea glauca 98 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Picea mariana 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Picea mariana 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus conorta v. latifolia 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus contorta v. latifolia 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plagiothecium undulatum 104 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Poa sp. 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Polytrichum juniperinum 106 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Populus X 107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus trichocarpa 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pseudotsuga menziesii 111 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 112 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Pteridium aquilinum 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Pyrola asarifolia 114 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pyrola secunda 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculus repens 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodobryum roseum 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhytidiadelphus triquetus 118 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Ribes hudsoniana 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ribes lacustre 120 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rosa sp. 121 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Rubus ideus 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rubus parviflorus 123 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Rubus pedatus 124 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Rubus sp. 125 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Salix sp. 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus pubens 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus sp. 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Smilacina racemosa 129 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Sonchus asper 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sorbus sitchensis 131 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Sphagnum sp. 132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Spiraea densiflora 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Spiraea lucida 134 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Spiraea menziesii 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Spiraea pyramidata 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sreptopus amplexifolius 137 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Streptopus sp. 138 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Streptopus roseus 139 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 Symphoricarpus albus 140 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Thalictrum occidentale 141 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tiarella unifoliata 142 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Trientalis latifolia 143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tsuga heterophylla 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Tsuga heterophylla 145 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urtica Lyalii 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium caespitosum 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium membraneaceum 148 1 0 0 0 2 1 10 1 1 1 Vaccinium occidentale 149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium ovalifolium 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium oxicoccus 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium scoparium 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium vitis-idea 153 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Veratrum viride 154 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 Viburnum parviflorum 155 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Viola glabella 156 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Type 3 Taxa # 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 # Abies lasiocarpa 1 2 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 Abies lasiocarpa 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Abies lasiocarpa 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 Acer glabrum 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Aconitum columbianum 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Actaea spicata 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Agropyron sp. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus synuata 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Alnus tenuiflora 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Alnus tenuifolia 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amelanchier alnifolia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Anaphalis margaretacea 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Andromeda polyfolia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aralia nudicaulis 14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 Arnica cordifolia 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aruncus silvester 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asarum caudatum` 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster douglasii 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Aster sp. 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Athyrium filix-femina 20 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Betula glandulosa 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 22 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brachypodium sp. 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calamagrostis sp. 25 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Carex lenticularis 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex microglochin 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex sp. 28 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Carex tetanica 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex trisperma 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chimaphylla umbellata 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Chiogenes hispidula 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cinna latifolia 33 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Circaea alpina 34 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia rangiferina 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sp. 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sylvatica 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Clintonia uniflora 38 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 Comandra umbellata 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comarum palustre 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cornus canadensis 41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 Cornus stolonifera 42 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Corylus cornuta 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dicranum scoparius 44 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Disporum oreganum 45 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Dryopteris phegopteris 46 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris austriaca 47 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1
Dryopteris sp. 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris disjuncta 49 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Dryopteris filix-mas 50 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Elymus sp. 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entodon schreberii 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium adenocaulon 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium angustifolium 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equisetum fluviatilis 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equisetum pratense 56 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 Equisetum sylvaticum 57 1 2 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 Fragaria sp. 58 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Fritillaria lanceolata 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galeopsis tetrachit 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium aparine 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium borealis 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium triflorum 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Geranium sp. 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Geum oreganum 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Habenaria sp. 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heracleum lanatum 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hylocomium splendens 68 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 Hypnum sp. 69 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 Impatiens biflora 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Juniperus communis 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ledum groenlandicum 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lathyrus ochroleucus 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Linnaea borealis 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Listera cordate 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lonicera involucrata 78 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Lycopodium annotinum 79 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 Lycopodium clavatum 80 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium complanatum 81 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium obscurum 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lyschitum americanum 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maianthemum uniflorum 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Matteuccia struthiopteris 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melampyrum sp. 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mitella nuda 87 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Mnium insigne 88 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium punctatum 89 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Moneses uniflora 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Oplopanax horridus 91 5 5 5 2 5 1 0 4 0 4 Orysopsis asperifolia 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Peltigera sp. 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Petasites speciosa 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Picea engelmanii 95 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 Picea glauca 96 4 2 5 5 3 2 2 3 2 3 Picea glauca 97 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 98 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea mariana 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus conorta v. latifolia 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pinus contorta v. latifolia 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plagiothecium undulatum 104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poa sp. 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polytrichum juniperinum 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Populus X 107 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus trichocarpa 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
Pteridium aquilinum 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pyrola asarifolia 114 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pyrola secunda 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculus repens 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodobryum roseum 117 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhytidiadelphus triquetus 118 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Ribes hudsoniana 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ribes lacustre 120 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Rosa sp. 121 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rubus ideus 122 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Rubus parviflorus 123 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Rubus pedatus 124 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rubus sp. 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Salix sp. 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus pubens 127 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Sambucus sp. 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Smilacina racemosa 129 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Sonchus asper 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sorbus sitchensis 131 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Sphagnum sp. 132 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Spiraea densiflora 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea lucida 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Spiraea menziesii 135 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Spiraea pyramidata 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sreptopus amplexifolius 137 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Streptopus sp. 138 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Streptopus roseus 139 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Symphoricarpus albus 140 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Thalictrum occidentale 141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tiarella unifoliata 142 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Trientalis latifolia 143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urtica Lyalii 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium caespitosum 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium membraneaceum 148 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Vaccinium occidentale 149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium ovalifolium 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium oxicoccus 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium scoparium 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Vaccinium vitis-idea 153 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Veratrum viride 154 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Viburnum parviflorum 155 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Viola glabella 156 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Type 4 Type 5 Taxa # 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 Abies lasiocarpa 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Abies lasiocarpa 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Abies lasiocarpa 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 Acer glabrum 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Aconitum columbianum 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Actaea spicata 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Agropyron sp. 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Alnus synuata 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus tenuiflora 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alnus tenuifolia 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amelanchier alnifolia 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Anaphalis margaretacea 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Andromeda polyfolia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aralia nudicaulis 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 Arnica cordifolia 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Aruncus silvester 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asarum caudatum` 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster douglasii 18 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 Aster sp. 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Athyrium filix-femina 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Betula glandulosa 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Betula papyrifera 22 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Betula papyrifera 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brachypodium sp. 24 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Calamagrostis sp. 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex lenticularis 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex microglochin 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex sp. 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Carex tetanica 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carex trisperma 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chimaphylla umbellata 31 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Chiogenes hispidula 32 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 Cinna latifolia 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Circaea alpina 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cladonia rangiferina 35 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Cladonia sp. 36 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cladonia sylvatica 37 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Clintonia uniflora 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Comandra umbellata 39 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Comarum palustre 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cornus canadensis 41 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Cornus stolonifera 42 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 Corylus cornuta 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dicranum scoparius 44 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Disporum oreganum 45 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Dryopteris phegopteris 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris austriaca 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dryopteris sp. 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Dryopteris disjuncta 49 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Dryopteris filix-mas 50 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Elymus sp. 51 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entodon schreberii 52 1 2 1 1 4 0 0 0 Epilobium adenocaulon 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium angustifolium 54 0 0 1 0 1 3 4 3 Equisetum fluviatilis 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equisetum pratense 56 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Equisetum sylvaticum 57 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Fragaria sp. 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fritillaria lanceolata 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galeopsis tetrachit 60 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 Galium aparine 61 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Galium borealis 62 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Galium triflorum 63 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Geranium sp. 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Geum oreganum 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Habenaria sp. 66 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heracleum lanatum 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hylocomium splendens 68 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 Hypnum sp. 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Impatiens biflora 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Juniperus communis 71 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ledum groenlandicum 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Larix laricina 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lathyrus ochroleucus 75 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Linnaea borealis 76 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Listera cordate 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lonicera involucrata 78 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Lycopodium annotinum 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lycopodium clavatum 80 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Lycopodium complanatum 81 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Lycopodium obscurum 82 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Lyschitum americanum 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maianthemum uniflorum 84 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Matteuccia struthiopteris 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melampyrum sp. 86 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mitella nuda 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium insigne 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mnium punctatum 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moneses uniflora 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oplopanax horridus 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orysopsis asperifolia 92 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Peltigera sp. 93 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 Petasites speciosa 94 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Picea engelmanii 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 97 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea glauca 98 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Picea mariana 99 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 Picea mariana 100 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 Picea mariana 101 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Pinus conorta v. latifolia 102 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 Pinus contorta v. latifolia 103 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Plagiothecium undulatum 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poa sp. 105 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Polytrichum juniperinum 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus X 107 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 108 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Populus tremuloides 109 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 1 Populus trichocarpa 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 111 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 112 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 Pteridium aquilinum 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pyrola asarifolia 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pyrola secunda 115 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculus repens 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodobryum roseum 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhytidiadelphus triquetus 118 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ribes hudsoniana 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ribes lacustre 120 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Rosa sp. 121 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rubus ideus 122 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Rubus parviflorus 123 0 1 0 1 1 3 3 3 Rubus pedatus 124 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Rubus sp. 125 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Salix sp. 126 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Sambucus pubens 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus sp. 128 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Smilacina racemosa 129 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Sonchus asper 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sorbus sitchensis 131 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Sphagnum sp. 132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea densiflora 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea lucida 134 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Spiraea menziesii 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spiraea pyramidata 136 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Sreptopus amplexifolius 137 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Streptopus sp. 138 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Streptopus roseus 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Symphoricarpus albus 140 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Thalictrum occidentale 141 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Tiarella unifoliata 142 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Trientalis latifolia 143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga heterophylla 145 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Urtica Lyalii 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium caespitosum 147 1 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 Vaccinium membraneaceum 148 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Vaccinium occidentale 149 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 Vaccinium ovalifolium 150 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium oxicoccus 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium scoparium 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium vitis-idea 153 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Veratrum viride 154 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Viburnum parviflorum 155 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Viola glabella 156 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
