Unit 3 Notes – Americans In the Great Plains

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History of the West

Unit 3 Notes – Americans In the Great Plains

A. Louisiana Purchase

a. ___________________________________________

i. Jefferson used diplomacy with threat of war 1. __________________________________

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b. Napoleon ends up selling Louisiana for $15 Million (1803)

i. Needed cash for war against Britain

ii. ______________________________________

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B. Purpose

a. Actually illegal

i. Flora and Fauna

ii. ______________________________________

iii. Gauging the potential for the fur trade

iv. ______________________________________

v. Stop intertribal warfare

vi. Overall potential of the area C. During Lewis and Clark Trip

a. ___________________________________________

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i. Prior to Lewis and Clark’s return

b. ___________________________________________

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i. Manuel Lisa

1. A Spaniard with experience in the fur trade

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2. __________________________________

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a. _____________________________

3. Little success due to opposition of the Blackfeet

a. Too loyal to Canadian companies

D. Arikara War

a. 1823 the Arikara killed about a dozen trappers along the Missouri River

i. ______________________________________

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ii. ______________________________________

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1. 230 soldiers, 750 Dakotas, and 50 trappers iii. They defeated the Arikara

1. __________________________________

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E. Permanent Indian Frontier

a. In 1824 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun creates this new idea

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. __________________________________

2. __________________________________

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F. Colonel Henry Dodge

a. Expeditions in 1832 and 1833

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. __________________________________

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b. ___________________________________________

i. Thirty Cherokee, Delaware, Osage, and Seneca volunteers served as guides and hunters

c. All departed Fort Gibson and made contact with the Comanche and Wichita but accomplish very little

i. A fever broke out among Dodge’s men 1. Many died and the Indians were not

impressed

d. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

G. Boone Family

a. Nathaniel Boone was born in Kentucky in 1781

i. Youngest son of legendary frontiersman Daniel Boone

ii. ______________________________________

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iii. In 1805 opened a salt-making business in Boonville

1. __________________________________

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a. A Major thoroughfare in early Missouri

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iv. Later sold that business for a career in

surveying and helped set up many of Missouri’s first Roads

1. __________________________________

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b. Most famous as a captain in the War of 1812 for the Missouri Rangers

i. 1833 made captain of the Dragoons, a military regiment from Oklahoma

1. __________________________________

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ii. ______________________________________

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c. By 1834, his sons had begun acquiring land in current location of Ash Grove, Missouri

i. ______________________________________

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d. House built originally as a double pen log cabin i. ______________________________________

ii. Moved there in order to be closer to the frontier he had so frequently surveyed

1. Later died in 1856 in the same home

e. ___________________________________________

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i. ______________________________________

H. Santa Fe Trail

a. Trail existed from 1821-1880

i. ______________________________________

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b. ___________________________________________

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i. Oregon and Chisholm the other two

c. ___________________________________________

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i. Eventually with the independent Mexican government and U.S. territories

1. __________________________________

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2. Followed along Indian and game trails d. In 1821 Mexico gained independence from the

Spanish

i. There the trade barriers were removed

e. ___________________________________________

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i. Trip roughly 1,203 miles and took roughly 8 weeks

ii. Its first 20 years the trail averaged 80 wagons and 150 people per year

f. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

i. ______________________________________

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ii. The Civil War also increased the number of military operations along the trail

g. By late 1860’s, more than 5,000 wagons traveled the trail each year

i. ______________________________________

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h. Two parts to the trail

i. ______________________________________

1. Takes them to Bent’s Fort

ii. ______________________________________

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1. Deal with water scarce and more hostile Indians

i. ___________________________________________

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I. Rendezvous System

a. ___________________________________________

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i. Primarily because of the Blackfeet

b. In 1823 William Ashley moved operations southward and placed an ad in St. Louis newspaper

i. ______________________________________

1. Called Rocky Mountain Fur Co.

c. Trappers moved up river or stream

i. ______________________________________

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1. Collecting traps as they return

d. ___________________________________________

i. ______________________________________

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e. Each summer Ashley came to a mountain valley with goods and money

i. All Mountain men involved and had a big party 1. __________________________________

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J. Oregon Trail

a. ___________________________________________

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i. Between 1841-1866 nearly 250,000 to 650,000 people made the trip

1. __________________________________

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2. Individuals began taking the trail in 1841 a. First large group included 900

immigrants in 1843

ii. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. __________________________________

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b. Distance

i. ______________________________________

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1. Often crossed flooded rivers

2. __________________________________

ii. Nearly 10,000 overlanders died between 1835- 1855

1. Only 4% were due to Indian attacks

2. __________________________________

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iii. ______________________________________

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c. From St. Louis, emigrants would set out towards a town near Kansas City in Mid-March

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i. ______________________________________

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1. Included foot, clothing and even more importantly wagon parts

2. __________________________________

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ii. ______________________________________

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iii. Due to the overcrowded wagon most had to walk

1. Many were barefooted

2. __________________________________

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d. Most often used Mule or oxen and rarely horses

K. Ferry on the Trail

a. ___________________________________________

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i. Fee for crossing over the bridge

1. __________________________________

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b. ___________________________________________

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i. Created much animosity among the travelers

L. Mormon Pioneer Trail

a. Established the territory of Utah in 1846

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. __________________________________

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2. Started in Nauvoo, Illinois

3. Had already been kicked out of Missouri years prior

ii. Led by leader Brigham Young

1. __________________________________

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iii. ______________________________________

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1. Left in Companies similar to military marches

M. Concentration

a. Due to greater number of American’s immigrating across the Great Plains conflict with Indians

increased

i. ______________________________________

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N. Treaty making on the High Plains

a. ___________________________________________

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i. ____________________________________

(1851 for Northern Plains)

ii. ____________________________________

(1853 for Southern Plains)

1. Americans demanded protection from what the Indians

a. _____________________________

_____________________________

b. ___________________________________________

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c. Provisions

i. Indians were to stay within lands defined by specific boundaries

1. __________________________________

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ii. The government acknowledged Indians rights to the designated lands

1. __________________________________

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iii. ______________________________________

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1. Each Indian nation was to receive $50,000 ($1.4 Million today) and annuities for 50 years

a. _____________________________

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O. Mormon Cow Incident

a. Brevit 2

^nd

Lt. John Grattan at Fort Laramie eager to teach the Lakota a lesson

i. ______________________________________

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1. Along the Platte River

2. Visiting Minniconjous High Forehead killed the cow

ii. ______________________________________

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1. Grattan orders to fire canon which kills the head but no one else

2. __________________________________

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a. Indians kill all 30 troops

P. Manypenny Treaties

a. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

i. ______________________________________

b. As Commissioner of Indian Affairs, he setup negotiations with various Indian groups

i. ______________________________________

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1. Indians lose over 15 million acres through treaties

Q. Brewing Conflict

a. ___________________________________________

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i. Including a stage coach with $10,000

b. ___________________________________________

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i. The government then called in the “friendlies”

then went after the rest

1. __________________________________

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ii. Harney struggled due to inability to adjust to the guerilla warfare of the plains

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c. Battle of Antelope Hills

i. ______________________________________

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1. __________________________________

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ii. ______________________________________

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1. Texas sends Rangers under the Command of Captain “John Rip” Ford

iii. On May 1858, Rangers with Tonkawa and Anadarko Indians found a Comanche encampment

1. 4 whites and 76 Comanche killed, 18 prisoners and 300 horses captured d. Battle of Rush Springs

i. Comanche hit Choctaw, Chickasaw and Wichita Indians

1. __________________________________

__________________________________

a. _____________________________

_____________________________

2. Troops under Major Earl Van Dorn in 1858 sent out to enforce the treaty

a. 6 Whites and 56 Comanche killed 3. __________________________________

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R. Warfare Becomes More Brutal

a. ___________________________________________

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i. ______________________________________

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1. __________________________________

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S. Eastern Sioux Uprising

a. __________________________________________

i. Part of treaties that Congress changed or cut b. Young Indians failed to find small game on over-

hunted reservations

i. A few stopped at a farm and ask for food

ii. ______________________________________

______________________________________

c. They returned to their reservation and told what happened

d. Many frustrated with leader Little Crow

i. ______________________________________

ii. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. Little Crow reluctantly went along with those calling for war

e. ___________________________________________

i. Over 300 Indians were sentenced to be hung 1. Lincoln intervened and lowered the

number to 38

2. Those defeated but not killed fled to live with other Dakotas

ii. ______________________________________

______________________________________

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T. Sand Creek Massacre

a. Colorado gold rush just before the Civil War

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

ii. The government built the Smokey Hill road to link Americans in Colorado to the Oregon Trail

1. __________________________________

b. Colorado Territorial Governor John Evans illegally intervened

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

ii. Only two headmen accepted it and encamped there

1. Black Kettle (southern Cheyenne) and Little Raven (Southern Arapaho)

c. Major Wynkoop sympathized and fed those who had surrendered

i. ______________________________________

______________________________________

1. Chivington chased the Indians with little success

2. With 100 days near an end Wynkoop was chastised by Washington D.C. for feeding the “enemy”