Paper 3 - Roles & Responsibity of Consulting Engineers

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(1)SEMINAR ON RESPONSIBILITY OF CONSULTANT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS by Ir. Dr.Abdul Majid President of Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia.

(2) Roles & Responsibilities of a C Consulting lti Engineer E i • To understand the roles & responsibilities of a Consultant Engineer one must know the liabilities attached to standard of care expected from a Consultant Engineer. • If there are no liabilities associated with what Consultants do, then there is no sense of responsibility, role, duty of care or even moral obligations. • Liabilities in in--turn are associated with the Laws of the country to enforce or regulate the profession..

(3) The Consulting Engineer as a P f Profession i (1). There are approx approx.. 1,500 Engineering Consultancy Practices registered with the Board of Engineers. Engineers. Why so many ?. (2). The P.E. registration with BEM allows the Engineer be a be the Submitting Person under the Street & Drainage Act Act. Is the P.E. then a ‘Competent Engineer’ ?. (3). With the P.E. registration any engineer can Engineering Consultancy Practice registered Board after 4 years years.. Many do not do so. so. After engineering experience is this sufficient to b i business ?. (4). How many Consulting Engineers in practice understands the concept of duty, care and due diligence to the Public and Cli t ? Client. set set--up an with the 4 years of set set--up a.

(4) Are these the Attributes of a ‘Good’ Consulting Engineer ? (1) Experience. Experience. What is the Consulting Engineer’s experience in general practice and the particular field of engineering under consideration ? (2) Concept of a problem problem.. Does the Consulting Engineer display a good understanding of the Client’s needs and problems ? (3) Competence. Competence. Does the previous work of the Consulting Engineer demonstrate adequate competence to handle the work under question ? (4) Staff. Staff. Does the Consulting Engineer has enough resources to undertake the engagement ? (5) Knowledge of local conditions conditions.. Is the Consulting Engineer familiar with the local conditions ?.

(5) Are these the Attributes of a ‘Good’ Consulting Engineer ? (6) Project Management. Management. Has the Consulting Engineer demonstrated the ability to organize and manage projects to assure completion on schedule and within estimated costs ? (7) Integrity. Integrity. Has the Consulting Engineer a reputation of outstanding integrity and honesty ? (8) Cooperation. Cooperation. Is the Consulting Engineer heartedly coco-operative with the Client ?. whole. (9) Standing. Standing. What is the Consulting Engineer Engineer’s s standing in the profession ? (10 10))Reputation Reputation. p . What is the Consulting g reputation with existing Clients ?. Engineer’s g.

(6) What is a Consulting Engineer ? • Consulting engineering roles, responsibilities and obligations g are g generally yp poorly y understood. • The public at large has difficulty in distinguishing between a consulting engineer, engineer a professional engineer and a contractor. • Most engineering graduates and universities have only a meager understanding of the role of a consulting engineer. • Even some Consulting Engineers lack adequate comprehension p of their own roles, obligations g and responsibilities..

(7) Definition of a Consulting Engineer •. A consulting engineering is an independent professional engineer who performs professional engineering services for clients on a fee b i basis.. •. ACEM’s definition in the MAA “ A Consulting Engineer as a person possessing p g the necessary yq qualifications to p practice in more than ………. of independent professional judgement in the matters upon which he advises”.. •. BEM’s BEM s definition is “Engineering Engineering consultancy practice means sole proprietorship, partnership, bodies corporate providing professional engineering services”.. PEO’s Regulation confers designation of Consulting Engineer on practitioners who fulfil additional q p qualifications.. Onlyy those p qualifications persons and firms authorized by PEO to do so may call themselves Consulting Engineers ………………… ………………….. ..Professional Engineers Ontario that regulates Engineers.

(8) Consultant Engineers are Professionals “Apply this to the employment of a Professional man. The Law does not usually imply a warranty that he will achieve a desired result, but only a term that he will use reasonable care & skill. skill. The surgeon does not warrant that he will cure the patient nor does the solicitor warrant that he will win the case” Lord Denning, Denning in the Greaves & Co(Contractors) Ltd Ltd.. V. Baynham Meike & Partners – A claim against Consulting Engineers decided in 1975. A professional is one who holds oneself out, and professes as having the necessary qualifications, skills and expertise in a particular ti l fifield. ld H He owes a d duty t tto exercise i th thatt d degree off skill & care which others rely on..

(9) Is Consulting Engineering a B i Business or P Profession f i ? • When monetary transactions is involved i.e. charging of professional fees it becomes a business. • Sole S l proprietorship i t hi and d partnership t hi iis registered i t d with the Register of Business (ROB) and bodies corporate are registered with the Register of Companies (ROC). • Every E b business i entity i seeks k a profit fi at the h end d off the h day hence the challenge is to mix sound business management and professional attitudes for good engineering..

(10) Is the Consulting Engineering Business B i Profitable P fi bl ? NOT ENOUGH STATISTICS TO IDENTIFY THE SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY. INDUSTRY S .. Engineering part of o erall Professional overall Services.

(11) Attempt to Quantify the Consulting E i Engineering i Business B i ! 2000. 2002. 2006. 2007. RM 340,000 M. RM 390,000 M. RM 548,000 M. RM 507,000 M. Fees Collected. RM 820 M*. RM 1,500 M*. ????. ????. % share of GDP. 0.24%. 0.38%. 0.6%. * Source Kastam DiRaja j. *Estimate. ACEA Report p. RM80K /Employee. A$ 80K /Employee . Total GDP. Note: Productivity. 2001 Australia. A$ 3.9 B.

(12) How Do We Become a C Consulting li E Engineer i ? z. A degree in Engineering recognized by BEM and apply for registration as a Graduate Engineer and signed Form A – Application for Registration as a Graduate Engineer. z. Has passed the Professional Assessment Examination for which he is entitled to the title “Ir.” and is therefore a Professional Engineer and signed Form B1 B1- Application for Registration as a Professional Engineer. z. Set-up a business entity and register it with ROB or ROC and signed declarations dec a at o s as required equ ed by ROB O o or ROC. OC. z. Register with BEM as an Engineering Consultancy Practice and signed F Form E – Application A li i ffor R Registration i i as an ECP.

(13) How many As of June 2007 there are; Consultant Engineers z 12,817 Professional Engineers & are out there ? z 42,583 Graduate Engineers registered with the Board. O t off the Out th 12,817 12 817 Professional P f i lE Engineers; i • • • •. •. 6,522 are registered under Civil 2 570 are registered 2,570 i t d under d El Electrical ti l 2,524 are registered under Mechanical The rest (1,201 PE’s) are registered under the various 86 different disciplines such as automotive, aeronautical etc. It is estimated that 2,000 , to 3,000 , P.E.s are Consulting Engineers or Practicing Engineers..

(14) Size of Consultant Engineer Practice BEM – ACEM ENGINEERING SURVEY 2003.. BEM-ACEM SURVEY 2003 BEM63% SMALL FIRMS 32% MEDIUM FIRMS. ACEA SURVEY 2001 AUSTRALIA 98% SMALL FIRMS (<20 EMPLOYEES).

(15) Breakdown of Staff (2002) BEM – ACEM ENGINEERING SURVEY 2003.. ESTIMATE WORK FORCE BEM--ACEM SURVEY 2003 BEM. 30,000 (YEAR 2002). ACEA SURVEY 2001 (AUSTRALIA) 42,000.

(16) So You are a Consulting Engineer ! RECOGNISED IN LAW AS A PROFESSIONAL BUT ALSO IMPLY RESPONSIBILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES BETWEEN PARTIES TO AN AGREEMENT!. BENEFITS. OBLIGATIONS & LIABILITIES.

(17) Fundamental Roles & Responsibilities off Consulting C lti E Engineers i z z z z z. Safet health and welfare Safety, elfare of the p public blic is paramount. Perform only in areas of competence competence. Faithful agent or trustee of the client A id d Avoid deceptive ti acts t iin solicitation li it ti off employment. Objective and truthful in public statements statements.. All off the th above b iis ttermed d “DUTY OF CARE”.

(18) Laws Having Direct Impact on the R l &R Roles Responsibilities ibiliti off Consultant Engineers Registration of Engineers Act 1158 Street, Drainage & Building Act 133 or the equivalent in Sabah Other Laws that a Consultant Engineer Should Know The CIDB Act The Company Act The Health & Safety Act The Housing Development Act The Employment/Contract Act The Common Law of the country Other related acts in the Building Industry eg. Environmental, Planning.

(19) The Registration of Engineers Act z. An Act of Parliament passed p in 1967 to regulate Engineers. z. The Board of Engineers Malaysia was formed in 1972.. z. The ACT was originally a reaction to building failures in the early 1970s. z. The “Engineers’ Act” is the p document in most important Law governing all Engineers.

(20) What is the Purpose of the Engineers Act ? z. The Registration of Engineers Act does not state its purpose, it leaves to the reader to figure out its purpose.. •. Other Acts for example of Queensland states the following; (a) to protect the public by ensuring professional engineering services are provided by a registered P.E. in a professional and competent way; and (b) to maintain public confidence in the standard of services provided by registered P.E.; and (c) to uphold the standards of practice of registered P.E.s. z. Policy statement by Professional Engineers Board Singapore; “The mission of the Professional Engineers Board is to safeguard lif property life, t and d welfare lf off the th public bli by b setting tti and d maintaining i t i i high standards for registering professional engineers and by regulating and advancing the practice of professional engineering.”. z. The main purpose of the Act is to safeguard and protect public interest although this is not mentioned explicitly..

(21) Declarations in Signing Form A, Form B1 & Form E in the Registration of Engineers Act z. For Form A – Graduate Engineers “ I agree to abide by the Registration of Engineers Regulations 1990, including the Code of Professional Conduct.”. z. Form B1 – Professional Engineers “ I am a Graduate Engineer, have undergone the prescribed practical experience, am a MIEM/have / passed the PAE and have complied with all the requirements off the Board”” “I agree to abide by the Registration of Engineers Regulations 1990, including the Code of Professional Conduct”. z. Form E – Engineering Consultancy Practice Submission of Statutory Declaration of sole proprietor/all partner in the partnership/all directors and shareholders in the body corporate.. z. The above two declarations in Form A & B1 are almost equivalent to a Statutory Declaration and each form has a WARNING at the end on PENALTY. z. The Professional Engineer accepts a specific code of conduct & ethics.. z. Hence Consultants responsibility will be to abide by the Engineers Act, the Regulations and Code of Professional Conduct..

(22) STREET DRAINAGE & BUILDING ACT 1974 The Act spelt out severe penalties lti for f defaulting engineers for design g failures.

(23) STREET DRAINAGE & BUILDING ACT 1974 Clause 71 ::z Where any building or part of a building fails in the course of construction or after completion etc. and such failures is due to; z z z. Misconstruction or lack of proper supervision during construction Misdesign or miscalculation; or Misuse The person responsible shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding Rm500,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both..

(24) UNIFORM BUILDING BYBY-LAWS 1984 Many complaints have been received by the Board pertaining to design issues based on this By-law especially from Local Authorities. Some punitive penalties are spelt out but the more severe penalties are in the Act under which this By-law falls into..

(25) UNIFORM BUILDING BYBY-LAWS 1984 In case of failures the Local Authority may invoked Clause 258 – Failure to Buildings ::--. z z z. z z z. In the event of failure the Qualified Person shall ::-report p such failure explain the cause of failure and if such failure occurred during construction, state the remedial action taken The Local Authority if it has reason to believe that a failure has occurred may require him ::-state whether such failure occurred explain why he failed to report such failure if such failure occurred during construction state the remedial action taken.

(26) Declarations under SDB Act & UBBL STREET, DRAINAGE BUILDING ACT; ACT;. AND. UNIFORM BUILDING BY BY--LAW. S Some standard t d d declarations d l ti required by local authorities. Tandatangan Jurutera Saya memperakui bahawa perincian dalam pelan pelan ini adalah menurut kehendak kehendak Undang Undang Kecil Bangunan 1985 dan saya terima tanggungjawab penuh dengan sewajarnya.. Tandatangan Jurutera I hereby to the best of my knowledge, knowledge certify that the following systems conform to the requirements of the Uniform Building By-Laws and other relevant standards and codes of practice specified by the Director General of Fire Services & Rescue Department, Malaysia: Systems. Standards System Certified. Sprinkler. CIFS/LPC. . Hose Reel BS 5306 : Part 1 Wet/Dry Riser. . BS 5306 : Part 1. Fire Alarm BS 5446 : 3116/CP 1019 CO2. NFPA 12. . . Fire Extinguishers. BSCP - 402 : Part 3. Down Comer. BS 5306. Wet Chemical. NFPA 17A. Smoke Detector. BS 5305 : Part 7. Heat Detector. BS 5445 : Part 5. . .

(27) Declarations under SDB Act & UBBL STREET, DRAINAGE BUILDING ACT ACT;;. AND. UNIFORM BUILDING BY BY--LAW Tandatangan Jurutera I hereby to the best of my knowledge, certify that the following systems conform to the requirements of the Uniform Building By-Laws and other relevant standards and codes of practice specified by the Director General of Fire Services & Rescue Department, Malaysia: Systems S stems Sprinkler Hos Reel Wet/Dry Riser Fire Alarm CO2 Fire Extinguishers Down Comer Wet Chemical Smoke Detector Heat Detector. Standards S stem Certified System CIFS/LPC BS 5306 : Part 1 BS 5306 : Part 1 BS 5446 : 3116/CP 1019 NFPA 12 BSCP - 402 : Part 3 Tandatangan Jurutera BS 5306 NFPA 17A Saya memperakui BS 5305 : Part 7 perincian dalam pelan BS 5445 : Part 5 . bahawa pelan ini adalah menurut kehendak kehendak Undang Undang Kecil Bangunan 1985 dan saya terima tanggungjawab penuh dengan sewajarnya..

(28) Declarations in Summaryy z z. A Consultant Engineer needs to declare upon registration with BEM. Standard declarations are required for Consulting Engineers for submission purposes under various building laws. Th Consulting The C lti Engineer E i mustt therefore; th f. z z z z z. Understands the Registration of Engineers Act as a basic minimum Be proficient in the technical standards for which he certify; Is fully proficient in all the Building Acts and ByBy-laws Understands and is aware of the type yp and extent of technical standards which is applicable in local engineering practice. Is aware of local regulations governing the building industry.. C Competency t iis a mustt to t ensure proficiency fi i in i items it listed above !.

(29) Fundamental Responsibility - “Duty of Care” What is “DUTY OF CARE” ? The Consultant Engineer OWES a “Duty of Care” to: The Public (Civil Law Act) His Client (Contract Law). Torts T t Æ pron pron.. ‘tors’ ‘t ’ Æ “civil “ i il wrongs nott arising i i outt off contractual obligations”. obligations”. “Tort Laws” are a body y of laws addressing g remedies arising g from torts, e.g. Civil Law Act. Act. Test of “Duty of Care” is “... a person pursuing a common calling is liable in damage for failure to exercise that skill which is normally expected from a person pursuing that calling…” “Common Calling” – refers to a skilled craftsman, tradesman or professional..

(30) Fundamental Responsibility - “Duty of Care” DUTY OF CARE The Bolam Test has since p pass into the body of Malaysian Law Law... THE BOLAM TEST. Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, U.K. [ 1957 ] Generally, it is sufficient for the engineer concerned, to exercise the ordinary skill of an ordinary engineer exercising their particular art. Msian Law Journal (2001) 4MLJ, James Ponniah Joseph. Highland Tower Ruling, K.L. High Court, Aug 2000: the learned jjudge g ruled that “... the unqualified q architect who undertook the works would be judged on the standard of a reasonably qualified architect ...” Thus even an unregistered engineer who practices engineering will be liable under Civil Law!.

(31) Fundamental Responsibility - “Duty of Care” DUTY OF CARE Dr Abdul Hamid Rashid v Jurusan Malaysian Consultants [1997] 3 MLJ 546 the court held that there was an implied term in the agreement that the fourth defendant, by publicly proclaiming himself as a consulting civil engineer to the general public, was expected to take reasonable care and skill in the performance of his craft. g Loon v Highland g Properties p Sdn Bhd & Ors [[2000]] 4 CLJ 508,, Steven Phoa Cheng the condition of the land on which the building is to be built as well as those in the vicinity must be considered and evaluated, particularly if it has potential to adversely affect the building that is being planned. A Consulting Engineer is liable even in the absence of a written contract or appointment. appointment. Th vicinity i i it off the th site it mustt be b considered id d (even ( t id the th The if outside battery limit of contract). contract)..

(32) Fundamental Responsibility - “Duty of Care” DUTY OF CARE - CONCLUSION CONSULTING ENGINEERS TO NOTE THAT *. Engineers are required to be proficient in engineering practice, standards, code of practice and regulations.. *. Skills considered ‘expert level’ in yesteryears will become “normal normal practice practice” in present times times.. This requires engineers to have CPD in order to stay current in his practice. practice.. *. Even nonnon-registered engineers who practice engineering will b subject be bj to Torts T ( (tort laws). l laws) ).. *. Once professional service(s) is rendered, an engineer is liable pp even in the absence of a written contract or appointment (contract law). law)..

(33) Failure of Consulting Engineers to Discharge their Role & Responsibilities The Consulting Engineer can expect complaints from; Members of the public & individuals Non-governmental organizations eg. Residents Associations Government organizations eg. JKR, LLM, Local authorities Concessionare companies eg. IWK, Water authorities Your customers eg. House buyers Your own Clients & Contractors Fellow Engineers. • • • • • • •. * * *. The most common type of complaints may be categorized as o o s; follows; Administrative cases – Eg. Not renewing registration Violation of the Act Eg. Taking over the work of another Engineer without L L.O.R. OR Negligence cases – Eg. Design flaws.

(34) Federal Court Sets Rule on Discipline of Professionals This case which appears in BEM Bulletin is the deregistration of an Engineer because of a collapse of a linkway bridge at Shah Alam causing a fatal accident. The Engineer was charged and found guilty by the Board. z. z. z z z. There are five(5) charges against the Engineer; (1) Failed to exercise any or adequate care to ensure that the design of the said linkway bridge was in accordance with good engineering practice. practice (2) Failed to carry out any or adequate periodic inspections of the construction works and to check whether the works were executed in accordance to good engineering practice. (3) Failed to comply with UBBL by failure to supervise the works as the Qualified Person in submitting the drawings etc. to Majlis. (4) Failed to comply with UBBL by failing to discharge your responsibility as the Qualified Person. (5) Failed to take any adequate steps to ensure that the drawings are submitted to Majlis.. In all the five charges the statement ‘….. fail to have full and proper regard for the public interest …’ precedes it..

(35) The Highland Tower Case z z. z. The Board has cancelled the registration of the Engineer involved. The Board came to the decision to cancel his registration at a h i where hearing h th three charges h were b brought ht against i t hi him; (1) for assisting in the application of CF when the drainage system had not been completed (2) for signing the infrastructure plans to obtain CF although he did not design or supervise the earthworks, retaining walls, road & drainage works (3) for having failed to advise the possibility of a landslide and the design of the foundation do not cater for this This case was also brought to the Courts where the plaintiff seek redressed from the Consultant, Developers and Majlis. The Court proportion the blame to the parties involved. Apart from being deregistered the Engineer was still subjected to a civil suit..

(36) Design flaws. Consultant faces legal action.

(37) Design flaws. Failure to produce the design with reasonable skill and care.

(38) WHAT IF THINGS GO BADLY WRONG Avoid outrage ¾ Take T k promptt action ti ¾ Really help ¾ Get expert advice early ¾ Keep the Client informed ¾ Secure essential records ¾ Seek legal ad advice ice !!!!! ¾.

(39) DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU !.

(40) DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU !.

(41) DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU ! 6th December D b 2008. BUKIT ANTARABANGSA LANDSLIDE.

(42) DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU ! 28th May 2009.

(43) DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU ! 2nd June 2009.

(44) WHITHER PROFESSIONALISM New Straits Times The Collapse of P f Professionalism i li. 4th. June 2009. New Straits Times 4th. June 2009. Quote “…. we also loose a little more of the trust that we still have for the expertise and ethics of the architects and engineers. It is time for the professional associations and the statutory bodies to step up and act on any failure to carry out their duties with due care and diligence in accordance with the laws and ethics that govern their professions.” Unquote. The Consulting Engineer g ee. Where is Professionalism Heading?.

(45) Consulting Engineering a Risky Business ? ¾. Do all projects come through design and construction smelling roses ?. ¾. Business or profession ?. ¾. What about liabilities ?. ¾. Do you have Professional Indemnity ?.

(46) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK Apply Design Codes & Building Regulations Judiciously D i Design codes d & regulations l ti helps h l you decide acceptable risk levels and tend to express the general judgment or assessments of experienced engineers However proper judgment always overrides general stated code or regulatory requirements..

(47) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Use UpUp p-to to--Date Technology gy Engineers are obliged to keep up with technological knowledge and not be by by-passed by p y improved p methods and materials What was an acceptable risk in the past may no longer be accepted today.

(48) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Stay Within Your Area of Competence There is a great temptation to offer all sorts of services in order to make money. You may design drainage all your life and when h opportunity t it comes knocking k ki att one’’s door to design a 60 one 60--storey building. What do you do? A professional f i l knows k his hi limits li it and d will ill seek expert advice.

(49) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Who is the customer ? The q question appears pp trivial,, it must be one’’s client. Is he not that the customer ? one The client is ‘one one’’ customer but when considering risk; the customer is anyone who has rights from the consultant services and the results from them i.e. the public bli.

(50) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Do not g give design g guarantees g for designs g Guarantees are ideal for factoryfactory-type situation; prototypes are build, tested & tried out,, flaws are detected before production p gets g rolling Building design offer one one--off custom designs and construction usually by others. All building designs are prototypes..

(51) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Develop p and maintain good g records This seems obvious obvious, a consultant would want to prove his case if an argument arose. But records do more than that. Good records help communication & people check records when an apparent dispute first arises..

(52) KNOW & CONTROL THE REAL RISK(Cont’d) ( ) Communication A consultant communication skills with his client is important to inform him of his risk in any yp project j ventures. The need to talk to y your client at all times as the professional advising him as a lay lay-man..

(53) Consultant Engineer Roles & Responsibilities z. Accepts professional responsibility for the work he does. z. Provides professional engineering services based on objective and impartial evaluation. z. Spec a es in hiss own Specializes o major ajo b branch a c o of engineering as well as having a broad background of experience. z. Possesses the necessary qualifications to practice in one or more of the various branches of Engineering.

(54) Consultant Engineer Roles & Responsibilities z. Devotes himself to advising his Client on engineering matters or to designing and supervising the construction of engineering works. z. Is not directly or indirectly concerned or interested in commercial or manufacturing interests such as would ld ttend d tto iinfluence fl hi his exercise i off independent professional judgment in the matters upon which he advises. advises. z. Employs his own qualified staff and maintains his own office and technical equipment.

(55) Consultant Engineer Roles & Responsibilities z. Will b be jjudged d db by hi his peers if anything thi goes wrong. z. Will be guided in all his professional relations by the highest standards of integrity, and will act in professional matters for each Client or Employer as a faithful agent or trustee. z. Will ha have e proper regard for the safet safety, health health, and welfare of the public in the performance of his professional duties p. z. If his engineering judgment is overruled by nonnont h i l authority, technical th it h he will ill clearly l l point i t outt th the consequences.

(56) Consultant Engineer Roles & Responsibilities z. For the Consultant to be professional it implies that he will make maximum use of his skill and knowledge and he will use his competence p to the fullest extent;; 1. With complete honesty and integrity 2. With his best effort in spite of the fact that frequently neither Client nor Employer p y is able to evaluate that effort 3. With the consciousness that the profession of Consultant Engineering is often judged by the performance of a single individual 4. With a duty of care for his Client and the public at large. He is responsible for a sound and economic design..

(57) A Summary of the C Consulting onsulting Engineers Liabilities The Consultant Engineer. Civil Law Ci il L Act. Registration of Engineers Act Street, Drainage and Building Act and Building Act Contract Law. Public. Duty of care to the public. Breach of registration/ethics. Breach of Regulations. BEM. Local Authorities. Fiduciary interest & duty of care to Client. Client.

(58) THANK YOU.

(59)

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