Chapter 20 Study Guide
Vocab:
1, Estates General: a legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
2 . National Assembly: the first French revolutionary legislature made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy in session from 1789 - 1791
3 . Constitutional Monarchy: a form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.
4 . Dechristianization: A campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government.
5. Continental System: a blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain thereby weakening the British economy and military.
6 . Great Fear: the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt
7 . Jacobin Club: A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.
8 . Reign of Terror: The period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed. 9 . Second Revolution: From 1792-195 the second phase of the French Revolution during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.
10 . Girondists: A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
11 . Sans- Culottes: The laboring poor of Paris so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.
12 . Thermidorian reaction: A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794 resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
13 . Grand Empire: The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
15. The Mountain: led by Robespierre the French National Conventions radiacal faction which seized legislative power in 1793
16. Chapelier laws: Workers could not organize in such a way as to resemble the abolished guilds of the Old regime -Left the market place uncontrolled.
17. Assignats: government bonds, value guaranteed by the sale of church land.
18. Émigrés: – nobles, clergy and others who had fled France told stories of how they lost their privileges, land, and religion.
19. “Cult of the Supreme Being”: Civic religion that would induce morality among citizens
Multiple Choices:
1, On what basis have revisionists historians rejected the traditional interpretation that the French Revolution has its origins in growing tensions between the nobility sand the Bourgeoisie? Both the nobility and the bourgeoisie were riddled with internal rivalries that precluded identifying these two groups as unified blocks opposing each other.
2. List each member of the three estates. Clergy, Nobility, Third estate was everyone else (Bourgeoisie and peasantry)
3. Describe the economic problems Louis XV faced. Louis XIV had left the country in debt, the govern. Wanted to raise the taxes on the first and second estates, there was a poor harvest that sent food prices skyrocketing, gov. was borrowing more money.
4. How was Louis XV stripped of the sacred aura of God’s anointed on earth and what is that called? He allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets. It is called
5. What happened when Louis XVI tried to raise taxes? Both the Clergy and Nobility (Estates one and two) refused to pay them so Louis dismissed the Parliament and went ahead and raised the taxes himself.
7. Explain the significance and events surrounding the Tennis Court Oath: The Third Estate wanted all three estates to meet in a single body with votes counted “by head”. The Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and created the National Assembly. Locked out of the Estates General, they met on the Tennis Court and vowed to never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until they had written a sound and just constitution.
8. What is significant of July 14, 1789? The storming of the Bastille became a symbol of the French Revolution – the French still celebrate July 14th as their national holiday.
9. Be able to identify at least 4 of the rights under the Declaration of the Rights of Man: All men, were born and remain free and equal in rights, Natural rights of liberty, property and security, and free from oppression. Government exists to protect the natural rights, innocent until proven guilty, freedom of speech. All Frenchmen had equal rights to hold public offices Freedom of religion Taxes based on ability to pay. Innocent until proved guilty.
10. Why did the women march on the palace of Versailles? They wanted support from the Queen, they wanted the king and royal family to return to Paris.
11. Describe the type of government that was to be designed under the Constitution of 1791. Set up a limited constitutional monarchy. Unicameral legislative assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes and decide issues of war and peace.
12. Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women? Olympe de Gouges
13. What changes were made in the Catholic Church under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy? National Assembly took over the Catholic Church. They established a national church - Bishops and Priests became elected and salaried. They were required to take an oath to the new government. Religious toleration was given to Jews and Protestants.
14. Who wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”? Mary Wollstonecraft
16. Name the four new political parties that came out of the Second Revolution. Jacobins, Girondists, San-Culottes, Mountain. The Jacobins banned all women from political activity because it distracted women form proper domestic duties.
17. How did Louis XVI die? Beheaded by the new Guillotine
18. What was the makeup of the Committee of Public Safety? 12 members with unquestioned power. To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to the French from without and within.
19. Describe Robespierre – his rule (power) and be sure to include the Reign of Terror.
20. List all the items found in the “De-Christianization of the Church”. New calendar dating from the first day of the French Republic. Twelve months with 30 days each. Names associated with the seasons and climate was changed. Every 10th day was a holiday. Cathedral of Notre Dame was renamed the
“Temple of Reason”. Priests were forced to marry.
21. What is the Law of 22 Prairial? Permitted the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them
22. Describe the new government under the Constitution of the Year III (1795). Legislature consisted of two houses. Council of elders. Council of Five Hundred: Executive Five person directory whom the Elders would choose from a list the Council of Five Hundred submitted
24. How did Napoleon make peace with the church? The Pope selected their replacements based on spirituality. The State named the bishops and paid their salaries and the salary of one priest in each parish. The church gave up its rights to confiscated land. The clergy did have to take an oath of loyalty to the state.
25. What was in the Civil Code of 1804 – a.k.a. The Napoleonic Code? The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property. Privileges based on birth were abolished. Employment based on merit rather than purchase was enforced. Workers organizations were forbidden Fathers were granted extensive control over their children, husbands over wives. 26. What was the secret of Napoleon’s military success? He could put as many as 700,000 men under arms at one time, risk as many as 100,000 men in a single battle, return and fight again. His men were extremely loyal.
27. Describe Napoleon’s victories in Austria, and Prussia.
28. What was the Continental System and why didn’t it work? He planned to cut off all British trade with the European continent and thus cripple British commercial and financial power. Despite initial drops in exports the British economy survived. He ended up hurting his own economy.
29. Describe the Battles for Russia.
30. What countries made up the European Coalition? (Quadruple Alliance) Russia Great Britain, Austria and Prussia
31. What were the Hundred Days? Napoleon returns from exile on Elba on March 1, 1815 the French Army is still loyal to him. Restored to power, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies declared him an outlaw and sent their armies to crush him. Wellington with Field Marshal von Blucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 181
