TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS ii iii iv v vi vii xi xii xv xviii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Overview 1.2. Motivation 1.3. Problem Statement 1.4. Research Objectives 1.5. Scope of Work
1.6. Significant Contribution of Research 1.7. Organization of the Thesis
1 3 4 5 5 6 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Overview
2.2. Wireless Communication Technologies
7 7
2.3. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
2.4. Medium Access Control (MAC) Techniques 2.5. MAC Protocol Design Consideration
2.5.1 Wireless System Limitations 2.5.2 Hardware Characteristic
2.5.3 Problems in Designing MAC Protocol 2.6 Review of MAC Protocol for Wireless Network
2.6.1 Random Access: The ALOHA System 2.6.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Scheme
2.6.3 CSMA with Collision Avoidance
2.6.4 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 2.7 Contention Based MAC for WSN
2.7.1 Sensor MAC (S-MAC) 2.7.2 Preamble Sampling Scheme 2.8 Scheduled-based Access Schemes
2.8.1 Data-gathering Medium Access Control (DMAC)
2.8.2 Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access (TRAMA) Protocol
2.8.3 Eyes Medium Access Control (EMAC) 2.8.4 Lightweight Medium Access Control
(LMAC) 2.9 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard 2.10 Summary 10 11 12 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 21 21 23 24 24 26 27 29 29 31 3 DESIGN OF EL-MAC PROTOCOL
3.1. Overview
3.2. Enhanced Lightweight Medium Access Control (eL-MAC) Protocol
3.3. General eL-MAC Packet Structure 3.4. Beacon Packet Structure
33 34 35 36
3.5. eL-MAC Distributed Timeslot Allocation Mechanism
3.6. Timeslot Synchronization in eL-MAC
3.7. Adaptive Multi-Timeslot Allocation (AMTA) 3.8. The Efficiency of Energy Consumption in eL-MAC 3.9. Summary 37 40 42 44 47 4 SIMULATION STUDY OF EL-MAC PROTOCOL
4.1 Overview
4.2 The WSN Simulator (MoteSim) 4.2.1 Path Loss Shadowing Model 4.3 Benchmark
4.4 Simulation Setup 4.5 Simulation Result
4.5.1 Comparison of Contention-based and Scheduled-based MAC Protocols 4.5.2 Performance of eL-MAC 4.5 Summary 48 49 50 53 54 55 55 60 65 5 eL-MAC EXPERIMENTAL TEST BED
5.1 Overview
5.2 Development of WSN Test-bed 5.2.1 Hardware Platform: TelosB
5.2.2 Software Platform: Tiny Operating System (TinyOS)
5.3 Development of eL-MAC Protocol in Test-bed 5.4 Implementation of eL-MAC in TinyOS
5.4.1 Design of ElmacRadioC Module 5.4.2 Design of ElmacC Module 5.4.3 Design of DebugC Module 5.4.4 Design of AppC Module 5.5 Experiment Setup 5.6 Experiment Result 66 67 67 68 72 72 81 81 84 89 90
Appendices A – C 106 -117 5.7 Summary 93 6 CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Overview 6.2 Future Works 94 96 REFERENCES 98
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1
Characteristics of typical radio used in sensor nodes Neighborhood table contents
The value of variables for the energy calculation
Data collection from field measurement of signal strength 14 39 45 50
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14
Examples of WSN application in real world implementation
MAC in the OSI reference model
An integrated global wireless network (WWAN) consists of WMAN, WLAN and WPAN networks
Existing sensor nodes available in the market Example of a TDMA frame structure
Wireless node communication problems; hidden nodes, exposed nodes and capture
Physical and virtual carrier sensing mechanisms applied in IEEE 802.11
Periodic listen and sleep technique in S-MAC
Relationship of timing diagram between receiver and multiple senders
Typical preamble sampling technique
Data gathering tree with staggered slots applied in DMAC protocol
Architecture of timeslot in TRAMA
A network of sensor nodes which consist of active (which acts as anchor and bridge) and passive nodes
A clustered-based network architecture supported by IEEE 802.15.4 standard
The IEEE 802.15.4 superframe architecture with CAP and CFP slots 2 8 9 11 15 20 19 21 22 24 25 26 28 30 31
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11
Frame structure for eL-MAC protocol
Physical layer and general MAC layer packet structures Beacon payload structure
States diagram for distributed timeslot assignment Distributed timeslot assignment in eL-MAC
The process flow of updating the synchronization node The lifetime of sensor node with different number of timeslot per frame
The relationship between the sensor node lifetime and timeslot length
Simulator architecture
The correlation between signal strength and distance Samples of simulated received signal strength at various shadowing deviation
Nodes are placed in equidistant to the sink node Nodes topology in PRR experiment
Throughput analysis for CSMA and LMAC protocols Performance of CSMA and LMAC protocols under homogenous unicast traffic. (a) Packet delivery ratio and (b) Completion time
Performance of CSMA and LMAC protocols under homogenous unicast traffic. (a) Average power consumed per node and (b) Efficiency of energy usage
Throughput analysis of LMAC and variation of eL-MAC protocols with and without AMTA mechanism
Performance analysis of variation of eL-MAC protocols compared to LMAC protocol under homogenous unicast traffic condition. (a) Packet delivery ratio and (b)
completion time
Performance analysis of variation of eL-MAC protocols compared to LMAC protocol under homogenous unicast traffic condition. (a) average power consumed per node, and (b) the efficiency of energy usage
34 35 37 38 40 41 46 46 49 51 52 53 54 56 58 59 61 63 64
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21
TelosB hardware platform TelosB block diagram
The Cygwin application used to compile TinyOS source code
Flow chart diagram of the eL-MAC development in test bed.
The architecture of ElmacRadioC module
Flow diagram for data transmission in CC2420 radio transceriver
The example of pin activity during packet transmission The architecture of ElmacReceiveP module
CC2420 radio transceiver’s pins activity during packet reception
Flow diagram for data reception in CC2420 radio transceiver
eL-MAC protocol architecture implemented in TinyOS DebugC module architecture implemented in TinyOS Example of Debug interface usage in SendData function implemented in ElmacC module
The architecture of AppC module in TinyOS The architecture of ChanUtilP module in TinyOS The architecture of PrrP module in TinyOS
The UML code for data storage structure in flash memory The architecture of ErrorManagerP module in TinyOS (a) Sensor node mounted on top of a stand and (b) sink node is connected to the base station through USB cable in the test bed setup
Comparison between experiment and simulation result for the throughput analysis
Comparison between experiment and simulation for the packet received ratio analysis
67 68 70 71 73 75 76 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 92 92
LIST OF SYMBOLS
- Reference distance
- Energy consumption in eL-MAC protocol - Energy used per frame
- Initial energy
- Power used in power down mode
- Received signal strength at reference distance - Received signal strength at distance
- Power used to receive data - Power used to transmit data - Minimized total error
- Time to transmit beacon message - Lifetime of sensor node
- Time to listen to beacon message
_ - Time to transmit a maximum length of data - Time while node in power down mode - Time to stay in sleep mode
, - Timeslot length
- Gaussian random variable - Shadowing deviation in dB - An OR operation
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACK AEA AMTA API ASHRAE BMAC CAP CDMA CFP CR CRC CSMA CSMA_ACK CSMA-MPS CTS DCF DFI DLL DMAC EMAC ELMAC10 ELMAC10_ AMTA ELMAC50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Acknowledgement
Adaptive election algorithm Adaptive multi-timeslot allocation Application programming interface
American society of heating, refrigerating and air-conditioning engineers
Berkeley medium access control Contention access period
Code division multiple access Contention free period
Communication request Cyclic redundancy check Carrier sense multiple access CSMA with acknowledgement
CSMA with minimum preamble sampling Clear-to-send
Distributed coordinated function Data forwarding interruption Dynamic link library
Data-gathering medium access control Eyes medium access control
eL-MAC with 10% duty cycle
eL-MAC with AMTA and 10% duty cycle eL-MAC with 50% duty cycle
ELMAC50_ AMTA eL-MAC FDMA FFD FRTS GUI HVAC IEEE IP ITU-T LED LMAC LPL MAC MACA MACAW Mbps MFR MHR NAMA NAV NesC NP NS2 OS OSI PAN PC PCS PRR PS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
eL-MAC with AMTA and 50% duty cycle Enhanced lightweight medium access control Frequency division multiple access
Full functional device Future request-to-send Graphical user interface
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet protocol
International telecommunication union – telecommunication sector
Light-emitting diode
Lightweight medium access control Low power listening
Medium access control
Multiple access with collision avoidance MACA for WLAN
Mega bit per second MAC footer
MAC header
Node activation multiple access Network allocation vector Network embedded system C Neighbor protocol
Network simulator version 2 Operating system
Open system interconnection Personal area network Personal computer Packet check sequence Packet received ratio Power save
RFD RID RSSI RTS SABER SEP SMD SPI STEM SYNC S-MAC TA TC TDMA TinyOS TRAMA T-MAC UML USB WLAN WMAN WPAN WSN WWAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Reduced functional device Radio interference detection Received signal strength indicator Request-to-send
Sensors and buildings engineering research center Schedule exchange protocol
Surface mount device Serial peripheral interface
Sparse topology and energy management Synchronize
Sensor medium access control Time active
Traffic control
Time division multiple access Tiny operating system
Traffic-adaptive medium access Timeout medium access control Unified modeling language Universal serial bus
Wireless local area network Wireless metro area network Wireless personal area network Wireless sensor network Wireless wide area network
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A B C CC2420 Specifications TELOSB Specifications Derivation of Equation 3.3 106 114 115
