CHAPTER 1: THE SETTING
THE PEOPLE-A Filipino is basically a Malay. COMMON TRAITS
Hospitality- makes life worth living for you.
Close family ties-father is the head of the
family.
-the mother governs.
-the grandparents’ opinions and decisions are the most sought.
-the tyranny of the elders has remained basically the same.
Respect for elders- the filipino parent exercise
almost absolute powers.
-the elders believe and demand that they must be obeyed- whether right or wrong.
-Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom. -the closeness of the family ties, the collective responsibility, accounts for late development of Filipino nationalism.
Fatalistic- he believes that whatever happens
to him is a work of fate. -“bahala na”
- such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense of resignation.
-bahala na attitude prevents him from being a crackpot.
Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishment
that can be meted out to a person who betrayed his friend.
Sensitive- the “Anglo Saxon” frankness is
something the Filipino seldom appreciates.
-He would not tolerate anyone berating his
countryman.
Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of the
tropical climate.
-also because of abundance of Nature.
Lack of Iniative- explained by filipino’s fear of
competition.
-filipinos are cooperative, not competitive. - the segurista attitude of Filipinos.
Curious- tainted with sympathy.
-filipinos are solicitous. They offer unsolicited
help.
Individualistic
Jealousy- A Filipino requires complete faith and
loyalty of his wife or sweetheart. YUN OHHH! XD <3
-blood is required to wash his stain of honor.
Regionalistic- lalo na kapag political situations. -Tagalogs are the least, if, all, regionalistic. -Thye Filipino region looks down upon his
countryman of another region.
-influenced by the “divide and conquer” of
Spain.
Pakikisama- most discussed trait.
-nagbago na ang meaning as time pass by. -mabuting pakikisama= stealing at government. -masamang pakikisama= too honest.
REGIONAL TRAITS
- Poor isolated regions are frugal and industrious.
- More opulent areas are known for their careless abandon and love for finer things.
Ilocano- also called as Samtoy.
-adventurous, industrious, hardy, patient, frugal.
-carves fortune and most of his time succeeds.
- not born humorist. Serious. -epic type sa writings. -elephantine.
-most regionalistic.
-ethics are strict, pride is fierce.
-strongest tendency to live with his parents even after marriage.
-lyrical in writing. - a dreamer.
Bicolano- calm temper and is religious.
Visayan- happy go lucky.
-spendthrift.
-afflicted with wanderlust. -hedonist.
-more in music.
Muslim- fiercest lover of freedom.
CHAPTER 2: BEFORE THE CONQUEST
- Philippines was part of mainland China daw nung Pleistocene or Ice Age.
- Dr Fritjof Voss: Philippines was never a
mainland of Asia but it rose from the bottom of the sea.
- H. Otley Beyer- Malays migrated to the
Phils.
- Landa Jocano- fossil evidences are found in
Phils. Tabon cave in Palawan etc.. - Mudum founded Islam in Malaysia.
- Serif Kabungsuan spreaded Islam in Mindanao. First sultan of Mindanao. - Orang Dampuan, or the Men form Champa,
established trading posts in Sulu,resulting to flourishing trade between Sulu and
Southern Annam.
- Ming emperor Yung Lo sent a large fleet consisting of more than sixty vessels under command of Admiral Cheng Ho.
- The Ten Bornean Datus, reached Panay,
which was inhabited by Atis, to buy land where their families could settle peacefully. - The Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw- by thirrd
chief of Panay, Datu Kalantiyaw.
- China influences Filipino life were mainly
economic.
- Indian influences were mainly reflected on
Philippine languages.
Chapter 3 - EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
[CULTURE CLOSE TO MALAYS]
CLOTHING
- Male – KANGGAN – upper, black or blue collarless jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG – strip of cloth; thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG – cloth wrapped around the head.
- Woman – BARO/CAMISA – jacket with sleeves. SAYA – by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG – by the Visayas. TAPIS – cloth wrapped around the waist.
ORNAMENTS – Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, gold
ornaments, and tatoos.
Pintados – the Visayans or ‘tattooed people’ called by the early Spanish writers
HOUSES
Barrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bamboo and nipa-palm leaves)
- Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – houses on tree tops
- Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) – houses on boats
SOCIAL CLASSES
3 Classes of the Philippine Society:
1. Nobles – cheifs and their families, tremendous influence. In the Taglog region they are are called GAT of LAKAN.
2. Mahadlika/Freeman – dependents who earned freedom.
3. Alipin/Dependents – acquired his status by inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by commiting crime. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – has own family and house, helps his master.
ALIPING SAGIGILID – no property of his own, lived with his master, cannot marry without master’s consent.
VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so) TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-day work)
POSITION OF WOMEN
- Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property, engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay in the absence of a male heir, right to give names to their children.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, and wedding festival
- BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents - PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mother’s nocturnal
efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
- BIGAY-SUSO girl’s wet nurse who fed her during her infancy with her own milk.
- HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents - SAMBON bribe to be given to the girl’s relatives;
from the Zamblas
- PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship immediately before the marriage
(Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39) - PEGKAWIG wedding festival; six days of festivity;
seventh night is when the groom spends the night with his bride
- HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple
MIXED MARRIAGES
- If a couple belonged to different classes, they would divide their children in so far as social status was concerned
INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION
- The legitimate children automatically inherits the property of their parents.
- Property was divided among the children (favoritism may occur)
- The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed his father, if he died without leaving an heir the second son will follow.
- In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter will became chiefcaptain.
GOVERNMENT
- BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat)
- Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge and supreme commander in time of war)
- Consisted from 30-100 families
- BUWIS or tributes paid to the chieftain; crops
- SANGDUGUAN/blood compact, a treaty of friendship and alliance; “blood-brothers”
- VENGEANCE motive power that drove the men of the barangays to cut each other’s throat.
LAWS
- Customary laws handed down orally from
generation to another and consisted the bulk of the laws of the barangay
- Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders; Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws
- Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine
- Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small
fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for a number of hours
HOW A LAW WAS MADE
- ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains decisions; the jury
- UMALOHOKAN or public announcer; announcer of new rules and regulations; carries a bell to call attention
JUDICIAL PROCESS
- Trials were held publicly and decisions were rendered promptly
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
- Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scalded hand=guilty
- Lighted candles; fire out=guilty
- Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the surface first=guilty
- Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out; thick saliva=guilty
IFUGAOS
- BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty - ALAW/combat;loser=guilty
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
- Immortality of the soul and life after death - BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity
- BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of the earth and man
Deities: Idiyanale - agriculture Sidapa – death Balangaw – rainbow Mandarangan – war Agni – fire
Magwayen – other world Lalahon – harvest
Siginarugan – hell Diyan Masalanta – love
- Importance of the relationship between man and the object of Nature
- Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan)
- Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses
BURIAL
- MOROTAL mourning for a woman - MAGLAHI mourning for a man - LARAW mourning for a dead chief
- SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables - BALATA or avenging the death of a relative from an
act of foul play or battle
- PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person - TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead
- TIBAW the play so staged
DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS
- Interpreted signs in Nature Beings:
- PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody who cared to know beforehand what the days ahead had in store for him
- ASUWANG or poltergeist (European)
- MANGKUKULAM pricking an image of a man in any part of the anatomy
- MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he wanted to destroy
- TIYANAK sucking blood from unborn babies
- TIKBALANG misleads travelers by shifting its own form
Charms:
Anting-anting/agimat – insured against dangers Gayuma – makes a man lovable to all the ladies Odom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) – makes a Bicolano invisible
Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) – walk in a storm or swim in a river without getting wet Tagahupa – the unfortunate drinker will be a vassal to the man with the magic potion
ECONOMIC LIFE
- AGRICULTURE is the main source of livelihood
- Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage
- Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam, Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the old Malaysia.
- Barter System was used
- Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs
Chapter 4 – PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE
LANGUAGES
- 8 major languages; Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan, Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao
SYSTEM OF WRITING
- TAGALOG has four qualities of the four greatest languages of the world; Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Spanish.
- Ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves and bamboo tubes, using their knives, daggers, pointed sticks or iron as pens
LITERATURE
- Floating or oral literature and written literature. - Examples: sabi, sawikain, bugtong, suliranin and
indulanin, talindaw, diyuma,
kumintang,tagumpay,hiliraw,uyayi and hele
MUSIC and DANCE
- Filipinos are born musicians, for they easily learn tunes by ear
- KUDYAPI small guitar; symbol of poetry - Numerous musical instruments, songs, and
dances around the country (pp.62-64)
- First glimpse of artistic sense are through tools and weapons
- Zizag designs on combs, rough jewalries or weapons before now smoothened,
embroidered garments
- Basketry, weaving, metal work, wood carving, wood painting, multi-colored paintings by the Lanao Muslims
-
Chapter 5 – UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN
GOSPEL – spreading of the Catholic religion
GOLD – economic ideals, riches, spices, minerals
GLORY- to be known throughout the world; strong
country, more territories
Maritime discovery of the Philippines, (1) by
Portugal (2) by Spain
EAST MEETS WEST
- Food more palatable; search for spices: pepper,
cinnamon, cloves,nutmeg and ginger
- Black pepper (very expensive) = buy land, pay
taxes, liberate a city, pay dowries
- The POPE, only known power in European
relations
LUISTANIAN-HISPANIC RIVALRY IN MARITIME
DISCOVERIES
- PORTUGAL was the first country to use
innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding with
the eastablishment by HENRY ‘THE NAVIGATOR’
of the first navigational school in the globe at
SAGRES POINT in 1419
- Paolo Toscanelli a Florentine mapmaker
- Christopher Columbus wanted to discover
westward sea route to India; his voyage
generated misapprehension and dispute
between Spain and Portugal.
- King John (OF Portugal) protested that
Columbus’ voyage was an incursion by Spain oh
his sphere of influence
- Pope Alexander VI mediated between Spain and
Portugal
- INTER CAETERA and EXIMIAE DEVOTIONIS
giving Spain the right over any lands
newly-discovered by Columbus equivalent to the
Portuguese territories; the Portuguese did not
agree and worked on its revision.
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION(1518-1521)
- RUY FALEIRO a brilliant cosmographer that
egged to serve Spain as he was then not in the
good graces of Lisbon court
- FERDINAND MAGELLAN received royal
instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to
bring back a cargo of the priceless spices; five
antiquated shipes and with a crew of 235 men
- MARCH 17, 1521 Magellan reached the
Philippines
- APRIL 1521 Magellan was defeated and killed in
battle in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,
the chieftans of Mactan
- VICTORIA the only ship that completed the
voyage back to Spain in 1522, led by JUAN
SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; 18 Europeans and 4
Malays survived
MALUKU and the PHILIPPINES
- Three Spanish expeditions that followed
Magellan’s; Saavedra (1527),
Villalobos(1541-46), Legazpi(1564)
- Seven ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint
command of GARCIA JOFRE DE LOAISA and
JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; the two
commanders died and was replaced by
HERNANDO DE LA TORRE
- ALONSO DE SAAVEDRA CERON, squadron of 3
ships and 150 men; search for any survivors of
the Magellan, Loaisa, and Cabot(1526)
TREATY OF ZARAGOZA(1529)
- King Charles V ceded his alleged rights to
Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000
ducats.
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546)
- RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370
men
- Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543
as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprince
Philip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE,
commander of the ship San Juan de Letran
LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564)
- Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached
Cebu and contracted blood compacts with Si
Katunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol.
- VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDAD
DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after the
discovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became the
first Spanish town established in the
Archipelago.
THE SPANISH INDIO
- it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an
almost bloodless conquest of the Philippines
considering its physical and human geography
- with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, the
indios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
- 1565-1821, the Philippines was a
captaincy-general administered by the Spanish king
through the viceroyalty of Nueva
Espana(Mexico)
- Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y
Supremo Consejo de las Indias) governed all
Spanish possesions
- The King is the paramount lawmaker and
administrator over-seeing the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
- The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681
- Diff. levels of administration: Central or
National, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barrio
levels
- Intramuros, seat of power in Manila
- GOBERNADOR-GENERAL commander-in-chief of
the army and the navy; president of the Real
Audiencia (Supreme Court - highest judicial
body); power over ecclesiastical appointments
in the church; supervise mission work; salary
P40,000 per annum
- ALCALDE MAYOR for the pacified provinces;
corregimientos were headed by corregidores;
executive, military and judicial powers; engaging
in trade; only a SPANIARD
- Villas were governed by the AYUNTAMIENTO
RESIDENCIA AND VISITA
- RESIDENCIA the judicial review of a
residenciado conducted at the end of his term
of office, supervised publicly by a juez de
residencia; if guilty of misconduct= fines,
dismissed from office, expelled from colony, or a
combination of all
- VISITA specific visita, an investigation of a single
official or a province; general visita, an
investigation of the whole viceroyalty (Mexico
or Philippines)
FILIPINO BUREAUCRATS
- Gobrnadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio
- GOBERNADORCILLO the highest government
position a Filipino could attain during the
Spanish regime.
- CABEZA DE BARANGAY tax and contributions
collector for the gobernadorcillo.
THE AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
- ANTI-FRIAR DEMONSTRATION by DOROTEO
CORTES
- FRAILOCRACIA/FRIAROCRACY friars or monastic
orders ruled supreme
- Filipinos against the church, its ECONOMIC ROLE
AS LANDOWNERS, the Dominicans,
Augustinians, and the Recollects
CHAPTER 6: Institutional Impact of Spanish
Rule
Fr. Juan de Plasencia
-presented the reduccion(resettlement) plan, a device to make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens and into little brown Spaniards
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: mediquillos
-Filipinos who had medical experience but no title bandala
-from the word mandala (a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed)
-annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods. buwis (tribute)
-may be paid in cash or in kind, partly or wholly, as palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax and special regional produce, depending on the area of the country
Polo y servicio
-forced labor among Filipino or Chinese mestizos ranging from 16 to 60 years old, for forty days until 1884, when labor was reduced to fifteen days.
Negative effects:
1. Upsetting of the village economy because labor drafts usually coincided with the planting and harvesting seasons.
2. Forced separation from the family and relocation to the Philippines.
3. Decimation of the male population Encomienda
-from the word encomendar, to entrust
-a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place including its inhabitants.
Encomendero
-granted the right of imposing tribute according to the limit and kind set by higher authorities
TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA 1. Royal or crown
-lands reserved for the crown and included the principal towns and ports
2. Private
-were granted to individuals who were either the King's proteges or men who served with merit during the conquest and pacification campaigns
The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
-trade between Manila and Acapulco, reaching as far as Callao in Peru.
-a trip lasted 200 days, the return voyage taking 70 days
Damaging effects:
1. the neglect of native extractive industries like agriculture
2. arrest of population growth Royal Philippine Company -created by Charles III
-has a 25-year charter for the main purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce
Compana de los Tranvias de Filipinas
-established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo Zobel de Zangroniz and Adolfo Bayo
provided street car service lines Puente Colgante
-the first suspension bridge in the Far East designed by Gustave Eiffel
EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION: College of the Immaculate Concepcion - now ADMU, founded by Jesuits
Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario -now UST, converted into a Dominican University College of San Juan de Letran
-originally founded as the Seminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned Spanish children
-considered as the oldest secondary school in the Philippines
first boarding schools for Spanish girls: 1. Colegio Santa Potenciana
2. Colegio Santa Isabel - oldest school for girls in the archipelago
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: Governor Narciso Claveria
-decreed the adoption of Hispanic names
-obligated Filipinos to adopt surnames based on compiled names of saints etc.
La Funeraria
- first funeral parlor established by Carlos March in Manila
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: Doctrina Christiana
-first published book, 1593 Francisco Tello
instructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccion successful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian and the friars should learn the language of the Indians
Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay -first Filipino engraver Juan de los Santos
-sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church Franciscan friars
-most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization
CHAPTER 7 : FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO
**Personal Motives** Lakandula and Soliman -last of the Manila chieftains
-revolted against Lavezares, who sequestered their landed properties and even tolerated the encomendero's abuse and oppression of their people
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas
-led by the kin related datus of Manila and towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, under Agustin de Legazpi, son of Lakandula and his first cousin, Martin Pangan
Antonio Susabao and Amarlahagi
-divulged the plot led by Agustin de Legazpi to the Spanish authorities
Tamblot (of Bohol)
-employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and return to their former beliefs
-cut a bamboo with a small knife and wine allegedly gushed forth, even rice emerged
Bankaw
-datu of Limasawa -apostasized in his old age Pagali
-a babaylan who helped Bankaw build an appropriate temple to the diwata and pressed six towns to rise up in arms
-said woman or child could easily change the enemies into clay
Francisco Dagohoy
-led the longest revolt in Phil. history -cabeza de barangay of Bohol Fr. Gaspar Morales
-refused to give Sagarino, Dagohoy's brother, a Christian burial
Sagarino
-brother of Dahohoy, his rotten corpse was exposed for three days in front of Inabangan church
**RELIGIOUS MOTIVES**
Miguel Lanab, Francisco Rivera, Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz, Muslims and Igorots
Miguel Lanab and Alabanan -Christianized Isnegs
-revolted by beheading Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao
(Fr. Garcia was cut into pieces and was thrown into pigs) Tapar
-a newly Christianized babaylan
-proclaimed himself God Almighty and went about in the garb of a woman
Francisco Rivera
- a visionary who appropriated for himself the title of Papa Rey
Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz -founded the Confradia de San Jose Ermano Pule
-founded the confradia centering around the cults of San Francisco and the famous brown image Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo
**RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONS**
Magalat
-chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tribute collection
Gen Luis Magtangaga
-chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to rise up in arms
Juan Caragay
Juan de la Cruz Palaris
-spearheaded a rebellion against Joaquin de Gamboa( alcalde mayor, Pangasinan)
Diego Silang
-opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of one real fuente)
**PEASANT UNREST** Maginoos of Silang
- disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion of the communal lands in Latag and Lantic
Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio Marvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido, Francisco Gonzales
-principales of Silang, assaulted the controversial hacienda and razed granaries
Casimiro Camerino
-unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards **THE MORO RESISTANCE**
Moro raids
-in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captives to slavery and razing their homes
**FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS** Reasons for the failure
-insular make-up of the Philippines -no lingua franca
**FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS** -Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas
-The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards born in the Phil.
Divide and Rule Policy -
**ACCELERATORS**
•The Philippines in World Commerce
*Manila proper and the suburban areas developed by leaps and bounds with the official and permanent opening of the port to international trade.
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II
-first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money •Rise of the Clase Media
*The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derived from expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on by the rising native entrepreneurs
principalia
-an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos and minor native bureaucrats
•European Liberalism John Locke
-wrote Two Treatises on Govt
-posited that social contract between the King, who did not exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, means that if the king failed to do his duty and did not respond to natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrow him.
Jacques Rousseau
-re echoed the same in The Social Contract
-if a govt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the reason to alter the govtto whatever they thought best
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre
-abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom of speech
-led a group of elites in a toast of liberty •Racial Discrimination
Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante
-opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanish language or be civilized
-indio will always be an indio... Francisco Canamaque
-hated Filipino laziness and incapacity Pablo Feced
-described rural folks as carabao herd Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
-quoted that God created the indios with the rattan •Regular-Secular Conflicts
Fr. Jose Burgos Francisco Baluyot -first known indio priest •La Algarada Cavitena
*there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavite arsenal workers' measly wages caused by the imposition of new tribute ordered by Izquierdo
*they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales *believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike of the Cavite arsenal
GOMBURZA
-accused as agitators of the Spanish movement Archbishop Meliton Martinez
-refused to defrock Gomburza Rafael de Izquierdo
- said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and a sword in the other
CHAPTER 8
The Campaign for Reforms
Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain.
Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines. They
were also called Filipinos.
Indios – the name given to the Filipinos by the
Spaniards.
Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin – the indios were
called Filipinos during his regime.
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre – the
governor whom the Filipino middle class found as
an ally.
July 12, 1869 – the Filipino middle class went to
Gov. Gen. De la Torre’s residence.
Assimilation – thez transformation of the
Philippines to a province of Spain and making the
Filipinos fellow-Spaniards.
Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Great Orator. He
was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His
parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena.
He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 in
Barcelona.
Fray Botod – one of the works of Lopez Jaena that
deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of
a friar.
Botod (fat) – Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man.
The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.
La Solidaridad – the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in
Spain. It was the newspaper founded by the Filipino
reformists in 1889 to promote interests of the
Philippines and the Filipinos. Financer: Pablo
Rianzares; Editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Discursos y Articulos Varios - a book where
Lopez Jaena compiled his speeches and articles.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the Great Reformist and
Political Analyst. He is the political analyst of the
Filipino colony in Spain. He was born in Kupang,
Bulakan, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850. His parents
are: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan. He
died on July 4, 1896.
Marciana del Pilar – Marcelo’s first cousin whom
he married.
Diariong Tagalog – the nationalistic newspaper
founded by Del Pilar in 1882.
Caingat Cayo – one of the pamphlets issued by the
Spanish friar, Jose Rodriguez stating that Rizal is an
enemy of the holy Catholic religion.
Parodied works of Del Pilar: Dasalan at Toksohan,
a parody of the Prayer Book; Amain Namin, a
prody of “Our Father” and; Ten Commandments
of the Friars.
The additional aims of the Sol during Del Pilar’s
editorship: The removal of the friars and the
secularization of the parishes; Active participation
in the affairs of the government; Freedom of
speech, of the press, and of assembly; A wider
social and political freedom; Equality before the
law; Assimilation, and; Representation in the
Spanish Cortes.
Jose Rizal – was born in Calamba, Laguna on June
19, 1861. His parents are: Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonzo. He died on Dec. 30, 1896.
Sa Aking Kabata – a tagalog poem allegedly said
to be written by Rizal at the age of eight.
A la Juventud Filipina – written by Rizal at
eighteen, won the first prize in a literary contest.
Noli Me Tangere – is a socio-historical novel of
Rizal based on facts that he gathered while he was
in the Philippines which he finished at the age of
26.
El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel, a
political novel in which he predicted the coming of
a revolution.
Feb. 15, 1889 – the first number of La Solidaridad
came out in Barcelona. First editor: Graciano
Lopez Jaena succeeded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Pen Names: Jose Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong
Laan; Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang, Naning,
Kalipulako; Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog; Marcelo
H. Del Pilar – Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban –
Jomapa.
Hispano – Filipino Association – a society
composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who banded
together thier resources and efforts in the campaign
to have thier voices heard in the Peninsular
Government.
Miguel Morayta – was the elected President of the
Hispano – Filipino Assocation.
3 Sections of the Hispano – Filipino Association:
Political Section – under Marcelo H. Del Pilar;
Literary Section – under Mariano Ponce; Sports
Section – under Tomas Arejola
La Propaganda – a civil society established
simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in
the Philippines.
La Liga Filipina – a civic society founded by Rizal
on July 3, 1892. Officers: President – Ambrosio
Salvador; Fiscal – Agustin de la Rosa; Treasurer –
Bonifacio Arevalo and; Secretary – Deodato
Arellano
CHAPTER 9
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
Katipunan – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formed
on July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, near
Elcano Street, Tondo.
Triangle Method – a recruitment technique used
by the Katipunan in order for the society to increase
in number.
3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian
– the highest governing body of the society and was
composed of the president, fiscal, treasurer and
comptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan –
represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay –
represents the municipality or town.
Sangguniang Hukuman – a sort of a court where
judicial matters affecting the member of the society
were referred.
3 Grades of the Society: Katipon – wore black
hood. Password: Anak ng Bayan; Kawal – wore
green hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za; Bayani –
wore red mask and sash with green borders.
Password: Rizal.
Katipunan Codes – a system of writing made by
Bonifacio to maintain the secrets of their society’s
communications.
Andres Bonifacio – the founder and organizer of
the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo, Manila on
Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalina de Castro.
Siblings of Bonifacio: Ciriaco, Procopio,
Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima
Monica – Andres Bonifacio’s first wife who died of
leprosy.
Gregoria De Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio
whom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in the
Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan and was called
the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
Emilio Jacinto – the Brains of the Katipunan. He
was born in Tondo on Dec. 15, 1875. His parents
are: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He joined
the Katipunan at the age of 18, making the youngest
member of all. He studied at San Juan de Letran
College then in University of Santo Tomas. He is
the editor of the Kalayaan newspaper.
Kalayaan – the Katipunan society’s newspaper.
Kartilla – written by Emilio Jacinto, a primer to
indoctrinate the members of the society. It consists
of 13 teachings.
Chapter 10 THE REVOLUTION: THE FIRST PHASE Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to
go to Dapitan in June 1896 to know Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of rising in arms against the Spaniards.
The revolution might break out prematurely because of the impatience of the masses. Rizal was not against the revolution in itself,
but pointed out that a revolution without sufficient arms should not be started against an armed nation.
The first Cuban revolution against Spain failed because of lack of arms.
Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the society (Katipunan) to ensure the success of the revolution. (To have unity among all classes of Filipinos)
Further suggested Antonio Luna be appointed to direct all military operations against the Spaniards
Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunan side; Rizal failed to give a solution to this problem.
Kongo – Japanese warship on which Admiral Kanimura was on board
Jose Moritaro Tagawa – Japanese employee of a Japanese bazaar through whom contacts were made to Kanimura
Bonifacio led the Katipunan committee to seek the aid of Admiral Kanimura in the struggle for national liberation. However, the admiral refused to commit his country to the revolutionary plans of the society.
Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – Katipuneros employed in the Maestranza (arsenal); ordered by Bonifacio to steal rifles and pistols from the arsenal so as to increase the weapons of the Katipunan. However, the quantity of such weapons was still insufficient to start a revolution.
The increase in the number of the Katipunan affiliates, while advantageous to Bonifacio, was in a way a disadvantage: The new members were impatience, and in their impatience they met nightly, arousing the suspicion of the authorities.
Rumors about the secret meetings circulated which the friars used to force then governor-general Blanco to act in order to prevent the uprising. However, Blanco was not sympathetic and refused to take any action.
Father Mariano Gil, disgusted over the governor’s attitude, next ran to the military governor of Manila, Gen. Echaluce, and revealed what he knew about the Katipunan. Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño – had
a misunderstanding. Patiño took revenge on dela Cruz by telling thea secrets of the society to his sister Honoria.
August 19, 1896 Patiño exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil
Proofs were found in the premises of the printing shop of Diario de Manila (lithographic stone used to print the receipts, dagger and the rules of the society along with other pertinent documents were found in the locker of Policarpio Turla)
Following the discovery of the Katipunan were mass arrests of Filipino suspects—prominent men, even those who were innocent, were thrown into jail and convicted of illegal association.
The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the Katipunan. In order to force them into joining the society, Bonifacio had some Katipuneros forge the wealthy Filipinos’ signatures on some documents, making it seem like they were in sympathy with the principles of the society. Instead being forced to join, the wealthy Filipinos denied any knowledge of the society but were still implicated since the authorities simply refused to believe them.
“Cry of Balintawak” – August 23, 1986, Pugadlawin Katipuneros tore their cedulas Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora” – Mother of
Reign of Terror – Gov-gen. Ramon Blanco issued a decree on August 30 declaring the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija in a state of war and placing them under martial law. Those who were accused of treachery and were against the government would be handed over to the military court or trial unless they surrendered within 48hrs. Taking advantage of this particular provision, some Katipuneros surrendered but were immediately forced to confess what they knew about the society and its members. Torture was employed to make them squeal. Hundreds were arrested and jailed. Some were even massacred. More often, the suspects were simply shot without any trial. Katipunan’s 2 factions: Magdalo (headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo at Kawit) and Magdiwang (headed by Mariano Alvarez at Noveleta) Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Gen. Aguirre’s
troops in Imus and was afterwards recognized hero of the hour. From then on the Caviteños called him General Miong, not Capitan Miong. The successive defeats of the Spaniards led the
friars to agitate against Gov-Gen. Blanco. Blanco was finally relieved as governor by the
brutal Gen. Camilo de Polavieja on Dec. 13, 1896
Polavieja began his campaigns in Cavite and partially succeeded in driving away the rebels from several places. His order to massacre the civilians led Bonifacio to issue a proclamation denouncing the Spanish brutality. The Spaniards captured the territory they had lost until about 1/3 of Cavite fell into their hands. Magdalo vs. Magdiwang: On Dec31, an
assembly was held to determine whether the Katipunan should be superseded by another form of government.
o Magdalo: with the outbreak of the revolution the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and should, therefore, be superseded by one or more in keeping with the demands of the period.
o Magdiwang: the Katipunan should remain the gov’t of the revolutionists because it already had a constitution and by-laws recognized by all.
The conflict was not resolved.
Tejeros Convention – Magdalo and Magdiwang factions met to solve their internal problem.
Bonifacio, as chairman, reminded the convention before the election that whoever should get elected to any position should be respected. This proposal was approved and the election got underway. Elected were:
1) Emilio Aguinaldo (President) 2) Mariano Trias (Vice-President) 3) Artemio Ricarte (Captain General) 4) Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of
War)
5) Andres Bonifacio (Directory of the Interior)
Daniel Tirona (Magdalo), when Bonifacio was being proclamated, declared that the position of Director of Interior should not be given to him as it was not proper that a person without a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it, and insisted that it should be given to Jose del Rosario instead, a lawyer. Bonifacio, feeling insulted, demanded Tirona to retract what he said, but Tirona merely disappeared from the scene. Tirona was almost shot by Bonifacio if not for Ricarte who held Bonifacio’s arm. Bonifacio, as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, declared the assembly dissolved and annulled the results of the meeting.
Acta de Tejeros – document stating the reasons why Bonifacio and his men, convinced that the election held was invalid, could not accept the results of the Tejeros Convention. Naik Military Agreement – another document
drawn by Bonifacio and his men in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros; posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy.
Aguinaldo, realizing the significance of Bonifacio’s intentions through the Naik Military Agreement, ordered the arrest of the Bonifacio brothers. Col. Agapito Bonzon was dispatched to effect the arrest.
Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were found guilty of treason despite the evidence being insufficient to prove their alleged guilt. The Council of War decided to have the brothers executed, but Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence to banishment. Under pressure from Bonifacio’s haters, however, Aguinaldo
withdrew his order and the original decision of the Council of War stood.
May 10 – The brothers were executed at Mt. Tala
Polavieja, tired of the endless battles, asked for his relief as gov-gen. and was replaced by Fernando Primo de Rivera.
Primo de Rivera issued a decree granting pardon to those who, up to May 17, would give up their arms and surrender to the government. Most Filipinos ignored this decree. He then issued another decree in the hopes of winning over the Filipinos to his policy of attraction. A few took advantage of his decree, while the rest continued their resistance against the enemy.
Biyak-na-Bato Republic – republican government established by Aguinaldo at Biyak-na-bato
The provisional constitution of the Biyak-na-bato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-for-word the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu Truce of Biyak-na-Bato –Pedro Paterno served
as mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos to stop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldo and Primo de Rivera. The truce provided:
1) that Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad 2) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3 installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato, (b) P200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700, and (c) the remaining P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and general amnesty proclaimed by the governor;
3) that Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict To make sure the Spanish authorities were sincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2 Spanish generals were to remain at Biyak-na-Bato as hostages and another, Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governor’s nephew, to accompany the exiles to Hong Kong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong with his men and Pedro and Maximo Paterno, and thus received P400,000.
The truce failed because of suspicions among the two parties. Some Filipino leaders refused to surrender their arms. The Spanish authorities, on the other hand, did not trust the Filipinos. The consequence of this mutual suspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.
CHAPTER 11 THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE Gen. Basilio Augustin succeeded Primo de
Rivera, which was unfortunate, for he was ignorant of the actual conditions in the Philippines. Immediately upon his assumption of office, he announced that he would continue Primo de Rivera’s work of pacification.
The Spanish-American relations were turning for the worse. Spain wanted to avoid getting into conflict with US, which was a rising powerful nation.
Reasons for Spanish-American War:
1) Cuban Revolution – US sided with the Cuban rebels due to economic interests in the island.
2) Dupuy de Lome’s letter to his friend in Havana calling then President William McKinley a weakling and a low politician was stolen and published in a New York periodical, rousing the anger of the American public.
3) Blowing up of American warship Maine at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15, 1898)
Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wanted war between Spain and US to break out in order to expand the navy; conceived the idea of attacking Manila in the event that war should break out between Spain and US
Commodore George Dewey – instructed by Roosevelt to take offensive action against the Spanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war with Spain
Admiral Patricio Montojo – leader of the Spanish fleet defeated by Dewey in the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1,1898)
The naval battle was one-sided, for while the Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans, the Spaniards were poorly armed. The Battle of Manila Bay enmeshed the US in
the coils of world politics and signalized her entrance into the ―Days of Empire‖
Aguinaldo deposited the P400,000 he received from Primo de Rivera in two Hong Kong banks. Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles. Isabelo Artacho, however, wanted the money to be divided among them. Aguinaldo refused and Artacho sued him. To avoid appearing in court, he secretly left for Saigon where he took another ship to Singapore.
E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast his lot with the Americans, saying that the US had Cuba at their door but were disclaiming any desire to possess it, whereas the Philippines was 10,000miles away.
Pratt cabled Dewey and arranged for Aguinaldo’s departure. Unfortunately, Dewey had already sailed for Manila Bay when Aguinaldo arrived.
Rounseville Wildman – American consul at Hong Kong tasked by Dewey with making arrangements for Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines; suggested that Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government but, after the war and peace has been restored, Aguinaldo should establish a government similar to that of the US.
Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms and ammunition for the Filipinos. He gave Wildman P50,000 for 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition and, before his departure, P67,000 for another shipment of arms. The first shipment was accomplished, but the second one was never realized, nor did Wildman return or account for the money given to him by Aguinaldo.
Hong Kong Junta – unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.
McCulloch – revenue cutter on which Aguinaldo was supposed to board, but the master of the ship told Aguinaldo that Dewey did not instruct him to take Aguinaldo on board. It wasn’t until its 2nd return to Hong Kong that Aguinaldo
finally got on the ship.
Upon arrival of the McCulloch at Cavite, Dewey’s launch took him to the Olympia where he was given honors due a general. Aguinaldo alleged that in his conference with Dewey, he was told that the US would recognize Philippine Independence. Dewey, however, denied he made such a statement to Aguinaldo and asserted that he treated the Filipino general in a personal manner without committing the US government.
The news of Aguinaldo’s return spread throughout Central Luzon. A number of Filipino volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the Filipino forces. So sweeping were Filipino victories that practically the whole Luzon, except the port of Cavite and Manila, were in rebel hands by June 1898.
“Viva La Autonomia!” was a handbill circulated by some Spaniards in which they stated that the ―salvation of the unity of the Islands, the unity of its liberties, and the unity of its local and central government‖ lay with Spain. Pedro Paterno was behind this circular. Conservative Assembly – called by Gen.
Augustin, appointing prominent mestizos to sit in it, in order to win over to his side the wealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos (the mestizos) and to make it appear that he had the welfare of the Filipinos at heart. Actually, the assembly was nothing but a decoration for its function was purely advisory and did not have the right to initiate reforms. Augustin’s attempts to win over the Filipinos to
the side of Spain failed.
City of Manila – Intramuros (Walled City) arrabales – districts outside the City; suburbs Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish
ships from entering or leaving the bay. He thought it was useless to conquer the city by arms for he did not have enough men to occupy it, so he waited for reinforcements.
The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged the city to starve out the enemy within its walls; Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply. So effective was the strategy that the people inside the city—Spaniards, as well as Filipinos and aliens—suffered from hunger and thirst.
Aguinaldo offered Augustin honourable surrender, but Augustin, thinking more of Spanish honor than his life, stubbornly refused. 1st reinforcements – under the command of
Gen. Thomas Anderson
2nd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Francis V.
Greene
3rd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Arthur Mac-Arthur
When the Peninsular Gov’t heard of Augustin’s plan to surrender it relieved him as governor and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes instead.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless. To save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of
honor there should be a mock battle, after which the Spanish forces would surrender. He further insisted that the Filipino rebels should be excluded from participating in the surrender of Manila
Mock Battle – secret agreement between Jaudenes, Dewey and Meritt of a fake battle between the Spanish and American forces; August 13
Beginnings of Filipino-American Rift:
o Meritt asked Aguinaldo’s troops to vacate the bay side area so that the Americans could occupy it. Aguinaldo demanded that the request be made in writing, but Greene only made a verbal promise which he did not even keep. o continuous stream of American
reinforcements
o General Anderson’s insolence towards Aguinaldo, evidenced by his telegraph prohibiting Aguinaldo’s troops from entering Manila without permission from their American commander Terms of Capitulation – The Spanish authorities
agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the Filipino volunteers found inside the Walled City. The Americans, on the other hand, agreed to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship.
Protocol of Peace – Before the mock assault on Manila, Spain and US were negotiating for the cessation of hostilities. Spain agreed to the terms of the peace treaty and consequently, on August 12, Pres. McKinley issued a proclamation directing that ―all military operations against the enemy be suspended.‖ However, Meritt did not receive the proclamation until August 16, when the mock battle of Manila had already been ―fought‖ and the terms of capitulation had been signed, because Dewey had cut the cable earlier.
CHAPTER 12 THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC When Aguinaldo arrived from HK he had with
him a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano Ponce for the establishment of a revolutionary government
Consul Wildman had advised Aguinaldo earlier to establish a dictatorial government which later on could be the nucleus of a republican government like that of the US
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s adviser, told him to form a dictatorial government.
May 24, 1898 Aguinaldo inaugurated a dictatorial government under a decree nullifying the orders issued under the authority of the Biyak-na-bato Republic and asserted that the Dictatorial Government was temporary in nature.
In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanish prisoners with justice. But there were times when, due to hatred of the former masters, the Filipinos maltreated some Spaniards. Aguinaldo appealed to them to treat the Spanish prisoners humanely by issuing a circular (May 29, 1898) urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of the Spanish prisoners.
With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought it necessary to declare Philippine Independence. Mabini objected, saying that it was more important to reorganize the government in such a manner as to convince the foreign powers of the competence and stability of the new government. Aguinaldo, however, stood his ground and won.
Julian Felipe – composer of the National Anthem
Marcha Filipina Magdalo Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) Marcela Agoncillo (assisted by Lorenza
Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza) – made the Philippine National Flag
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read it.
Apolinario Mabini – Aguinaldo’s adviser, “Dark Chambers of the President” , “Brains of the Revolution”
Reorganization of Local Government:
Town Chief + Headman for each barrio + 3 Delegates (delegate for police & internal order, delegate for justice and civil registry, delegate for taxes and property) = POPULAR ASSEMBLY
Town chief – President of the Assembly Headman – Vice President
Delegate for Justice&Civil Registry – Secretary Chiefs of the towns, in consultation with their respective popular assemblies, elect the provincial chief and 3 councilors.
Provincial Chief + Chief of the Capital and Province + 3 Councilors = PROVINCIAL COUNCIL
Provincial Council – chief duty was to propose measures for the general welfare of the provice Revolutionary Congress- made up of delegates from each province elected by the town chiefs (For the City of Manila and the province of Cavite: 3 delegates each, for the province of the 1st class: 2 delegates each, for the rest of
the provinces: 1 delegate each); main function: ―to propose…measures concerning the preservation of internal order and external security of these islands…‖
In order to secure maximum efficiency in the implementation of the rules regarding the holding of elections, the decree provided for the appointment of a commissioner of the Central Government for each province. The military commanders who liberated any town from the Spaniards became automatically commissioners ―by virtue of their office.‖ Administration of Justice: The decree provided
that the Spanish Penal Code, when not contrary to the decree of the government, was to remain in force for the time being. Town chief was automatically the judge of the
town.
Revolutionary Government – decree changed the title of the chief of state from Dictator to President and defined the object of the government as the ―struggle for the independence of the Philippines until all nations, including the Spanish, shall expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country so that the true republic may be established.‖
Malolos Congress – convocation of Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos. First significant act: ratification, on September 29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12.
o President: Pedro Paterno o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
Malolos Constitution – 1st democratic
constitution in Asia; 1st important Filipino
document ever produced by the people’s representatives. It is anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on American soil. It created a Filipino state whose government was ―popular, representative, and responsible‖ with 3 branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The constitution specifically provided for safeguards against abuses and enumerated the national and individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
also of the aliens; is unique for 3 reasons: (1)because of the provisions making the Assembly or the legislative branch superior to either the executive or the judicial branch, (2)because it provided for a Permanent Commission to sit as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in session. and (3)because it established a unicameral legislature.
Calderon purposely provided for a strong legislative arm so that the executive would not be able to create an oligarchy composed of ignoramuses. As to the unicameral legislature, he pointed out that there was no conflict of interests among the people to justify the creation of a bicameral legislature.
Mabini envisioned the Congress as an advisory body of the President, but his idea was contradicted by Congress when it proposed to draft a constitution. Mabini, in the minority, was defeated by the majority under the leadership of Paterno. He submitted his Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic, but Congress, for the second time, overruled him.
Paterno’s constitutional plan was also set aside by the committee tasked to draft the constitution.
Felipe Calderon’s draft of constitution was eventually approved by Aguinaldo and used Assembly of Representatives – legislative
branch
Permanent Commission – law-making body when Congress was not in session
The Cabinet or Council of Government – composed of the secretaries of the different departments of the government; responsible not to the President, but to the Assembly. Supreme Court – judicial branch
During the inauguration of the Philippine Republic in Malolos, Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war who were not members of the Spanish regular army and, at the same time, granting to Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage in business within the limits of the Republic. Revolutionary Periodicals:
o El Heraldo Filipino (changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Oficial and finally to Graceta de Filipinas) – official organ of the Revolutionary Government; published the official texts of the decrees of the government and some news items and
tagalog poems, all nationalistic in content
o La Independencia (edited and partly owned by Antonio Luna), La Republica Filipina (Pedro Paterno), La Libertad (Clemente Jose Zulueta), Ang Kaibigan ng Bayan, Columnas Volantes, La Federacion, La Revolucion, La Oportunidad, etc.
Education:
o Burgos Institute
o Literary University of the Philippines Diplomatic Activities:
o promulgation of decrees creating committees abroad for the purpose of carrying on propaganda activities for the Revolutionary gov’t
o establishment of Hongkong Junta whose members were to represent the Philippines in diff. countries
Treaty of Paris o Dec. 10, 1898]
o officially ended the Spanish-American War
o conditions:
1. Annexation or cessation of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to US Sovereignity
2. US would pay $20M for the improvements made in the country
3. Ten-year duty-free entry of Spanish and American goods to the Philippines
Chapter 13
The Filipino-American Hostilities
American Apostasy:
There was an informal alliance between Dewey and Aguinaldo – an alliance to fight a common enemy, the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the Americans with suspicion.
Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
Benevolent Assimilation – proclaimed on December 21, 1898.
- The first official indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
- It has 2 versions, the original and edited.
General Elwell Otis – published Mckinley’s proclamation with some amendments on January 4, 1899.
Filipino Reaction
Gen. Miller – published the original text of the proclamation in Iloilo.
A copy fell into the hands of the Revolutionary Gov’t.
Antonio Luna – led the attack on the proclamation.
- Editor of La Independencia.
- He issues a counter-proclamation on Jan. 5, 1899.
Attempts to Relax the Tension
Florentino Torres – A well-known American sympathizer whom Otis pleaded.
The San Juan Bridge Incident
Feb. 1 – a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops.
Feb. 2 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’s soldiers in his territory.
Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in American ships were dismissed from the service for no reason at all.
Feb. 4 – the encounter of Private William W. Grayson with 4 armed men.
Investigation of the Incident
Captain Fernando Grey – wired Malolos saying that the Americans had started the hostilities.
Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – ordered by Aguinaldo to start an investigation.
Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of War asked by Buencamino on Feb. 7 for info regarding the incident.
American Victories
Battle of La Loma – Major Jose Torres Bugallon fell mortally wounded.
