Printed on 21 April, 2009
Version 5.20 CAESAR II Technical
Reference Manual
Chapter 1
Introduction 1-1
Overview ... 1-2 Program Support / User Assistance ... 1-3 COADE Technical Support ... 1-4
Chapter 2
Configuration and Environment
2-1
Generation of the CAESAR II Configuration File... 2-2 Computational Control ... 2-3 Alpha Tolerance ... 2-3 Bend Axial Shape ... 2-3 Coefficient of Friction (Mu) ... 2-4 Decomposition Singularity Tolerance ... 2-4 Default Rotational Restraint Stiffness ... 2-4 Default Translational Restraint Stiffness... 2-4 Friction Angle Variation... 2-4 Friction Normal Force Variation ... 2-4 Friction Slide Multiplier ... 2-4 Friction Stiffness ... 2-4 Hanger Default Restraint Stiffness ... 2-5 Ignore Spring Hanger Stiffness ... 2-5 Include Insulation in Hydrotest ... 2-5 Include Spring Stiffness in Hanger OPE Travel Cases... 2-5 Incore Numerical Check... 2-5 Minimum Wall Mill Tolerance (%)... 2-5 Missing Mass ZPA ... 2-6 New Job Ambient Temperature... 2-6 New Job Bourdon Pressure... 2-6 Rod Increment (Degrees)... 2-6 Rod Tolerance (degrees)... 2-6 Use Pressure Stiffening on Bends... 2-6 WRC-107 Interpolation Method... 2-7 WRC-107 Version ... 2-7 Database Definitions... 2-8 Append Reruns to Existing Data ... 2-8 Default Spring Hanger Table... 2-8 Enable Data Export to ODBC-Compliant Databases ... 2-8 Expansion Joints... 2-9 Load Case Template ... 2-9 ODBC Compliant Database Name ... 2-9 Piping Size Specification (ANSI/JIS/DIN/BS)... 2-9 Structural Database... 2-9 System Directory Name... 2-9 Units File Name... 2-10 Valves and Flanges... 2-10 Valve / Flange Data File Location... 2-10 FRP Pipe Properties... 2-11 Axial Modulus of Elasticity... 2-11 Axial Strain: Hoop Stress (Ea/Eh*Vh/a) ... 2-11
BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening... 2-12 Exclude f2 from UKOOA Bending Stress... 2-12 FRP Alpha (xe-06) ... 2-12 FRP Density... 2-12 FRP Laminate Type... 2-12 FRP Property Data File... 2-12 Ratio Shear Modulus: Elastic Modulus ... 2-13 Use FRP Flexibilities... 2-13 Use FRP SIF ... 2-13 Geometry Directives ... 2-14 Auto Node Number Increment ... 2-14 Bend Length Attachment Percent... 2-14 Connect Geometry Through CNodes ... 2-15 Horizontal Thermal Bowing Tolerance ... 2-15 Loop Closure Tolerance ... 2-15 Maximum Allowable Bend Angle... 2-15 Minimum Allowable Bend Angle ... 2-15 Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend... 2-15 Z-Axis Vertical... 2-15 Graphic Settings... 2-16 Advanced Options ... 2-16 Background Colors... 2-16 Component Color ... 2-17 Miscellaneous Options ... 2-17 Output Colors ... 2-19 Text Options ... 2-19 Miscellaneous Options... 2-20 Autosave Time Interval ... 2-20 Disable "File Open" Graphic Thumbnail... 2-20 Disable Undo/Redo Ability ... 2-20 Displacement Reports Sorted by Nodes ... 2-21 Dynamic Example Input Text... 2-21 Enable Autosave ... 2-21 Memory Allocated (Mb):... 2-21 Output Reports by Load Case... 2-21 Output Table of Contents ... 2-21 Prompted Autosave ... 2-21 Time History Animation... 2-21 User ID ... 2-22 SIFs and Stresses ... 2-23 Add F/A in Stresses ... 2-23 Add Torsion in SL Stress... 2-23 All Cases Corroded... 2-24 Allow User's SIF at Bend ... 2-24 B31.1 Reduced Z Fix... 2-24 B31.3 Paragraph 319.2.3(c)... 2-24 B31.3 Sustained SIF Multiplier ... 2-24 B31.3 Welding and Contour Tees Meet B16.9... 2-25 Base Hoop Stress On ( ID/OD/Mean/Lamé) ... 2-25 Class 1 Branch Flexibility ... 2-25 Default Piping Code ... 2-25 EN-13480 - Use In-Plane/Out-Plane SIF... 2-25 Ignore B31.3 Wc Factor ... 2-26 Implement B31.3 Appendix P ... 2-26 Implement B31.3 Code Case 178 ... 2-26 New Job Liberal Expansion Stress Allowable... 2-26 No RFT/WLT in Reduced Fitting SIFs ... 2-26
Occasional Load Factor ... 2-26 Pressure Variation in EXP Case ... 2-27 Reduced Intersection ... 2-27 Use PD/4t ... 2-28 Use Schneider... 2-28 Use WRC 329... 2-28 Yield Stress Criterion ... 2-28 Set/Change Password... 2-30 New Password ... 2-30 Access Protected Data ... 2-30 Change Password... 2-30 Remove Password ... 2-30
Chapter 3
Piping Screen Reference
3-1
Piping Spreadsheet Data ... 3-2 Help Screens and Units... 3-2 Auxiliary Fields - Component Information ... 3-13 Bends ... 3-13 Rigid Elements ... 3-16 Flanges... 3-17 Expansion Joints... 3-20 Reducers ... 3-21 SIFs & Tees ... 3-23 Auxiliary Fields - Boundary Conditions... 3-39 Restraints ... 3-39 Hangers... 3-44 Nozzles ... 3-52 Displacements... 3-60 Auxiliary Fields - Imposed Loads... 3-61 Forces and Moments... 3-61 Uniform Loads... 3-62 Wind / Wave Loads ... 3-63 Static Seismic Wizard... 3-65 Auxiliary Fields - Piping Code Data... 3-71 Allowable Stresses... 3-71 Available Commands... 3-93 Break Command ... 3-93 Valve/Flange Database ... 3-94 Find Distance... 3-97 Find Element ... 3-98 Global Coordinates... 3-98 Insert Element... 3-98 Node Increment ... 3-98 Show Informational Messages... 3-98 Tee SIF Scratchpad... 3-98 Bend SIF Scratchpad ... 3-103 Expansion Joint Modeler ... 3-106 Expansion Joint Modeler Notes... 3-109 Expansion Joint Design Notes ... 3-110 Torsional Spring Rates ... 3-110 Bellows Application Notes... 3-110 Available Expansion Joint End-Types... 3-111 Pressure Rating... 3-111 Expansion Joint Styles... 3-111 Materials... 3-113
Title Page... 3-113 Hanger Data... 3-114 Special Execution Parameters... 3-118 Combining Independent Piping Systems... 3-128 List/ Edit Facility... 3-130 Block Operations ... 3-131 Printing an Input Listing... 3-133 Import / Export Displacements... 3-134 Loop Optimization Wizard... 3-134 Loop Optimization Wizard ... 3-137
Chapter 4
Structural Steel Modeler
4-1
Overview ... 4-2 The Structural Steel Property Editor... 4-3 New File ... 4-3 Units File ... 4-3 Vertical Axis... 4-4 Material Properties ... 4-5 Cross Section (Section ID) ... 4-6 Model Definition Method... 4-8 General Properties... 4-10 Add ... 4-10 Insert... 4-10 Replace ... 4-10 Delete... 4-10 UNITS Specification - UNIT... 4-11 Axis Orientation Vertical... 4-12 Material Identification - MATID ... 4-13 MATID... 4-13 YM... 4-13 POIS ... 4-14 G ... 4-14 YS... 4-14 DENS... 4-14 ALPHA... 4-14 Section Identification - SECID ... 4-15 Section ID... 4-15 SECID ... 4-15 Name ... 4-15 User-Defined ... 4-15 Setting Defaults - DEFAULT ... 4-17 Setting Nodes in Space - NODE, NFILL, NGEN... 4-18 NODE... 4-18 NFILL... 4-19 NGEN... 4-20 Building Elements - ELEM, EFILL, EGEN, EDIM... 4-22 ELEM ... 4-22 EFILL ... 4-23 EGEN ... 4-25 EDIM... 4-27 Resetting Element Strong Axis - ANGLE, ORIENT... 4-29 ANGLE ... 4-29 ORIENT ... 4-30 End Connection Information... 4-32 Free End Connections - FREE... 4-32 Standard Structural Element Connections - BEAMS, BRACES, COLUMNS ... 4-34
Defining Global Restraints - FIX... 4-40 Examples ... 4-40 Loads ... 4-42 Point Loads - LOAD... 4-42 Uniform Loads - UNIF ... 4-43 Gravity Loads - GLOADS... 4-45 Wind Loads - WIND ... 4-46 Utilities ... 4-48 LIST... 4-48 Structural Databases ... 4-49 AISC 1977 Database ... 4-50 AISC 1989 Database ... 4-56 German 1991 Database... 4-62 Australian 1990 Database... 4-64 South African 1992 Database ... 4-66 Korean 1990 Database... 4-67 UK 1993 Database... 4-68
Chapter 5
Controlling the Dynamic Solution
5-1
Dynamic Analysis Input ... 5-2 Dynamic Analysis Overview ... 5-3 Random ... 5-3 Harmonic ... 5-3 Impulse ... 5-5 Harmonic Analysis ... 5-7 Input Excitation Frequencies ... 5-7 Harmonic Forces and Displacements ... 5-9 Harmonic Displacements... 5-11 Response Spectra / Time History Load Profiles ... 5-13 Response Spectrum / Time History Profile Data Point Input ... 5-16 Force Response Spectrum Definitions... 5-17 Building Spectrum / Time History Load Cases ... 5-19 Spectrum /Time History Profile... 5-19 Factor... 5-19 Direction... 5-19 Combining Static and Dynamic Results ... 5-26 Spectrum Time History... 5-31 Force... 5-31 Direction... 5-31 Node ... 5-31 Force Set #... 5-31 Lumped Masses ... 5-35 Mass... 5-35 Direction... 5-35 Start Node... 5-35 Stop Node ... 5-36 Increment... 5-36 Snubbers ... 5-37 Dynamic Control Parameters... 5-39 Analysis Type (Harmonic/Spectrum/Modes/Time-History) ... 5-40 Static Load Case for Nonlinear Restraint Status... 5-49 Stiffness Factor for Friction (0.0 - Not Used)... 5-50 Max. No. of Eigenvalues Calculated (0-Not used) ... 5-51 Frequency Cutoff (HZ)... 5-53 Closely Spaced Mode Criteria/Time History Time Step (ms) ... 5-54
Load Duration (Time History or DSRSS Method) (Sec.)... 5-55 Damping (Time History or DSRSS) (Ratio of Critical) ... 5-55 ZPA (Reg. Guide 1.60/UBC- G's)/# Time History Output Cases ... 5-56 Re-use Last Eigensolution ... 5-57 Spatial or Modal Combination First ... 5-58 Spatial Combination Method (SRSS/ABS) ... 5-58 Modal Combination Method (GROUP/10%/DSRSS/ABS/SRSS)... 5-59 Include Pseudostatic (Anchor Movement) Components (Y/N)... 5-61 Include Missing Mass Components (Y/N) ... 5-62 Pseudostatic (Anchor Movement) Comb. Method (SRSS/ABS)... 5-62 Missing Mass Combination Method (SRSS/ABS) ... 5-62 Directional Combination Method (SRSS/ABS) ... 5-62 Sturm Sequence Check on Computed Eigenvalues (Y/N)... 5-63 Advanced Parameters ... 5-64 Estimated Number of Significant Figures in Eigenvalues ... 5-64 Jacobi Sweep Tolerance ... 5-64 Decomposition Singularity Tolerance ... 5-65 Subspace Size (0-Not Used) ... 5-65 No. to Converge Before Shift Allowed (0 - Not Used) ... 5-65 No. of Iterations Per Shift (0 - Pgm computed) ... 5-65 Percent of Iterations Per Shift Before Orthogonalization ... 5-66 Force Orthogonalization After Convergence (Y/N) ... 5-66 Use Out-Of-Core Eigensolver (Y/N)... 5-66 Frequency Array Spaces... 5-66 Pulsation Loads... 5-67 Relief Valve Thrust Load Analysis... 5-69 Relief Load Synthesis for Gases Greater Than 15 psig ... 5-69 Relief Load Synthesis for Liquids ... 5-74 Output From the Liquid Relief Load Synthesizer... 5-76
Chapter 6
Technical Discussions
6-1
Rigid Element Application ... 6-2 Rigid Material Weight ... 6-2 Rigid Fluid Weight ... 6-2 Rigid Insulation Weight... 6-2 In-line Flange Evaluation... 6-3 Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method ... 6-3 ASME NC-3658.3 Calculation for B16.5 Flanged Joints with High Strength Bolting Method .... 6-3 Cold Spring... 6-5 Expansion Joints ... 6-7 Hanger Sizing Algorithm... 6-9 Spring Design Requirements ... 6-9 Restrained Weight Case... 6-9 Operating Case ... 6-9 Installed Load Case ... 6-10 Setting Up the Spring Load Cases ... 6-10 Constant Effort Support... 6-11 Including the Spring Hanger Stiffness in the Design Algorithm ... 6-11 Other Notes on Hanger Sizing... 6-11 Class 1 Branch Flexibilities ... 6-12 Modeling Friction Effects... 6-15 Nonlinear Code Compliance... 6-16 Sustained Stresses and Nonlinear Restraints ... 6-17 Notes on Occasional Load Cases... 6-18
Static Seismic Loads... 6-20 Wind Loads... 6-22 Elevation... 6-24 Hydrodynamic (Wave and Current) Loading ... 6-25 Ocean Wave Particulars... 6-25 Applicable Wave Theory Determination... 6-26 Pseudo-Static Hydrodynamic Loading ... 6-26 AIRY Wave Theory Implementation ... 6-27 STOKES Wave Theory Implementation ... 6-28 Stream Function Wave Theory Implementation... 6-28 Ocean Currents ... 6-28 Technical Notes on CAESAR II Hydrodynamic Loading... 6-29 Input: Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters in CAESAR II ... 6-32 Current Data ... 6-32 Wave Data ... 6-33 Seawater Data... 6-34 Piping Element Data... 6-34 References ... 6-34 Evaluating Vessel Stresses... 6-36 ASME Section VIII Division 2 - Elastic Analysis of Nozzle ... 6-36 Procedure to Perform Elastic Analyses of Nozzles ... 6-37 Description of Alternate Simplified ASME Sect. VIII Div. 2 Nozzle Analysis... 6-38 Simplified ASME Sect. VIII Div. 2 Elastic Nozzle Analysis... 6-39 Inclusion of Missing Mass Correction... 6-40 References ... 6-43 Fatigue Analysis Using CAESAR II... 6-44 Fatigue Basics... 6-44 Fatigue Analysis of Piping Systems ... 6-45 Static Analysis Fatigue Example ... 6-46 Fatigue Capabilities in Dynamic Analysis... 6-55 Creating the .FAT Files ... 6-57 Calculation of Fatigue Stresses... 6-58 Pipe Stress Analysis of FRP Piping ... 6-60 Underlying Theory ... 6-60 FRP Analysis Using CAESAR II ... 6-73 Code Compliance Considerations... 6-81 General Notes for All Codes ... 6-81 Code-Specific Notes ... 6-84 Local Coordinates ... 6-112 Other Global Coordinate Systems ... 6-113 The Right Hand Rule... 6-113 Pipe Stress Analysis Coordinate Systems... 6-115 Defining a Model... 6-118 Using Local Coordinates ... 6-120 CAESAR II Local Coordinate Definitions ... 6-121 Applications - Utilizing Global and Local Coordinates... 6-123 Transforming from Global to Local ... 6-129 Frequently Asked Questions... 6-130
Chapter 7
Miscellaneous Processors
7-1
Accounting... 7-2 Accounting File Structure... 7-6
Batch Stream Processing ... 7-8 CAESAR II Fatal Error Processing ... 7-10 Units File Operations ... 7-11 Make Units File ... 7-11 Convert Input to New Units... 7-14 Name of the Input File to Convert... 7-14 Name of the Units File to Use ... 7-14 Name of the Converted File... 7-14 Material Database ... 7-15 Material - Add ... 7-15 Material - Delete... 7-15 Material - Edit... 7-16
Chapter 8
Interfaces 8-1
Overview of CAESAR II Interfaces ... 8-2 CAD Interfaces ... 8-4 CADWorx Plant Link... 8-4 DXF AutoCAD Interface... 8-4 CADPIPE Interface ... 8-5 ComputerVision Interface ... 8-22 Intergraph Interface ... 8-24 PRO-ISO Interface ... 8-56 PCF Interface... 8-63 Generic Neutral Files ... 8-65 CAESAR II Neutral File Interface ... 8-65 Data Matrix Interface... 8-86 Computational Interfaces... 8-88 LIQT Interface... 8-88 PIPENET Interface... 8-92 Data Export to ODBC Compliant Databases ... 8-94 DSN Setup ... 8-94 Controlling the Data Export ... 8-97 Data Export Wizard... 8-98
Chapter 9
File Sets
9-1
CAESAR II File Guide ... 9-2 Required for Execution... 9-3 Required Error Data... 9-5 Required Data Set ... 9-6 Required Printer/ Listing Files... 9-9 Dynamics ... 9-11 Auxiliary... 9-12 Structural Data ... 9-13 External Interfaces ... 9-14 Examples ... 9-15 CAESAR II Operational (Job) Data Files... 9-16
Chapter 10
Update History
10-1
CAESAR II Initial Capabilities (12/84)... 10-2 CAESAR II Version 1.1S Features (2/86) ... 10-3 CAESAR II Version 2.0A Features (10/86) ... 10-4 CAESAR II Version 2.1C Features (6/87)... 10-5 CAESAR II Version 2.2B Features (9/88)... 10-6 CAESAR II Version 3.0 Features (4/90) ... 10-7 CAESAR II Version 3.1 Features (11/90) ... 10-8 Graphical Updates ... 10-8 Rotating Equipment Report Updates ... 10-8 WRC 107 Updates... 10-8 Miscellaneous Modifications... 10-8 CAESAR II Version 3.15 Features (9/91) ... 10-9 Flange Leakage and Stress Calculations... 10-9 WRC 297 Local Stress Calculations... 10-9 Stress Intensification Factor Scratchpad... 10-9 Miscellaneous ... 10-9 CAESAR II Version 3.16 Features (12/91) ... 10-10 CAESAR II Version 3.17 Features (3/92) ... 10-11 CAESAR II Version 3.18 Features (9/92) ... 10-12 Codes and Databases ... 10-12 Interfaces Added... 10-12 Miscellaneous Changes ... 10-12 CAESAR II Version 3.19 Features (3/93) ... 10-13 CAESAR II Version 3.20 Features (10/93) ... 10-14 CAESAR II Version 3.21 Changes and Enhancements (7/94) ... 10-15 CAESAR II Version 3.22 Changes & Enhancements (4/95)... 10-17 CAESAR II Version 3.23 Changes (3/96) ... 10-18 CAESAR II Version 3.24 Changes & Enhancements (3/97)... 10-19 CAESAR II Version 4.00 Changes and Enhancements (1/98) ... 10-21 CAESAR II Version 4.10 Changes and Enhancements (1/99) ... 10-22 CAESAR II Version 4.20 Changes and Enhancements (2/00) ... 10-23 CAESAR II Version 4.30 Changes and Enhancements (3/01) ... 10-24 CAESAR II Version 4.40 Changes and Enhancements (5/02) ... 10-25 CAESAR II Version 4.50 Changes and Enhancements (11/03) ... 10-26 CAESAR II Version 5.00 Changes and Enhancements (11/05) ... 10-27 CAESAR II Version 5.10 Changes and Enhancements ( 9/07) ... 10-28
Chapter 1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the organization of the manual and important information regarding user assistance.
In This Chapter
Overview ... 1-2 Program Support / User Assistance ... 1-3 COADE Technical Support ... 1-4
Overview
This CAESAR II Technical Reference Guide is the reference manual for CAESAR II. It presents the theory behind CAESAR II operations, and explains why certain tasks are performed. Users are urged to review the background material contained in this manual, especially when applying CAESAR II to unfamiliar types of analysis.
Chapter 2 (see "Configuration and Environment" on page 2-1) discusses the configuration of CAESAR II and the resulting
environment. This includes language support and program customization. In addition to the COADE supplied routines, several third-party diagnostic packages are also mentioned.
Chapter 3 (see "Piping Screen Reference" on page 3-1), Piping Input Reference, contains images of program-generated
screens, and explains each input cell, menu option, and toolbar button. Also discussed in detail is the Plot Screen, which displays the input model graphically.
Chapter 4 (see "Structural Steel Modeler" on page 4-1) examines the Structural Steel Modeler and describes all commands,
toolbar buttons, menu items, and input fields.
Chapter 5 (see "Controlling the Dynamic Solution" on page 5-1) discusses the Dynamic Input and Control Parameters: each
input cell, toolbar button, and menu item is examined. The purpose and effects of the various Dynamic Control Parameters are detailed.
Chapter 6 (see "Technical Discussions" on page 6-1) contains theoretical overviews of various technical methods used in
CAESAR II. Both common and advanced modeling techniques are covered.
Chapter 7 (see "Miscellaneous Processors" on page 7-1) provides information regarding a few miscellaneous auxiliary
processors.
Chapter 8 (see "Interfaces" on page 8-1) details interfaces between CAESAR II and other programs. Chapter 9 (see "File Sets" on page 9-1) presents a list of files associated with CAESAR II.
Program Support / User Assistance
COADE’s staff understands that CAESAR II is not only a complex analysis tool but also, at times, an elaborate process—one that may not be obvious to the casual user. While our documentation is intended to address questions regarding piping analysis, system modeling, and results interpretation, not all the answers can be quickly found in these volumes.
COADE understands the engineer’s need to produce efficient, economical, and expeditious designs. To that end, COADE has a staff of helpful professionals ready to address any CAESAR II and piping issues raised by users. CAESAR II support is available by telephone, e-mail, fax, and the Internet; literally hundreds of support calls are answered every week. COADE provides this service at no additional charge to the user. It is expected, however, that questions focus on the current version of the program.
Formal training in CAESAR II and pipe stress analysis is also available from COADE. COADE schedules regular training classes in Houston and provides in-house and open attendance training around the world. These courses focus on the expertise available at COADE — modeling, analysis, and design.
COADE Technical Support
Phone: 281-890-4566 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 281-890-3301 WEB: www.coade.com
Chapter 2 Configuration and Environment
This chapter discusses the configuration options that are available.
In This Chapter
Generation of the CAESAR II Configuration File... 2-2 Computational Control ... 2-3 Database Definitions... 2-8 FRP Pipe Properties... 2-11 Geometry Directives... 2-14 Graphic Settings ... 2-16 Miscellaneous Options... 2-20 SIFs and Stresses ... 2-23 Set/Change Password... 2-30
Generation of the CAESAR II Configuration File
Each time CAESAR II starts, the configuration file caesar.cfg is read from the current data directory. If this file is not found in the current data directory, the installation directory is searched for the configuration file. If the configuration file is not found, a fatal error will be generated and CAESAR II will terminate. To generate the caesar.cfg file select
Tools/Configure/Setup (or the Configure button from the toolbar) from the CAESAR II Main Menu.
The configuration or setup file contains directives that dictate how CAESAR II will operate on a particular computer and how it will perform a particular analysis. Users must click the Save and Exit button at the top left of the Configure/Setup window to create a new configuration file or to save changes to the existing configuration file. The configuration program produces the OK window. Click the title in the list to navigate to the appropriate configuration spreadsheets.
Important: The caesar.cfg file may vary from machine to machine and many of the setup directives modify the analysis. Do
not expect the same input file to produce identical results between machines unless the setup files are identical. It is advised that a copy of the setup file be archived with input and output data so that identical reruns can be made. The units' file, if modified by the user, would also need to be identical if the same results are to be produced.
The following section explains the CAESAR II setup file options. They are grouped as they appear when chosen from the tabs on the Configure window.
Computational Control
Computation Control Configuration Settings
Alpha Tolerance
The breakpoint at which CAESAR II decides that the entry in the Temp fields on the input spreadsheet is a thermal expansion coefficient or a temperature. The default is 0.05. This means that any entry in the Temp fields whose absolute magnitude is less than 0.05 is taken to be a thermal expansion coefficient in terms of inches per inch (dimensionless). Use of this field provides some interesting modeling tools. If an Alpha Tolerance of 1.1 is set, then an entry in the Temp 2 field of -1 causes the element defined by this expansion coefficient to shrink to zero length. This alternate method of specifying cold spring is quite useful in jobs having hanger design with cold spring (see chapter 6 (see "Technical Discussions" on page 6-1) for more details regarding Cold Spring).
Bend Axial Shape
For bends 45 degrees or smaller, a major contributor to deformation can be the axial displacement of the short-arched pipe. With the axial shape function disabled this displacement mode is ignored and the bend will be stiffer.
Coefficient of Friction (Mu)
The value specified here is applied by default as the coefficient of friction to all translational restraints. Specifying a value of zero, the default, means that no friction is applied.
Decomposition Singularity Tolerance
The default value is 1.0 e+10. CAESAR II checks the ratio of off-diagonal coefficients to the on-diagonal coefficient in the row. If this ratio is greater than the decomposition singularity tolerance, then a numerical error may occur. This problem does not have to be associated with a system singularity. This condition can exist when very small, and/or long pipes are connected to very short, and/or large pipes. The out-of-core solution will, however, stop with a singularity message. This solution abort will prevent any possibility of an errant solution. These solutions have several general characteristics:
When machine precision errors of this type occur they are very local in nature, affecting only a single element or very small part of the model, and are readily noticeable upon inspection.
The 1E10limit can be increased to 1E11or 1E12and still provide a reasonable check on solution accuracy. Any solution computed after this limit has been increased should always be checked closely for “reasonableness.” At 1E11or 1E12the number of significant figures in the local solution has been reduced to two or three.
The 1E10limit can be increased to 1E20 or 1E30 to get the job to run, but the user should remember that the possibility for a locally errant solution exists when stiffness ratios are allowed to get this high. Solutions should be carefully checked.
Default Rotational Restraint Stiffness
This directive defines the value used for non-specified rotational restraint stiffnesses. By default this value is assumed to be (1.0E12 in-lb/deg).
Default Translational Restraint Stiffness
This directive defines the value used for non-specified translational restraint stiffnesses. By default this value is assumed to be (1.0E12 lb./in).
Friction Angle Variation
This field displays the friction sliding angle variation. The default is 15 degrees. This parameter had more significance in versions prior to 2.1. This parameter is currently only used in the first iteration when a restraint goes from the non-sliding to sliding state. All subsequent iterations compensate for the angle variation automatically.
Friction Normal Force Variation
This tolerance, default of 0.15, or 15 percent, is the amount of variation in the normal force that is permitted before an adjustment will be made in the sliding friction force. This value normally should not be adjusted.
Friction Slide Multiplier
This is an internal friction sliding force multiplier and should never be adjusted by the user unless so directed by a member of the COADE/CAESAR II support staff.
Friction Stiffness
The default value for the friction restraint stiffness is 0.175120E+016.
If the structural load normal to a friction restraint is less than the restraint load times the coefficient of friction, the pipe will not move at this support – this restraint node is "non-sliding." To model the "non-sliding" state, stiffnesses are inserted in the two directions perpendicular to the restraint's line of action to oppose any sliding motion.
Nonlinear convergence problems may be alleviated by reducing the friction restraint stiffness. Lower friction stiffness will more-readily distribute friction loads throughout the system and speed or allow nonlinear convergence but this lower stiffness will also affect the accuracy of the results. Lower stiffness values permit more "non-sliding" movement, but given the indeterminate nature of the friction problem in general, this error may not be crucial.
Hanger Default Restraint Stiffness
Where hangers are adjacent to other supports or are themselves very close (for example where there are two hangers on either side of a trunnion support), the CAESAR II hanger design algorithm may generate poorly distributed hot hanger loads in the vicinity of the close hangers. Using a more flexible support for computing the hanger restrained weight loads often allows the design algorithm to more effectively distribute the system’s weight. A typical entry is 50,000; the default value is (1.0E12 lb/in).
Ignore Spring Hanger Stiffness
Enabling this option causes CAESAR II to ignore the stiffness of spring hangers in the analysis. This option is consistent with hand computation methods of spring hanger design, which ignored the effects of the springs.
Important: COADE recommends that this value never be changed.
Include Insulation in Hydrotest
This checkbox controls whether or not the weight of any insulation will be considered in the hydrotest case. If this box is left unchecked, the default, then insulation will be ignored in the hydrotest case. If this box is checked, then the weight of insulation will be included in the hydrotest case.
Include Spring Stiffness in Hanger OPE Travel Cases
Enabling this option defaults CAESAR II to place the designed spring stiffness into the Hanger Operating Travel Case and iterate until the system balances. This iteration scheme therefore considers the effect of the spring hanger stiffness on the thermal growth of the system (vertical travel of the spring). If this option is used, it is very important that the hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) be adjusted to match the reported hanger Cold Load.
Disabling this option defaults the program to design spring hangers the traditional way.
Incore Numerical Check
This option enables the in-core solution module to test the stability of the solution for the current model and loadings. This option, if enabled, adds the solution of an extra load case to the job stream.
Minimum Wall Mill Tolerance (%)
Use this directive is to specify the default percentage of wall thickness allowed for mill and other mechanical tolerances.
Note: For most piping codes, this value is only used during the "minimum wall thickness" computation. Mill tolerance is usually not considered in the flexibility analysis.
By default this value is 12.5, corresponding to a 12.5% tolerance. To eliminate mill tolerance consideration, set this directive to 0.0.
Missing Mass ZPA
The default for this option is extracted, which means that CAESAR II will use the spectrum value at the last “extracted” mode. Changing this value to SPECTRUM instructs CAESAR II to use the last spectrum value as the ZPA for the missing mass computations.
New Job Ambient Temperature
The default ambient temperature for all elements in the system is 70ºF/21ºC.If this does not accurately represent the installed, or zero expansion strain state, then enter a different value in this field. Note, this value is only used to initialize the ambient temperature input field for new jobs. Changing this configuration value will not affect existing jobs. To change the ambient temperature for an existing job, use the Ambient Temperature (on page 3-121) field on the Special Execution Options dialog, in the Piping Input.
New Job Bourdon Pressure
Select BOURDON PRESSURE EFFECT from the drop list. The BOURDON EFFECT causes straight pipe to elongate, and bends to OPEN UP translationally along a line connecting the curvature end points. If the BOURDON EFFECT is disabled there will be no global displacements due to pressure.
Bourdon Pressure Option #1 (TRANSLATION ONLY) includes only translational effects.
Bourdon Pressure Option #2 (TRANSLATION & ROTATION) includes translational and rotational effects on bends. OPTION #2 may apply for bends that are formed or rolled from straight pipe, where the bend-cross section will be slightly oval due to the bending process.
Note: For straight pipe, OPTION #1 is the same as OPTION #2. For elbows, OPTION #1 should apply for forged and welded fittings where the bend cross-section can be considered essentially circular.
Note: The BOURDON EFFECT (translation only) is always considered when FRP pipe is used, regardless of the actual setting of the BOURDON FLAG.
Rod Increment (Degrees)
This field displays the maximum amount of angular change that any one support can experience between iterations. For difficult-to-converge problems, values of 0.1 have proven effective here. When small values are used, however, the user should be prepared for a large number of iterations. The total number of iterations can be estimated from:
Est. No. Iterations = 1.5(x)/(r)/(Rod Increment)
Where:
x - maximum horizontal displacement at any one rod r - rod length at that support
Rod Tolerance (degrees)
The angular plus-or-minus permitted convergence error. Unless the change from iteration “n” to iteration “n+1” is less this value, the rod will NOT be converged. The default of CAESAR II is 1.0 degree. For systems subject to large horizontal displacements, values of 5.0 degrees for convergence tolerances have been used successfully.
Use Pressure Stiffening on Bends
This flag enables CAESAR II to include pressure-stiffening effects in those codes that do not explicitly require its use. In these cases pressure-stiffening effects will apply to all bends, elbows, and both miter types. In all cases, the pressure used is the maximum of all pressures defined for the element.
Pressure Stiffening effects are defined in Appendix D of B31.1 and B31.3.
When this Directive is set to "Default", CAESAR II considers the pressure stiffening of bends according to the active Piping Code.
WRC-107 Interpolation Method
The curves in WRC Bulletin 107 cover essentially all applications of nozzles in vessels or piping; however, should any of the interpolation parameters i.e., U, Beta, etc. fall outside the limits of the available curves then some extension of the WRC method must be used.
The default is to use the last value in the particular WRC table. Alternatively, the user may control this extensions methodology interactively. This causes the program to prompt the user for curve values when necessary.
WRC-107 Version
This directive sets the Version of the WRC-107 bulletin used in the computations. Valid options are: August 1965
March 1979
Database Definitions
Database Definitions Configuration Settings
Append Reruns to Existing Data
The default of NO (unchecked) causes a rerun to overwrite data from previous runs in the ODBC database. Turning this directive on (checked) causes a rerun to add new data to the database, thus storing multiple runs of the same job in the database.
Default Spring Hanger Table
This directive is used to set the value of the default spring hanger table, referenced during the spring hanger design stage of the solution. CAESAR II includes tables from more than 20 different vendors.
Enable Data Export to ODBC-Compliant Databases
Expansion Joints
This directive enables the user to specify which Expansion Joint database should be referenced by CAESAR II during subsequent input sessions. The databases provided include Pathway, Senior Flexonics, IWK, Piping Technology, and China.
Load Case Template
This directive allows the user to scroll through the available load case templates and select the one to be active. Since the CAESAR.CFG file is written to the local data directory, different data directories can be configured to reference different template files.
Template files are searched for first in the local data directory, and then in the "active SYSTEM" directory. The active template file is used to "recommend" load cases.
ODBC Compliant Database Name
This field contains the name of the ODBC project database. All jobs run in this data directory will write their output to the database specified here.
Piping Size Specification (ANSI/JIS/DIN/BS)
By default, CAESAR II uses the ANSI pipe size and schedule tables in the input processor. Users may optionally select the standard tables of another piping specification using this directive. The available tables are
American National Standard (ANSI) Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) German Standard (DIN)
Structural Database
This directive specifies which database file is to be used to acquire the structural steel shape labels and cross section properties from. The structural databases provided include AISC 1977, AISC 1989, German 1991, South African 1991, Korean 1990, Australian 1990, United Kingdom, and China.
System Directory Name
This directive enables a user to select which “SYSTEM” directory is used by CAESAR II. All of the various system
directories contain formatting files, units' files, text files, and other “user configurable” data files. Some of these formatting files are language specific or Code specific. Therefore, users may want to switch between system directories depending on the current job. The directive allows the user to scroll through the available system directories and select one to be
ACTIVE. Since the CAESAR.CFG file is written to the local data directory, different data directories can be configured to reference different system directories.
All system directory names must be of the form: SYSTEM.???, where the .???, is a three-character suffix identifying the directory. Users can create system directories as needed below the CAESAR II installation folder (i.e. "sister folders to the default SYSTEM), following this required naming convention. Any folders so named and located will appear in this drop list. The CAESAR II distribution CD contains language files for English, French, German, and Spanish. These formatting files can be installed in separate system directories, with an appropriate suffix, to allow switching between languages.
Note that there must be a primary system directory, named system; for the program to place accounting, version, and diagnostic files that it creates during execution. The secondary system directories are only referenced for language and formatting files.
Units File Name
This directive allows the user to scroll through the available units files and select one to activate. Since the CAESAR.CFG file is written to the local data directory, different data directories can be configured to reference different units' files.
Units' files are searched for first in the local data directory, and then in the “active SYSTEM” directory. The active units file is used for new job creation and all output generation.
Valves and Flanges
This directive enables the user to specify which Valve/Flange database should be referenced by CAESAR II during
subsequent input sessions. The databases provided include the following: a generic database, the Crane database, a database (generic) without attached flanges, and the CADWorx Plant database.
Valve / Flange Data File Location
This directive defines where CAESAR II is to look for the valve/flange data files. The possible settings for this directive are: CAESAR II Directory: This setting instructs the program to look for the valve/flange data files in the CAESAR II folders below %allusersprofile%.
Specifications in CAESAR II, Data in CADWorx: This setting instructs the program to look for the Specification files in the CAESAR II folders below %allusersprofile%, but look for the actual data files in the CADWorx directories. All in CADWorx: This setting instructs the program to look for the valve/flange data files in the CADWorx folders.
FRP Pipe Properties
FRP Properties Configuration Settings
Axial Modulus of Elasticity
This field displays the Axial Elastic Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic pipe. This is the default value used to set the data in the input processor. The user may override this value in the input when necessary.
Axial Strain: Hoop Stress (Ea/Eh*Vh/a)
The product of the ratio of the axial to the hoop elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, which relates the strain in the axial direction to a stress in the hoop direction.
Ea - Elastic modulus in the axial direction. Eh - Elastic modulus in the hoop direction.
BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening
The BS 7159 code explicitly requires that the effect of pressure stiffening on the bend SIFs be calculated using the Design
Strain (this is based upon the assumption that the FRP piping is fully pressurized to its design limit). This is the default
method for CAESAR II.
When the piping is pressurized to a value much lower than its design pressure, it may be more accurate to calculate pressure stiffening based on the Actual Pressure stress, rather than its design strain. Note that this alternative method is a deviation from the explicit instructions of the BS 7159 code.
Exclude f2 from UKOOA Bending Stress
Some sources, such as Shell's DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen. (December 1998) and ISO/DIS 14692 suggest that, when using the UKOOA code, the axial bending stress should not be multiplied by the Part Factor f2 (the System Factor of Safety) prior to combination with the longitudinal pressure stress. Users wishing to modify the UKOOA requirements in this way should enable this check box. Users wishing to use UKOOA exactly as written should disable this check box.
FRP Alpha (xe-06)
In this field, the thermal expansion coefficient for the fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe used (multiplied by 1,000,000) should be entered. For example, if the value is: 8.5E-6 in/in/deg, then the user would enter 8.5 in this field. The exponent (E-6) is implied.
If a single expansion coefficient is too limiting for the user’s application, the actual thermal expansion may always be calculated at temperature in inches per inch (or mm per mm) and entered directly into the Temperature field on the Pipe spreadsheet.
FRP Density
This field displays the weight of the pipe material on a per unit volume basis. This field is used to set the default weight density of FRP materials in the piping input module.
FRP Laminate Type
The default Laminate Type (as defined in the BS 7159 code) of the fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe used should be entered. Valid laminate types are
Chopped strand mat (CSM) and woven roving (WR) construction with internal and external surface tissue reinforced
layer.
Chopped strand mat (CSM) and multi-filament roving construction with internal and external surface tissue reinforced layer.
All chopped strand mat (CSM) construction with internal and external surface tissue reinforced layer.
This entry is used in order to calculate the flexibility and stress intensity factors of bends; therefore this default entry may be overridden using the Type field on the bend auxiliary spreadsheets.
FRP Property Data File
Standard FRP material properties may be read in from files. The user may select the available files. Once selected, the program will give the user the option of reading in from that file.
Users may create FRP material files as text files with the .frp extension; these files should be stored in the CAESAR\SYSTEM sub-directory. The format of the files must adhere to the following format:
Sample FRP Data File
Note: The data lines must follow exactly the order shown above. The four data lines defining the UKOOA envelope are intended for future use and may be omitted.
Ratio Shear Modulus: Elastic Modulus
In this field, the ratio of the shear modulus to the modulus of elasticity (in the axial direction) of the fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe used should be entered. For example, if the material modulus of elasticity (axial) is 3.2E6 psi, and the shear modulus is 8.0E5 psi, the ratio of these two, 0.25, should be entered here.
Use FRP Flexibilities
By default, when FRP pipe is selected (Material #20), CAESAR II sets the fitting flexibility factor to 1.0. Some users have requested that the standard “code” flexibility factor be used.
By disabling this directive, the standard “code” flexibility factor equations will be applied to all FRP fittings.
If the BS 7159 or UKOOA Codes are in effect, code flexibility factors will always be used, regardless of the setting of this directive.
Use FRP SIF
By default, when FRP pipe is selected (Material #20), CAESAR II sets the fitting SIF to 2.3. Some users have requested that the standard “code” SIF be used, others have requested the ability to specify this value manually.
By disabling this directive, the standard “code” SIF equations will be applied to all FRP fittings. This also allows manual specification of these values by the user.
Geometry Directives
Geometry Directives Configuration Settings
Auto Node Number Increment
This directive sets the value for the Automatic Node Numbering routine. Any non-zero, positive value in this data cell is used to automatically assume the “TO NODE” value on the piping input spreadsheets. The new (TO) node number is determined as:
“To Node” = “From Node” + Auto Node Number Increment.
If this value is set to 0.0, automatic node numbering is disabled.
Bend Length Attachment Percent
Whenever the element leaving the tangent intersection of a bend is within (n)% of the bend radius on either side of the weldline, CAESAR II inserts an element from the bend weldline to the “TO” node of the element leaving the bend. The inserted element has a length equal to exactly (n)% of the bend radius. The user may adjust this percentage to reduce the error due to the inserted element; however, the length tolerance for elements leaving the bend will also be reduced. To obtain more accurate results the user must include less “slop” in the system dimensions around bends. The default attachment is 1.0 percent.
Connect Geometry Through CNodes
Restraints, flexible nozzles, and spring hangers may be defined with connecting nodes. By default CAESAR II ignores the position of the restraint node and the connecting node. They may be at the same point or they may be hundreds of feet apart. This directive allows the user to insist that each restraint, nozzle, or hanger exists at the same point in space as its
connecting node. In many cases, enabling this option will cause “plot-wise” disconnected parts of the system to be re-connected and to appear “as -expected” in both input and output plots.
Horizontal Thermal Bowing Tolerance
This directive enables the user to specify the maximum slope of a straight pipe element for which thermal bowing effects will be considered. Thermal bowing is usually associated with fluid carrying horizontal pipes in which the fluid does not fill the cross section. In these cases, there is a temperature differential across the cross section. This directive allows the user to define the interpretation of “horizontal.” By default, the program uses a value of 0.0001 as the horizontal threshold value. If a pipe element’s pitch is less than this tolerance, the element is considered to be horizontal, and thermal bowing loads can be applied to it. An element’s pitch is computed from: PITCH = | DY | / ( DX2+ DY2+ DZ2)1/2
Loop Closure Tolerance
The loop closure tolerance used by CAESAR II for error checking can be set interactively by the user for each job analyzed, or the user can enter the desired loop closure tolerance via this directive and override without distraction the program default value of 1.0 in. See the following section for a discussion of the CAESAR II units file.
Maximum Allowable Bend Angle
Very large angles, short radius bends can cause numerical problems during solution. When the user has a reasonable radius and a large angle there is usually no problems. However, if the large angle bend plots compared reasonably well to the surrounding elements then the bend can probably be used without difficulty. Well-proportioned bends up to 135 degrees have been tested without a problem. Enabling this directive allows the user to reset the maximum angle CAESAR II will accept for a bend. The default is 95 degrees.
Minimum Allowable Bend Angle
Very small angles, short radius bends can cause numerical problems during solution. When the user has a reasonable radius and a small angle there is usually no problems. However, if the small angle bend is grossly small compared to the
surrounding elements then the bend should probably not be used and a different modeling approach employed. Enabling this directive allows the user to reset the minimum angle CAESAR II will accept for a bend angle. The default is 5.0 degrees.
Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend
Nodes on a bend curvature that are too close together can cause numerical problems during solution. Where the radius of the bend is large, such as in a cross-country pipeline, it is not uncommon to find nodes on a bend curvature closer than 5 degrees. In these situations the user may enable this directive to change the CAESAR II error checking tolerance for the “closeness” of points on the bend curvature. The default is 5.0 degrees.
Z-Axis Vertical
By default CAESAR II assumes the Y-axis is vertical with the X and Z-axes in the horizontal plane. If desired, the Z-axis can be made vertical by checking this box. In this case, the X and Y-axes will be in the horizontal plane.
Graphic Settings
The directives in this tab are used to set the different plot option colors, font characteristics, and the view options. To change a color, click it once and then click the ellipses dots button that appears to the right. Select a color from the dialog box that appears and then click OK. Don’t forget to press the Exit w/Save button when leaving Configuration Setup to save the color settings.
Advanced Options
These settings should only be used by graphics experts or those who are experiencing difficulties with their graphics, in which case the User is encouraged to contact COADE for assistance.
Background Colors
Use Background Color
Check this box if you want the plot background to be one uniform color instead of blending between the top and bottom colors.
Bottom
Top
Sets the color for the top of the plot window.
Component Color
The following directives are used to define the color for various components in the plot.
Anchors
Used to set the color of anchors when displayed in the graphics.
Expansion Joints
Sets the color of Expansion Joints when displayed in the graphics.
Hangers
Sets the color of the Spring Hangers (and Spring Cans) when displayed in the graphics.
Legend Text
All legends such as Displacements, Temperatures, etc. use this color text when displayed in the graphics.
Node Text
Determines the color of node numbers and node names when displayed in the graphics.
Nozzles
Sets the color of all nozzles when displayed in the graphics.
Pipes
Sets the color of all pipe elements when displayed in the graphics.
Restraints
Sets the color of all restraints (except for anchors and hangers) when displayed in the graphics.
Rigids
Sets the color of all rigid elements when displayed in the graphics.
SIFs/Tees
Sets the color of all Tees when displayed in the graphics.
Steel
Sets the color of all structural steel elements in both the structural steel plot and the piping plot when structural steel is included.
Miscellaneous Options
These options determine how the graphics are displayed by default or upon using the Reset Plot option while in the graphics.
Bounding Box Visibility
When a model is being manipulated such as rotated or panned with the mouse a bounding box appears around the model. This directive enables or disables this bounding box.
Default Operator
By default CAESAR II will start graphics with this selected as Zoom to Window. Other options include Annotate, Orbit, Pan, Restore Previous, Select, and Zoom with Mouse. To see a full description of these operators see the CAESAR II Users Guide.
Default Projection
CAESAR II begins with a default projection of Orthographic. Other options include Perspective, and Stretched.
Default Render Mode
CAESAR II begins with a default render mode of Phong Shading. Other options include Centerline, Flat, Gouraud Shading, Silhouette, Triangulated, and Wireframe either with or without hidden lines. The Centerline and Silhouette views are the fastest render modes and less memory intensive for the user’s computer graphics card.
Default View
CAESAR II begins with a default view of SE Isometric. Other options include SW Isometric, NW Isometric, NE Isometric, Top, Bottom, Front, Back, Left, Right, and Restore Previous.
Enabling this directive hides node text that is overwritten by other text. This makes reading the plot easier, but eliminates some node text.
Marker Settings
Sets the color and size of the nodes shown in the graphics.
Optimal Frame Rate
Determines how many times per second CAESAR II will re-draw the piping display when it is being manipulated such as zooming, panning, and rotating. Lower this number if you experience graphics problems such as sluggishness during operations or large boxes being drawn instead of the piping system display.
Shadow Mode
Determines the shadow mode, either Hard, Soft, or None can be selected here. The CAESAR II default is None.
Smooth Transitions
Turn this option on or off to enable the graphics to have a smooth transition when the view is changed. Turning this directive off will change views instantly and will reduce the video card memory requirements.
Video Driver
Determines the video driver used in plotting. OpenGL, Direct 3D, or Windows Basic Video can be selected here.
Visibility %
Determines the percentage of incident light that passes through an element volume when using the Translucent Objects or Hidden Lines option in the graphics. Setting this to zero makes all elements completely opaque while a setting of 100% renders all elements transparent. The default setting is 50%.
Output Colors
When plotting code stress in output the program colors the elements in terms of either actual stress or percent of code allowable. The levels are currently set as follows:
Level Actual Stress Percent (of Code Allowable) Stress
Level 1 <10,000 psi < 20% Level 2 10,000 to 15,000 psi 20 to 40% Level 3 15,000 to 20,000 psi 40 to 60% Level 4 20,000 to 25,000 psi 60 to 80% Level 5 25,000 to 30,000 psi 80 to 100% Level 6 > 30,000 psi >100%
Select the colors desired for the various levels here in Configuration Setup.
Displaced Shape
Sets the color of the Displaced Shape option when displayed in output graphics.
Text Options
Here you can select Font, Font Style, and Font Size and color. Scripts are supported. The different plot texts are Node Numbers and Names, Annotation, and Legends.
Miscellaneous Options
Miscellaneous Configuration Settings
Autosave Time Interval
This value (in minutes) is the time interval used to perform the auto-save function. Autosave will be initiated every "X" minutes, where the value of "X" is specified in this edit box.
Disable "File Open" Graphic Thumbnail
This directive disables the graphic thumbnail plot in the File Open dialog boxes. The graphics thumbnail plots a small image of the model as a single line drawing. On some slower, memory limited processors, or when scanning very large models, this thumbnail graphic may take a few seconds to plot the model. To prevent this delay check this box to turn off the graphics.
Disable Undo/Redo Ability
It may be desirable on some installations to disable the UNDO/REDO feature of the input module. With UNDO/REDO enabled, CAESAR II can process a job approximately one-half the size of that which can be processed when UNDO/REDO is disabled (for similar memory settings). Likewise, with UNDO/REDO enabled, the input module speed may be reduced.
Displacement Reports Sorted by Nodes
By default CAESAR II sorts the nodes in ascending order during the force/stress computations. This produces a displacement output report in which the nodes are ordered in increasing magnitude. This directive can be turned off to disable this nodal sort. The resulting displacement reports will be produced in the order the nodes were entered during model building.
Dynamic Example Input Text
This directive allows the user to control how much example text is placed in “new” dynamic input files. By default, CAESAR II places example text and spectrum definitions in the input stream of “new” dynamic input files. Once a user is familiar with the input, this example text may be undesirable. This directive allows the user to vary how much of this example text is incorporated in the input.
MAX - This setting is the default and instructs CAESAR II to place all of the examples and spectrum definitions in the input stream of “new” dynamic input files.
NONE -This directive eliminates all the example text and all the built in spectrum definitions. This setting is intended for experienced users.
SPEC -This setting eliminates all of the example text, but leaves the predefined spectrum definition. This means that the built in spectrum definitions (El Centro etc.) will still be defined, and available for use.
Enable Autosave
When this option is checked, CAESAR II will automatically save the piping input at specified intervals.
Memory Allocated (Mb):
This setting modifies the Windows registry to increase the amount of RAM available to CAESAR II. Setting this directive to a number greater than the available RAM will cause Windows to use Virtual Memory (Hard Disk Space to be used as RAM) to be used. This may slow the program, however, and is normally recommended only for very large piping models.
Output Reports by Load Case
By default, CAESAR II generates output reports sorted by load case. As an option, this directive may be turned off, which will cause the output reports to be sorted by type. For reports by type, all displacement reports will be generated, then all restraint reports, then all force reports, etc.
Output Table of Contents
This directive allows the user to control the generation of a Table of Contents, normally produced after a static or a dynamic output session.
By default this directive is turned on, which causes the output processors to generate a Table of Contents upon exit. Turning this directive off disables the generation of the Table of Contents.
Prompted Autosave
When this option is checked, CAESAR II will prompt the user, at the specified time interval, to save the input. If this option is not checked, the input will be saved automatically at the specified time intervals (assuming autosave is enabled).
Time History Animation
This directive allows the user to disable the creation of the file used to animate the “time history” displacement of the piping system. By default this directive is turned on, which instructs CAESAR II to generate a file of displacements,
however, that the size of this file is dependent on the size of the model and the number of time steps analyzed. It may therefore be advantageous from a “disk usage” point of view not to create this file. To instruct CAESAR II not to create this file, turn this setting off.
User ID
When more than one workstation attempts to the CAESAR II data in the same directory at the same time it causes a corruption of the control file in the data directory, which may cause abnormal program execution. Therefore, in situations where there may be more than one concurrent user running CAESAR II in a given data directory each user (or more exactly, each workstation) should enter a three-character User ID in this field. This creates a separate control file for each User ID to allow simultaneous access of the CAESAR II data within the same directory.
SIFs and Stresses
SIFs and Stresses Configuration Settings
Add F/A in Stresses
This option determines whether or not the axial stress term is included in the code stress computation. Setting this directive to Default causes CAESAR II to use whatever the currently active piping code recommends. Only the B31.3-type piping codes (i.e. codes where the sustained stress equation is not explicitly given) have the F/A stresses included in the sustained and occasional stress equations. The B31.1-type codes do not include the F/A stresses because the equations given explicitly in the code do not include it. The F/A stresses discussed here are not due to longitudinal pressure. These are the F/A stresses due to structural loads in the piping system itself.
Add Torsion in SL Stress
Some piping codes include torsion in the sustained and occasional stresses by explicitly including it in the stress equation (i.e. B31.1), and some don’t include torsion in the sustained and occasional stresses by implicitly calling for “longitudinal stresses” only (i.e. B31.3). Setting the Add Torsion in SL Stress directive to Yes forces CAESAR II to include the torsion term in those codes that don’t include it already by default. Setting this directive to Default causes CAESAR II to use
whatever the currently active piping code implies. In a sustained stress analysis of a very hot piping system subject to creep, it is recommended that the user include torsion in the sustained stress calculation via this parameter in the setup file.
All Cases Corroded
A recent version of the B31.3 piping code mentioned reducing the section modulus for sustained or occasional stress calculations by the reduction in wall thickness due to corrosion. Several users have interpreted this to mean that the reduced section modulus should be used for all stress calculations, including expansion. This directive allows those users to apply this conservative interpretation of the code. Enabling All Cases Corroded causes CAESAR II to use the corroded section modulus for the calculation of all stress types. This method is recommended as conservative, and probably more realistic as corrosion can significantly affect fatigue life, i.e., expansion. Disabling this directive causes CAESAR II to strictly follow the piping code recommendations, i.e. depending on the active piping code, some load cases will consider corrosion and some will not.
Allow User's SIF at Bend
This feature was added for those users that wished to change the stress intensification factor for bends. Previously this was not permitted, and the code defined SIF was always used. If the user enables this directive, he may override the code’s calculated SIF for bends. The user entered SIF acts over the entire bend curvature and must be specified at the “TO” end of the bend element. The default is off.
B31.1 Reduced Z Fix
This directive is used in conjunction with B31.1, and makes the correction to the reduced branch stress calculation that existed in the 1980 through 1989 versions of B31.1. This error was corrected in the 1989 version of B31.1, and the B31.1 Reduced Z Fix is on by default in CAESAR II.
B31.3 Paragraph 319.2.3(c)
Activating this directive permits the software to include axial terms in the expansion stress according to Paragraph 319.2.3(c) of B31.3. This directive has three possible settings, as discussed below.
No (default)
When this setting is selected CAESAR II behaves as it always has, and axial stresses are not included in the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range value. (This is Se in Eq. (17) of B31.3.)
|Sa| + Se
When this option is selected, the absolute value of the axial stress is added to the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range, and the sum is reported as the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range, Se. This selection is more conservative than ( |Sa| + Sb ) ** 2.
( |Sa| + Sb ) ** 2
When this option is selected, the absolute value fo the axial stress is added to the bending term in the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range equation (Se, Eq (17) in B31.3). This selection is less conservative than |Sa| + Se. This option is more nearly theoretically correct, and consistent with Appendix P Eqs (P17a) and (P17b).
B31.3 Sustained SIF Multiplier
B31.3 Code Interpretation 1-34 dated February 23, 1981 File: 1470-1 states that for sustained and occasional loads an SIF of 0.75i, but not less than 1.0 may be used. This setup directive allows the user to enter their desired coefficient.
The default is 1.0. To comply with this interpretation (1-34) the user would enter 0.75.
B31.3 Code Interpretation 6-03 dated December 14, 1987 permitted users to ignore the stress intensification for sustained and occasional loads. To comply with this interpretation (6-03), the user would enter 0.0001.
B31.3 Welding and Contour Tees Meet B16.9
This flag controls the "assumption" that the geometry of B31.3 welding and contour insert tees (sweepolets) meets the dimensional requirements of the code, and can be classified as B16.9 tees. The default setting for this directive is "NO", which causes the program to use a flexibility characteristic of 3.1*T/r, as per the A01 addendum.
Selecting this check box, allows the program to assume that the fitting geometry meets the requirements of Note 11, introduced in the A01 addendum, and a flexibility characteristic of 4.4*T/r will be used.
Note: In order to match runs made with CAESAR II prior to Version 4.40, this checkbox must be selected. Prior to Version 4.40, CAESAR II always used a flexibility characteristic of 4.4*T/r.
Base Hoop Stress On ( ID/OD/Mean/Lamé)
This directive is used to indicate how the value of hoop stress should be calculated. The default is to use the ID of the pipe. Most piping codes consider the effects of pressure in the longitudinal component of the CODE stress. Usually, the value of the hoop stress has no bearing on the CODE stress, so changing this directive does not affect the acceptability of the piping system.
If desired, the user may change the way CAESAR II computes the hoop stress value. This directive has the following options: ID—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the internal diameter of the pipe.
OD—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the outer diameter of the pipe.
Mean—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the average or mean diameter of the pipe. Lamé—Maximum Hoop stress is computed according to Lamé's solution, = P(Ro2+Ri2)/(Ro2-Ri2).
Class 1 Branch Flexibility
Activates the Class 1 flexibility calculations. The appearance of this parameter in the setup file will completely change the modeling of intersections in the analysis. For intersections not satisfying the reduced branch rules that d/D 0.5 and that D/T 100, the branch will start at the surface of the header pipe. A perfectly rigid junction between the centerline of the header and surface will be formed automatically by CAESAR II using the element offset calculations. SIFs act at the surface point for the branch. When the reduced branch rules are satisfied, the local flexibility of the header is also inserted at this surface point. Intersections not satisfying the reduced intersection rules will be “stiffer” and carry more loads, while
intersections satisfying the reduced intersection rules will be more flexible and will carry less load. All changes to the model are completely transparent to the user. In systems where the intersection flexibility is a major component of the overall system stiffness, the user is urged to run the analysis both with and without the Class 1 Branch Flexibility active to determine the effect this modeling on the analysis. For more technical discussion, refer to Class 1 Branch Flexibilities (on page 6-12).
Default Piping Code
The piping code the user designs to most often should go here. This code will be used as the default if no code is specified in the problem input. The default piping code is B31.3, the chemical plant and petroleum refinery code. Valid entries are B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.5, B31.8, B31.8 Chapter VIII, B31.11, ASME-NC(Class 2), ASME-ND(Class 3), NAVY505, Z662, Z662 Chapter 11, BS806, SWEDISH1, SWEDISH2, B31.1-1967, STOOMWEZEN, RCCM-C, RCCM-D, CODETI, Norwegian, FDBR, BS-7159, UKOOA, IGE/TD/12, DNV, EN-13480, and GPTC/Z380, PD 8010-1, PD 8010-2, ISO-14692, HPGSL, JPI.
EN-13480 - Use In-Plane/Out-Plane SIF
The EN-13480 piping code (and other European piping codes) defaults to the use of a single SIF, applied to the SRSS of all three bending moments. Optionally, an analyst can utilize distinct in-plane and out-of-plane SIF values for in-plane and out-of-plane moments.
