Technical Reference Guide
v e r s i o n 2.8.3
AT283_TRG_E2
Contact Information
Atoll 2.8.2 Technical Reference Guide Release AT283_TRG_E2
©
Copyright 1997 - 2010 by ForskThe software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used/copied under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of this document may be copied, reproduced or distributed in any form without prior authorisation from Forsk.
The product or brand names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective registering parties.
About the Technical Reference Guide
This document is targeted at readers with a prior knowledge of Atoll, its operation and basic functioning. It is not the User Manual for Atoll, and does not teach how to operate and use Atoll. It is a supplementary document containing detailed descriptions of models, algorithms and concepts adopted in Atoll. Therefore, it concerns only the appropriate personnel. The Atoll Technical Reference Guide is divided into three parts with each part comprising similar topics. The first part contains descriptions of general terms, entities, ideas and concepts in Atoll that are encountered throughout its use. It is followed by the second part that consists of descriptions of entities common to all types of networks and the algorithms that are technology independent and are available in any network type. Lastly, the guide provides detailed descriptions of each basic type of network that can be modelled and studied in Atoll.
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Table of Contents
1
Coordinate Systems and Units ... 23
1.1
Coordinate Systems... 23
1.1.1
Description of Coordinate Systems ... 23
1.1.1.1
Geographic Coordinate System... 23
1.1.1.2
Datum ... 23
1.1.1.3
Meridian ... 23
1.1.1.4
Ellipsoid ... 23
1.1.1.5
Projection... 24
1.1.1.6
Projection Coordinate System ... 24
1.1.2
Coordinate Systems in Atoll ... 24
1.1.2.1
Projection Coordinate System ... 24
1.1.2.2
Display Coordinate System ... 24
1.1.2.3
Internal Coordinate Systems ... 24
1.1.3
File Formats ... 25
1.1.3.1
Unit Codes ... 25
1.1.3.2
Datum Codes... 26
1.1.3.3
Projection Method Codes ... 27
1.1.3.4
Ellipsoid Codes ... 27
1.1.3.5
Projection Parameter Indices... 28
1.1.4
Creating a Coordinate System ... 28
1.2
Units ... 28
1.2.1
Power Units ... 28
1.2.2
Length Units ... 29
1.3
BSIC Format ... 29
2
Geographic and Radio Data ... 33
2.1
Geographic Data ... 33
2.1.1
Data Type ... 33
2.1.1.1
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ... 33
2.1.1.2
Clutter (Land Use) ... 34
2.1.1.2.1
Clutter Classes... 34
2.1.1.2.2
Clutter Heights ... 34
2.1.1.3
Traffic Data ... 34
2.1.1.3.1
User Profile Environment Based Traffic Maps ... 34
2.1.1.3.2
User Profile Traffic Maps... 34
2.1.1.3.3
Sector Traffic Maps ... 34
2.1.1.3.4
User Density Traffic Maps... 35
2.1.1.4
Vector Data... 35
2.1.1.5
Scanned Images... 35
2.1.1.6
Population... 35
2.1.1.7
Other Geographic Data... 35
2.1.2
Supported Geographic Data Formats ... 35
2.2
Radio Data ... 36
2.2.1
Site ... 36
2.2.2
Antenna ... 36
2.2.3
Transmitter ... 36
2.2.4
Repeater... 36
2.2.5
Remote Antenna ... 37
2.2.6
Station ... 37
2.2.7
Hexagonal Design ... 37
2.2.8
GSM GPRS EGPRS Documents ... 37
2.2.8.1
TRX... 37
2.2.8.2
Subcell ... 37
2.2.8.3
Cell Type... 37
2.2.9
All CDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents ... 37
3
File Formats...41
3.1
BIL Format ...41
3.1.1
HDR Header File...41
3.1.1.1
Description ...41
3.1.1.2
Samples ...42
3.1.1.2.1
Digital Terrain Model...42
3.1.1.2.2
Clutter Classes File...42
3.1.1.2.3
BIL File...42
3.2
TIF Format start here...42
3.2.1
TFW Header File...43
3.2.2
Sample ...44
3.2.2.1
Clutter Classes File ...44
3.3
BMP Format...44
3.3.1
BMP File Description...44
3.3.1.1
BMP File Structure ...44
3.3.1.2
BMP Raster Data Encoding ...45
3.3.1.2.1
Raster Data Compression Descriptions...46
3.3.2
BPW/BMW Header File Description...47
3.3.3
Sample ...47
3.3.3.1
Clutter Classes File ...47
3.4
PNG Format...47
3.4.1
PGW Header File Description ...47
3.5
Generic Raster Header File (.wld) ...47
3.5.1
WLD File Description ...48
3.5.2
Sample ...48
3.5.2.1
Clutter Classes File ...48
3.6
DXF Format ...48
3.7
SHP Format ...48
3.8
MIF Format ...48
3.9
TAB Format ...49
3.10
ECW Format ...49
3.11
Erdas Imagine Format ...50
3.12
Planet EV/Vertical Mapper Geographic Data Format ...50
3.13
ArcView Grid Format ...50
3.13.1
ArcView Grid File Description ...50
3.13.2
Sample ...51
3.14
Other Supported Geographic Data File Formats ...51
3.15
Planet Format ...51
3.15.1
DTM File...51
3.15.1.1
Description ...51
3.15.1.2
Sample ...52
3.15.2
Clutter Class Files ...52
3.15.2.1
Description ...52
3.15.2.2
Sample ...52
3.15.3
Vector Files ...53
3.15.3.1
Description ...53
3.15.3.2
Sample ...53
3.15.4
Image Files...53
3.15.5
Text Data Files ...54
3.16
MNU Format ...54
3.16.1
Description ...54
3.16.2
Sample ...54
3.17
XML Table Export/Import Format ...55
3.17.1
Index.xml File ...55
3.17.2
XML File ...55
3.18
Externalised Propagation Results Format ...57
3.18.1
DBF File ...57
3.18.1.1
DBF File Format ...57
3.18.1.1.1
DBF Structure ...57
3.18.1.1.2
DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count) ...57
3.18.1.1.3
Each DBF Record (Fixed Length)...59
3.18.1.2
DBF File Content ...59
3.18.2
LOS File ...60
3.19
Externalised Tuning Files ...60
3.19.1
DBF File ...60
3.19.1.1
DBF File Format ...60
3.19.1.1.2
DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count)... 60
3.19.1.1.3
Each DBF Record (Fixed Length) ... 62
3.19.1.2
DBF File Content ... 62
3.19.2
PTS File... 62
3.20
Interference Histograms File Formats... 63
3.20.1
One Histogram per Line (.im0) Format... 63
3.20.1.1
Sample... 63
3.20.2
One Value per Line with Dictionary File (.clc) Format ... 64
3.20.2.1
CLC File... 64
3.20.2.1.1
Description ... 64
3.20.2.1.2
Sample ... 65
3.20.2.2
DCT File... 66
3.20.2.2.1
Description ... 66
3.20.2.2.2
Sample ... 66
3.20.3
One Value per Line (Transmitter Name Repeated) (.im1) Format ... 67
3.20.3.1
Sample... 67
3.20.4
Only Co-Channel and Adjacent Values (.im2) Format ... 68
3.20.4.1
Sample... 68
3.21
Antenna Pattern Formats ... 69
3.21.1
2D Antenna Diagram Format ... 69
3.21.2
Import Format of Text Files Containing 3D Antenna Patterns... 70
4
Calculations ... 73
4.1
Overview ... 73
4.2
Path Loss Matrices... 74
4.2.1
Calculation Area Determination... 75
4.2.1.1
Computation Zone ... 75
4.2.2
Calculate / Force Calculation Comparison ... 75
4.2.2.1
Calculate... 75
4.2.2.2
Force Calculation... 76
4.2.3
Matrix Validity ... 76
4.3
Path Loss Calculations... 77
4.3.1
Ground Altitude Determination ... 77
4.3.2
Clutter Determination ... 77
4.3.2.1
Clutter Class ... 78
4.3.2.2
Clutter Height... 78
4.3.3
Geographic Profile Extraction... 78
4.3.3.1
Extraction Methods ... 78
4.3.3.1.1
Radial Extraction ... 78
4.3.3.1.2
Systematic Extraction ... 79
4.3.3.2
Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management... 80
4.4
Coverage Predictions... 81
4.4.1
Use of Polygonal Zones in Coverage Prediction Reports ... 81
4.4.2
Filtering Coverage Prediction Exports ... 81
4.4.3
Smoothing Coverage Prediction Exports ... 81
4.4.3.1
Smoothing: Percentage Method ... 81
4.4.3.2
Smoothing: Number of points method ... 82
4.5
Propagation Models ... 84
4.5.1
Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata Propagation Models... 85
4.5.1.1
Hata Path Loss Formula ... 85
4.5.1.2
Corrections to the Hata Path Loss Formula... 85
4.5.1.3
Calculations in Atoll ... 85
4.5.2
ITU 529-3 Propagation Model ... 86
4.5.2.1
ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula... 86
4.5.2.2
Corrections to the ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula ... 86
4.5.2.2.1
Environment Correction ... 86
4.5.2.2.2
Area Size Correction ... 86
4.5.2.2.3
Distance Correction ... 87
4.5.2.3
Calculations in Atoll ... 87
4.5.3
Standard Propagation Model (SPM) ... 87
4.5.3.1
SPM Path Loss Formula... 87
4.5.3.2
Calculations in Atoll ... 88
4.5.3.2.1
Visibility and Distance Between Transmitter and Receiver... 88
4.5.3.2.2
Effective Transmitter Antenna Height ... 88
4.5.3.2.3
Effective Receiver Antenna Height ... 91
4.5.3.2.4
Correction for Hilly Regions in Case of LOS ... 91
4.5.3.2.5
Diffraction ... 92
4.5.3.2.7
Recommendations...93
4.5.3.3
Automatic SPM Calibration ...93
4.5.3.3.1
General Algorithm...94
4.5.3.3.2
Sample Values for SPM Path Loss Formula Parameters...94
4.5.3.4
Unmasked Path Loss Calculation ...95
4.5.4
WLL Propagation Model...96
4.5.4.1
WLL Path Loss Formula ...96
4.5.4.2
Calculations in Atoll ...96
4.5.4.2.1
Free Space Loss...96
4.5.4.2.2
Diffraction...96
4.5.5
ITU-R P.526-5 Propagation Model...96
4.5.5.1
ITU 526-5 Path Loss Formula ...96
4.5.5.2
Calculations in Atoll ...97
4.5.5.2.1
Free Space Loss...97
4.5.5.2.2
Diffraction...97
4.5.6
ITU-R P.370-7 Propagation Model...97
4.5.6.1
ITU 370-7 Path Loss Formula ...97
4.5.6.2
Calculations in Atoll ...97
4.5.6.2.1
Free Space Loss...97
4.5.6.2.2
Corrected Standard Loss...97
4.5.7
Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Propagation Model ...98
4.5.7.1
SUI Terrain Types ...99
4.5.7.2
Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Path Loss Formula...99
4.5.7.3
Calculations in Atoll ...100
4.5.8
ITU-R P.1546-2 Propagation Model...100
4.5.8.1
Calculations in Atoll ...101
4.5.8.1.1
Step 1: Determination of Graphs to be Used...101
4.5.8.1.2
Step 2: Calculation of Maximum Field Strength...101
4.5.8.1.3
Step 3: Determination of Transmitter Antenna Height ...101
4.5.8.1.4
Step 4: Interpolation/Extrapolation of Field Strength ...101
4.5.8.1.5
Step 5: Calculation of Correction Factors ...103
4.5.8.1.6
Step 6: Calculation of Path Loss...104
4.5.9
Sakagami Extended Propagation Model...104
4.5.10
Appendices ...106
4.5.10.1
Free Space Loss ...106
4.5.10.2
Diffraction Loss...106
4.5.10.2.1
Knife-Edge Diffraction...106
4.5.10.2.2
3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method...107
4.5.10.2.3
Epstein-Peterson Method ...108
4.5.10.2.4
Deygout Method with Correction ...108
4.5.10.2.5
Millington Method...109
4.6
Path Loss Tuning...109
4.6.1
Transmitter Path Loss Tuning ...109
4.6.2
Repeater Path Loss Tuning ...110
4.7
Antenna Attenuation Calculation ...111
4.7.1
Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles...111
4.7.2
Antenna Pattern 3-D Interpolation...112
4.7.3
Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling...113
4.7.4
Antenna Pattern Smoothing ...113
4.7.4.1
Smoothing Algorithm ...115
4.8
Shadowing Model ...115
4.8.1
Shadowing Margin Calculation...119
4.8.1.1
Shadowing Margin Calculation in Predictions ...120
4.8.1.2
Shadowing Margin Calculation in Monte-Carlo Simulations...121
4.8.2
Macro-Diversity Gains Calculation ...122
4.8.2.1
Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ...122
4.8.2.1.1
Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)...122
4.8.2.1.2
Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain ...124
4.8.2.2
Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ...124
4.8.2.2.1
Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)...124
4.8.2.2.2
Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain...127
4.9
Appendices ...127
4.9.1
Transmitter Radio Equipment ...127
4.9.1.1
UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents ...128
4.9.1.2
GSM Documents ...129
5
GSM GPRS EDGE Networks ... 133
5.1
Signal Level Calculations ... 133
5.1.1
Point Analysis ... 133
5.1.1.1
Profile Tab ... 133
5.1.1.2
Reception Tab ... 133
5.1.2
Signal Level-based Coverage Predictions ... 134
5.1.2.1
Service Area Determination... 134
5.1.2.1.1
All Servers... 134
5.1.2.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 134
5.1.2.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 134
5.1.2.1.4
Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin... 135
5.1.2.1.5
Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ... 135
5.1.2.1.6
HCS Servers and a Margin ... 135
5.1.2.1.7
Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin... 136
5.1.2.1.8
Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2)... 136
5.1.2.2
Coverage Display ... 137
5.1.2.2.1
Coverage Resolution ... 137
5.1.2.2.2
Display Types ... 137
5.2
Interference-based Calculations ... 138
5.2.1
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Calculation... 138
5.2.2
Point Analysis ... 141
5.2.3
Interference-based Coverage Predictions ... 141
5.2.3.1
Service Area Determination... 141
5.2.3.2
Coverage Area Determination ... 141
5.2.3.2.1
Interference Condition Satisfied by At Least One TRX ... 141
5.2.3.2.2
Interference Condition Satisfied by The Worst TRX ... 142
5.2.3.3
Coverage Display ... 142
5.2.3.3.1
Coverage Resolution ... 142
5.2.3.3.2
Display Types ... 142
5.3
GPRS/EDGE Calculations ... 142
5.3.1
Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation ... 143
5.3.1.1
Calculations Based on C ... 143
5.3.1.2
Calculations Based on C/I ... 143
5.3.1.3
Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ... 144
5.3.2
Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation ... 144
5.3.2.1
Calculations Based on C ... 144
5.3.2.2
Calculations Based on C/I ... 145
5.3.2.3
Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ... 145
5.3.3
Application Throughput Calculation... 145
5.3.4
BLER Calculation ... 146
5.3.5
GPRS/EDGE Coverage Predictions... 146
5.3.5.1
Service Area Determination... 146
5.3.5.1.1
All Servers... 146
5.3.5.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 146
5.3.5.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 146
5.3.5.1.4
Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin... 147
5.3.5.1.5
Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ... 147
5.3.5.1.6
HCS Servers and a Margin ... 147
5.3.5.1.7
Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin... 147
5.3.5.1.8
Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2)... 148
5.3.5.2
Coverage Display ... 148
5.3.5.2.1
Coverage Resolution ... 148
5.3.5.2.2
Display Types ... 148
5.4
Codec Mode Selection and CQI Calculations ... 150
5.4.1
Circuit Quality Indicator Calculations... 152
5.4.2
CQI Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation ... 152
5.4.2.1
Calculations Based on C/N... 152
5.4.2.2
Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ... 152
5.4.3
CQI Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation ... 153
5.4.3.1
Calculations Based on C/N... 153
5.4.3.2
Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ... 153
5.4.4
Circuit Quality Indicators Coverage Predictions ... 154
5.4.4.1
Service Area Determination... 154
5.4.4.1.1
All Servers... 154
5.4.4.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 154
5.4.4.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 154
5.4.4.1.5
Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ...155
5.4.4.1.6
HCS Servers and a Margin...155
5.4.4.1.7
Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin ...155
5.4.4.2
Coverage Display ...156
5.4.4.2.1
Coverage Resolution ...156
5.4.4.2.2
Display Types ...156
5.5
Traffic Analysis ...156
5.5.1
Traffic Distribution ...156
5.5.1.1
Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) ...156
5.5.1.1.1
Circuit Switched Services ...156
5.5.1.1.2
Packet Switched Services ...157
5.5.1.2
Concentric Cells ...157
5.5.1.2.1
Circuit Switched Services ...157
5.5.1.2.2
Packet Switched Services ...157
5.5.1.3
HCS Layers ...157
5.5.1.3.1
Circuit Switched Services ...157
5.5.1.3.2
Packet Switched Services ...157
5.5.2
Calculation of the Traffic Demand per Subcell...157
5.5.2.1
User Profile Traffic Maps ...157
5.5.2.1.1
Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer)...157
5.5.2.1.2
Concentric Cells...158
5.5.2.1.3
HCS Layers ...159
5.5.2.2
Sector Traffic Maps ...162
5.5.2.2.1
Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer)...162
5.5.2.2.2
Concentric Cells...163
5.5.2.2.3
HCS Layers ...163
5.6
Network Dimensioning...167
5.6.1
Dimensioning Models and Quality Graphs...167
5.6.1.1
Circuit Switched Traffic...168
5.6.1.2
Packet Switched Traffic ...168
5.6.1.2.1
Throughput ...168
5.6.1.2.2
Delay...170
5.6.1.2.3
Blocking Probability ...170
5.6.2
Network Dimensioning Process ...172
5.6.2.1
Network Dimensioning Engine ...172
5.6.2.1.1
Inputs ...172
5.6.2.1.2
Outputs ...172
5.6.2.2
Network Dimensioning Steps ...172
5.6.2.2.1
Step 1: Timeslots Required for CS Traffic ...172
5.6.2.2.2
Step 2: TRXs Required for CS Traffic and Dedicated PS Timeslots ...173
5.6.2.2.3
Step 3: Effective CS Blocking, Effective CS Traffic Overflow and Served CS Traffic...173
5.6.2.2.4
Step 4: TRXs to Add for PS Traffic ...173
5.6.2.2.5
Step 5: Served PS Traffic ...175
5.6.2.2.6
Step 6: Total Traffic Load ...176
5.7
Key Performance Indicators Calculation...176
5.7.1
Circuit Switched Traffic ...176
5.7.1.1
Erlang B...176
5.7.1.2
Erlang C ...176
5.7.1.3
Served Circuit Switched Traffic ...177
5.7.2
Packet Switched Traffic...177
5.7.2.1
Case 1: Total Traffic Demand > Dedicated + Shared Timeslots ...177
5.7.2.1.1
Traffic Load...177
5.7.2.1.2
Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ...177
5.7.2.1.3
Throughput Reduction Factor ...177
5.7.2.1.4
Delay...177
5.7.2.1.5
Blocking Probability ...177
5.7.2.1.6
Served Packet Switched Traffic...177
5.7.2.2
Case 2: Total Traffic Demand < Dedicated + Shared Timeslots ...178
5.7.2.2.1
Traffic Load...178
5.7.2.2.2
Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ...178
5.7.2.2.3
Throughput Reduction Factor ...178
5.7.2.2.4
Delay...178
5.7.2.2.5
Blocking Probability ...178
5.7.2.2.6
Served Packet Switched Traffic...178
5.8
Neighbour Allocation...178
5.8.1
Global Allocation for All Transmitters ...179
5.9
AFP Appendices ... 182
5.9.1
The AFP Cost Function ... 182
5.9.1.1
Cost Function... 183
5.9.1.2
Cost Components ... 184
5.9.1.2.1
Separation Violation Cost Component ... 184
5.9.1.2.2
Interference Cost Component ... 185
5.9.1.2.3
I_DIV, F_DIV and Other Advanced Cost Parameters ... 187
5.9.2
The AFP Blocked Traffic Cost ... 187
5.9.2.1
Calculation of New Traffic Loads Including Blocked Traffic Loads ... 188
5.9.2.2
Recalculation of CS and PS From Traffic Loads ... 189
5.9.2.3
Testing the Blocked Cost Using Traffic Analysis ... 190
5.9.3
Interferences ... 190
5.9.3.1
Using Interferences... 190
5.9.3.2
Cumulative Density Function of C/I Levels ... 190
5.9.3.3
Precise Definition... 191
5.9.3.4
Precise Interference Distribution Strategy ... 191
5.9.3.4.1
Direct Availability of Precise Interference Distribution to the AFP... 191
5.9.3.4.2
Efficient Calculation and Storage of Interference Distribution... 191
5.9.3.4.3
Robustness of the IM ... 191
5.9.3.5
Traffic Load and Interference Information Discrimination ... 191
6
UMTS HSPA Networks ... 195
6.1
General Prediction Studies ... 195
6.1.1
Calculation Criteria ... 195
6.1.2
Point Analysis ... 195
6.1.2.1
Profile Tab ... 195
6.1.2.2
Reception Tab ... 195
6.1.3
Coverage Studies ... 196
6.1.3.1
Service Area Determination... 196
6.1.3.1.1
All Servers... 196
6.1.3.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 196
6.1.3.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 196
6.1.3.2
Coverage Display ... 197
6.1.3.2.1
Plot Resolution ... 197
6.1.3.2.2
Display Types ... 197
6.2
Definitions and Formulas ... 198
6.2.1
Inputs... 198
6.2.2
Ec/I0 Calculation ... 204
6.2.3
DL Eb/Nt Calculation ... 204
6.2.4
UL Eb/Nt Calculation ... 205
6.3
Active Set Management ... 206
6.4
Simulations... 206
6.4.1
Generating a Realistic User Distribution ... 207
6.4.1.1
Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps ... 207
6.4.1.1.1
Circuit Switched Service (i) ... 207
6.4.1.1.2
Packet Switched Service (j) ... 208
6.4.1.2
Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps... 210
6.4.1.2.1
Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink... 211
6.4.1.2.2
Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) ... 211
6.4.1.2.3
Number of Users per Activity Status ... 212
6.4.2
Power Control Simulation ... 212
6.4.2.1
Algorithm Initialization... 213
6.4.2.2
R99 Part of the Algorithm ... 214
6.4.2.3
HSDPA Part of the Algorithm... 218
6.4.2.3.1
HSDPA Power Allocation ... 218
6.4.2.3.2
Number of HS-SCCH Channels and Maximum Number of HSDPA Bearer Users... 219
6.4.2.3.3
HSDPA Bearer Allocation Process ... 219
6.4.2.3.4
Fast Link Adaptation Modelling ... 221
6.4.2.3.5
MIMO Modelling ... 231
6.4.2.3.6
Scheduling Algorithms ... 231
6.4.2.3.7
Dual-Cell HSDPA ... 233
6.4.2.4
HSUPA Part of the Algorithm... 236
6.4.2.4.1
Admission Control ... 237
6.4.2.4.2
HSUPA Bearer Allocation Process ... 239
6.4.2.4.3
Noise Rise Scheduling ... 240
6.4.2.4.4
Radio Resource Control... 244
6.4.3
Results ...244
6.4.3.1
R99 Related Results ...244
6.4.3.2
HSPA Related Results ...246
6.4.3.2.1
Statistics Tab ...246
6.4.3.2.2
Mobiles Tab ...247
6.4.3.2.3
Cells Tab...250
6.4.3.2.4
Sites Tab...252
6.4.4
Appendices ...252
6.4.4.1
Admission Control in the R99 Part ...252
6.4.4.2
Resources Management ...252
6.4.4.2.1
OVSF Codes Management...252
6.4.4.2.2
Channel Elements Management ...254
6.4.4.2.3
Iub Backhaul Throughput...254
6.4.4.3
Downlink Load Factor Calculation ...255
6.4.4.3.1
Downlink Load Factor per Cell...255
6.4.4.3.2
Downlink Load Factor per Mobile ...257
6.4.4.4
Uplink Load Factor Due to One User ...257
6.4.4.5
Inter-carrier Power Sharing Modelling ...259
6.4.4.6
Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method ...259
6.5
UMTS HSPA Prediction Studies...261
6.5.1
Point Analysis...261
6.5.1.1
AS Analysis Tab ...261
6.5.1.1.1
Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu...261
6.5.1.1.2
Downlink Sub-Menu...264
6.5.1.1.3
Uplink Sub-Menu ...268
6.5.2
Coverage Studies...272
6.5.2.1
Pilot Reception Analysis ...272
6.5.2.1.1
Prediction Study Inputs...273
6.5.2.1.2
Study Display Options ...273
6.5.2.2
Downlink Service Area Analysis ...273
6.5.2.2.1
Prediction Study Inputs...274
6.5.2.2.2
Study Display Options ...274
6.5.2.3
Uplink Service Area Analysis ...275
6.5.2.3.1
Prediction Study Inputs...275
6.5.2.3.2
Study Display Options ...276
6.5.2.4
Downlink Total Noise Analysis ...277
6.5.2.4.1
Study Inputs...277
6.5.2.4.2
Analysis on All Carriers...277
6.5.2.4.3
Analysis on a Specific Carrier...278
6.5.2.5
HSDPA Prediction Study ...278
6.5.2.5.1
Prediction Study Inputs...278
6.5.2.5.2
Study Display Options ...278
6.5.2.6
HSUPA Prediction Study ...282
6.5.2.6.1
Prediction Study Inputs...282
6.5.2.6.2
Calculation Options...283
6.5.2.6.3
Display Options...283
6.6
Automatic Neighbour Allocation...285
6.6.1
Neighbour Allocation for All Transmitters...285
6.6.2
Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter...289
6.6.3
Importance Calculation ...289
6.6.3.1
Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours ...289
6.6.3.2
Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours ...290
6.7
Primary Scrambling Code Allocation ...291
6.7.1
Automatic Allocation Description...291
6.7.1.1
Options and Constraints ...291
6.7.1.2
Allocation Process ...292
6.7.1.2.1
Single Carrier Network...293
6.7.1.2.2
Multi-Carrier Network...293
6.7.1.3
Priority Determination ...294
6.7.1.3.1
Cell Priority ...294
6.7.1.3.2
Transmitter Priority ...296
6.7.1.3.3
Site Priority ...296
6.7.2
Allocation Examples...296
6.7.2.1
Allocation Strategies and Use a Maximum of Codes ...296
6.7.2.1.1
Strategy: Clustered ...297
6.7.2.1.2
Strategy: Distributed ...298
6.7.2.1.3
Strategy: ‘One Cluster per Site ...298
6.7.2.2
Allocate Carriers Identically ... 299
6.8
Automatic GSM-UMTS Neighbour Allocation ... 300
6.8.1
Overview ... 300
6.8.2
Automatic Allocation Description ... 300
6.8.2.1
Algorithm Based on Distance ... 300
6.8.2.2
Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping ... 301
6.8.2.3
Appendices ... 303
6.8.2.3.1
Delete Existing Neighbours Option ... 303
6.8.2.3.2
Calculation of Inter-Transmitter Distance... 303
7
CDMA2000 Networks ... 307
7.1
General Prediction Studies ... 307
7.1.1
Calculation Criteria ... 307
7.1.2
Point Analysis ... 307
7.1.2.1
Profile Tab ... 307
7.1.2.2
Reception Tab ... 308
7.1.3
Coverage Studies ... 308
7.1.3.1
Service Area Determination... 308
7.1.3.1.1
All Servers... 308
7.1.3.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 308
7.1.3.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 308
7.1.3.2
Coverage Display ... 309
7.1.3.2.1
Plot Resolution ... 309
7.1.3.2.2
Display Types ... 309
7.2
Definitions and Formulas ... 310
7.2.1
Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xRTT Modelling ... 310
7.2.1.1
Inputs ... 310
7.2.1.2
Ec/I0 Calculation... 314
7.2.1.3
DL Eb/Nt Calculation ... 314
7.2.1.4
UL Eb/Nt Calculation ... 315
7.2.1.5
Simulation Results ... 317
7.2.2
Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Modelling ... 318
7.2.2.1
Inputs ... 318
7.2.2.2
Ec/I0 and Ec/Nt Calculations ... 321
7.2.2.3
UL Eb/Nt Calculation ... 322
7.2.2.4
Simulation Results ... 323
7.3
Active Set Management ... 324
7.4
Simulations... 325
7.4.1
Generating a Realistic User Distribution ... 325
7.4.1.1
Number of Users, User Activity Status and User Data Rate... 325
7.4.1.1.1
Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps... 325
7.4.1.1.2
Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps ... 328
7.4.1.2
Transition Flags for 1xEV-DO Rev.0 User Data Rates... 333
7.4.1.3
User Geographical Position ... 333
7.4.2
Network Regulation Mechanism... 333
7.4.2.1
CDMA2000 1xRTT Power Control Simulation Algorithm... 333
7.4.2.1.1
Algorithm Initialization ... 334
7.4.2.1.2
Presentation of the Algorithm... 334
7.4.2.1.3
Convergence Criterion ... 340
7.4.2.2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Power/Data Rate Control Simulation Algorithm ... 341
7.4.2.2.1
Algorithm Initialization ... 342
7.4.2.2.2
Presentation of the Algorithm... 342
7.4.2.2.3
Convergence Criterion ... 347
7.4.3
Appendices... 348
7.4.3.1
Admission Control... 348
7.4.3.2
Resources Management... 348
7.4.3.2.1
Walsh Code Management ... 348
7.4.3.2.2
Channel Element Management ... 349
7.4.3.3
Downlink Load Factor Calculation ... 349
7.4.3.3.1
Downlink Load Factor per Cell ... 349
7.4.3.3.2
Downlink Load Factor per Mobile... 351
7.4.3.4
Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method... 351
7.5
CDMA2000 Prediction Studies... 353
7.5.1
Point Analysis: The AS Analysis Tab ... 353
7.5.1.1
Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu... 353
7.5.1.2
Downlink Sub-Menu... 355
7.5.1.2.1
CDMA2000 1xRTT... 355
7.5.1.3
Uplink Sub-Menu ...360
7.5.1.3.1
CDMA2000 1xRTT ...360
7.5.1.3.2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO ...364
7.5.2
Coverage Studies...367
7.5.2.1
Pilot Reception Analysis ...367
7.5.2.2
Downlink Service Area Analysis ...368
7.5.2.2.1
CDMA2000 1xRTT ...368
7.5.2.2.2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO ...370
7.5.2.3
Uplink Service Area Analysis ...371
7.5.2.3.1
CDMA2000 1xRTT ...371
7.5.2.3.2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO ...372
7.5.2.4
Downlink Total Noise Analysis ...375
7.5.2.4.1
Analysis on all Carriers ...375
7.5.2.4.2
Analysis on a Specific Carrier...376
7.6
Automatic Neighbour Allocation...376
7.6.1
Neighbour Allocation for all Transmitters ...376
7.6.2
Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter...379
7.6.3
Importance Calculation ...379
7.6.3.1
Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours ...379
7.6.3.2
Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours ...380
7.7
PN Offset Allocation...381
7.7.1
Automatic Allocation Description...381
7.7.1.1
Options and Constraints ...381
7.7.1.2
Allocation Process ...382
7.7.1.2.1
Single Carrier Network...382
7.7.1.2.2
Multi-Carrier Network...383
7.7.1.2.3
Difference between Adjacent and Distributed PN-Clusters ...383
7.7.1.3
Priority Determination ...384
7.7.1.3.1
Cell Priority ...384
7.7.1.3.2
Transmitter Priority ...386
7.7.1.3.3
Site Priority ...386
7.7.2
Allocation Examples...386
7.7.2.1
Strategy: PN Offset per Cell ...387
7.7.2.2
Strategy: Adjacent PN-Clusters Per Site ...387
7.7.2.3
Strategy: ‘Distributed PN-Clusters Per Site ...388
7.8
Automatic GSM-CDMA Neighbour Allocation...388
7.8.1
Overview ...388
7.8.2
Automatic Allocation Description...388
7.8.2.1
Algorithm Based on Distance ...389
7.8.2.2
Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping ...389
7.8.2.3
Delete Existing Neighbours Option ...391
8
TD-SCDMA Networks...395
8.1
Definitions and Formulas ...395
8.1.1
Inputs ...395
8.1.2
P-CCPCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation ...399
8.1.3
DwPCH C/I Calculation ...400
8.1.4
DL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation...400
8.1.5
UL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation...400
8.1.6
Interference Calculation ...401
8.1.7
HSDPA Dynamic Power Calculations ...401
8.1.8
Smart Antenna Models...401
8.1.8.1
Downlink Beamforming ...401
8.1.8.2
Uplink Beamforming ...402
8.1.8.3
Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE) ...402
8.2
Signal Level Based Calculations ...403
8.2.1
Point Analysis...403
8.2.1.1
Profile Tab ...403
8.2.1.2
Reception Tab ...403
8.2.2
RSCP Based Coverage Predictions...404
8.2.2.1
Calculation Criteria ...404
8.2.2.2
P-CCPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction ...404
8.2.2.2.1
Coverage Condition ...404
8.2.2.2.2
Coverage Display ...405
8.2.2.3
Best Server P-CCPCH Coverage Prediction...405
8.2.2.4
P-CCPCH Pollution Coverage Prediction...405
8.2.2.5
DwPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction ...406
8.2.2.5.2
Coverage Display... 406
8.2.2.6
UpPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction ... 406
8.2.2.6.1
Coverage Condition ... 406
8.2.2.6.2
Coverage Display... 406
8.2.2.7
Baton Handover Coverage Prediction ... 407
8.2.2.7.1
Coverage Condition ... 407
8.2.2.7.2
Coverage Display... 407
8.2.2.8
Scrambling Code Interference Analysis... 407
8.3
Monte Carlo Simulations ... 408
8.3.1
Generating a Realistic User Distribution ... 408
8.3.1.1
Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps ... 408
8.3.1.1.1
Circuit Switched Service (i) ... 409
8.3.1.1.2
Packet Switched Service (j) ... 409
8.3.1.2
Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps... 412
8.3.1.2.1
Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink... 412
8.3.1.2.2
Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) ... 412
8.3.1.2.3
Number of Users per Activity Status ... 413
8.3.2
Power Control Simulation ... 413
8.3.2.1
Algorithm Initialisation... 414
8.3.2.2
R99 Part of the Algorithm ... 414
8.3.2.2.1
Determination of Mi’s Best Server (SBS(Mi))... 414
8.3.2.2.2
Dynamic Channel Allocation ... 415
8.3.2.2.3
Uplink Power Control ... 416
8.3.2.2.4
Downlink Power Control... 418
8.3.2.2.5
Uplink Signals Update... 420
8.3.2.2.6
Downlink Signals Update ... 420
8.3.2.2.7
Control of Radio Resource Limits (Downlink Traffic Power and Uplink Load) ... 420
8.3.2.3
HSDPA Part of the Algorithm... 421
8.3.2.3.1
HSDPA Power Allocation ... 421
8.3.2.3.2
Connection Status and Number of HSDPA Users ... 423
8.3.2.3.3
HSDPA Admission Control... 423
8.3.2.3.4
HSDPA Dynamic Channel Allocation... 424
8.3.2.3.5
Ressource Unit Saturation ... 424
8.3.2.4
Convergence Criteria... 424
8.4
TD-SCDMA Prediction Studies ... 425
8.4.1
P-CCPCH Reception Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) ... 425
8.4.2
DwPCH Reception Analysis (C/I) ... 426
8.4.3
Downlink TCH RSCP Coverage ... 428
8.4.4
Uplink TCH RSCP Coverage ... 428
8.4.5
Downlink Total Noise... 429
8.4.6
Downlink Service Area (Eb/Nt) or (C/I)... 430
8.4.7
Uplink Service Area (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) ... 432
8.4.8
Effective Service Area (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) ... 433
8.4.9
Cell to Cell Interference ... 434
8.4.10
UpPCH Interference ... 435
8.4.11
HSDPA Coverage ... 435
8.5
Smart Antenna Modelling... 436
8.5.1
Modelling in Simulations... 437
8.5.1.1
Grid of Beams Modelling ... 437
8.5.1.2
Adaptive Beam Modelling ... 438
8.5.1.3
Statistical Modelling ... 439
8.5.1.4
Beamforming Smart Antenna Models... 439
8.5.1.4.1
Downlink Beamforming ... 440
8.5.1.4.2
Uplink Beamforming... 441
8.5.1.4.3
Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE)... 442
8.5.1.5
3rd Party Smart Antenna Modelling... 444
8.5.2
Construction of the Geographic Distributions ... 444
8.5.3
Modelling in Coverage Predictions ... 445
8.5.4
HSDPA Coverage Prediction ... 446
8.5.4.1
Fast Link Adaptation Modelling... 446
8.5.4.1.1
CQI Based on P-CCPCH Quality ... 446
8.5.4.1.2
CQI Based on HS-PDSCH Quality... 450
8.5.4.2
Coverage Prediction Display Options ... 451
8.5.4.2.1
Colour per CQI ... 451
8.5.4.2.2
Colour per Peak Throughput... 451
8.5.4.2.3
Colour per HS-PDSCH Ec/Nt... 451
8.6
N-Frequency Mode and Carrier Allocation... 452
8.7
Neighbour Allocation...452
8.7.1
Neighbour Allocation for All Transmitters...453
8.7.2
Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter...456
8.7.3
Importance Calculation ...456
8.8
Scrambling Code Allocation...457
8.8.1
Automatic Allocation Description...457
8.8.1.1
Allocation Constraints and Options ...457
8.8.1.2
Allocation Strategies...458
8.8.1.3
Allocation Process ...458
8.8.1.3.1
Single Carrier Network...459
8.8.1.3.2
Multi-Carrier Network...460
8.8.1.4
Priority Determination ...460
8.8.1.4.1
Cell Priority ...460
8.8.1.4.2
Transmitter Priority ...462
8.8.1.4.3
Site Priority ...463
8.8.2
Scrambling Code Allocation Example ...463
8.8.2.1
Single Carrier Network ...463
8.8.2.1.1
Strategy: Clustered ...464
8.8.2.1.2
Strategy: Distributed per Cell...464
8.8.2.1.3
Strategy: One SYNC_DL Code per Site ...465
8.8.2.1.4
Strategy: Distributed per Site...465
8.8.2.2
Multi Carrier Network...465
8.9
Automatic GSM/TD-SCDMA Neighbour Allocation ...466
8.9.1
Automatic Allocation Description...466
8.9.1.1
Algorithm Based on Distance ...467
8.9.1.2
Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping ...467
8.9.1.3
Appendices...469
8.9.1.3.1
Delete Existing Neighbours Option...469
8.9.1.3.2
Calculation of Inter-Transmitter Distance ...469
9
WiMAX BWA Networks...473
9.1
Definitions and Formulas ...473
9.1.1
Input ...473
9.1.2
Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation...477
9.1.3
Preamble Signal Quality Calculations ...477
9.1.3.1
Preamble Signal Level Calculation...477
9.1.3.2
Preamble Noise Calculation ...478
9.1.3.3
Preamble Interference Calculation ...478
9.1.3.4
Preamble C/N Calculation ...478
9.1.3.5
Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation...478
9.1.4
Traffic and Pilot Signal Quality Calculations ...478
9.1.4.1
Traffic and Pilot Signal Level Calculation (DL) ...478
9.1.4.2
Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL) ...479
9.1.4.3
Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) ...479
9.1.4.4
Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL) ...480
9.1.4.5
Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) ...481
9.1.4.6
Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) ...481
9.1.4.7
Traffic Noise Calculation (UL) ...481
9.1.4.8
Traffic Interference Calculation (UL) ...482
9.1.4.9
Traffic C/N Calculation (UL) ...482
9.1.4.10
Traffic C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) ...482
9.1.5
Throughput Calculation ...482
9.1.5.1
Calculation of Total Cell Resources ...482
9.1.5.2
Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Allocated Bandwidth Throughput Calculation...484
9.1.6
Scheduling and Radio Resource Management...485
9.1.6.1
User Throughput Calculation...486
9.1.7
Smart Antenna Models...487
9.1.7.1
Downlink Beamforming ...487
9.1.7.2
Uplink Beamforming ...487
9.1.7.3
Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE) ...488
9.2
Calculation Processes ...488
9.2.1
Point Analysis: Profile Tab ...488
9.2.2
Point Analysis: Reception Tab ...488
9.2.3
Point Analysis: Interference Tab ...489
9.2.4
Preamble Signal Level Coverage Predictions...489
9.2.4.1
Coverage Area Determination ...490
9.2.4.1.1
All Servers ...490
9.2.4.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ... 490
9.2.4.2
Coverage Display ... 490
9.2.4.2.1
Coverage Resolution ... 490
9.2.4.2.2
Display Types ... 490
9.2.5
Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions ... 491
9.2.5.1
Coverage Area Determination ... 492
9.2.5.2
Coverage Parameter Calculation... 492
9.2.5.3
Coverage Display ... 492
9.2.5.3.1
Coverage Resolution ... 492
9.2.5.3.2
Effective Signal Analysis (DL) Display Types ... 492
9.2.5.3.3
Effective Signal Analysis (UL) Display Types ... 493
9.2.6
Calculations on Subscriber Lists ... 494
9.2.7
Monte Carlo Simulations ... 494
9.2.7.1
Generating a Realistic User Distribution... 494
9.2.7.1.1
Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps and Subscriber Lists ... 495
9.2.7.1.2
Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps ... 496
9.2.7.2
Simulation Process ... 498
9.2.8
C/(I+N)-Based Coverage Predictions ... 502
9.2.8.1
Coverage Area Determination ... 503
9.2.8.2
Coverage Parameter Calculation... 503
9.2.8.3
Coverage Display ... 504
9.2.8.3.1
Coverage Resolution ... 504
9.2.8.3.2
Coverage by C/(I+N) Level (DL) Display Types ... 504
9.2.8.3.3
Coverage by Best Bearer (DL) Display Types ... 505
9.2.8.3.4
Coverage by Throughput (DL) Display Types... 505
9.2.8.3.5
Coverage by Quality Indicator (DL) Display Types ... 506
9.2.8.3.6
Coverage by C/(I+N) Level (UL) Display Types ... 506
9.2.8.3.7
Coverage by Best Bearer (UL) Display Types ... 507
9.2.8.3.8
Coverage by Throughput (UL) Display Types... 507
9.2.8.3.9
Coverage by Quality Indicator (UL) Display Types ... 508
9.3
Calculation Algorithms ... 508
9.3.1
Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation ... 508
9.3.1.1
Conversion From Channel Numbers to Start and End Frequencies ... 509
9.3.1.2
Co-Channel Overlap Calculation ... 510
9.3.1.3
Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation ... 510
9.3.1.4
FDD – TDD Overlap Ratio Calculation ... 511
9.3.1.5
Total Overlap Ratio Calculation ... 512
9.3.2
Preamble Signal Level and Quality Calculations... 512
9.3.2.1
Preamble Signal Level Calculation ... 512
9.3.2.2
Preamble Noise Calculation ... 514
9.3.2.3
Preamble Interference Calculation ... 515
9.3.2.4
Preamble C/N Calculation ... 516
9.3.2.5
Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation ... 517
9.3.3
Best Server Determination ... 517
9.3.4
Service Area Calculation ... 518
9.3.5
Permutation Zone Selection (WiMAX 802.16e)... 519
9.3.6
Traffic and Pilot Signal Level and Quality Calculations ... 520
9.3.6.1
Traffic and Pilot Signal Level Calculation (DL) ... 520
9.3.6.2
Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL)... 521
9.3.6.3
Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL)... 522
9.3.6.3.1
Traffic and Pilot Interference Signal Levels Calculation (DL)... 523
9.3.6.3.2
Effective Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) ... 527
9.3.6.4
Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL)... 530
9.3.6.5
Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) ... 532
9.3.6.6
Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) ... 534
9.3.6.7
Traffic Noise Calculation (UL)... 535
9.3.6.8
Traffic Interference Calculation (UL)... 536
9.3.6.8.1
Traffic Interference Signal Levels Calculation (UL)... 536
9.3.6.8.2
Noise Rise Calculation (UL) ... 537
9.3.6.9
Traffic C/N Calculation (UL)... 537
9.3.6.10
Traffic C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) ... 541
9.3.7
Throughput Calculation ... 544
9.3.7.1
Calculation of Total Cell Resources... 544
9.3.7.1.1
Calculation of Sampling Frequency ... 544
9.3.7.1.2
Calculation of Symbol Duration... 545
9.3.7.1.3
Calculation of Total Cell Resources - TDD Networks ... 545
9.3.7.1.4
Calculation of Total Cell Resources - FDD Networks ... 547
9.3.8
Scheduling and Radio Resource Management...551
9.3.8.1
Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation ...551
9.3.8.2
User Throughput Calculation...557
9.3.9
Smart Antenna Models...558
9.3.9.1
Downlink Beamforming ...559
9.3.9.2
Uplink Beamforming ...560
9.3.9.3
Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE) ...562
9.4
Automatic Allocation Algorithms ...563
9.4.1
Automatic Neighbour Allocation ...563
9.4.2
Automatic Inter-Technology Neighbour Allocation ...566
9.4.3
Automatic Frequency Planning ...568
9.4.3.1
Separation Constraint and Relationship Weights ...569
9.4.3.2
Calculation of Cost Between TBA and Related Cells ...569
9.4.3.3
AFP Algorithm ...571
9.4.4
Automatic Preamble Index Allocation ...571
9.4.4.1
Constraint and Relationship Weights ...572
9.4.4.2
Calculation of Cost Between TBA and Related Cells ...573
9.4.4.3
Automatic Allocation Algorithm...575
10
LTE Networks ...579
10.1
Definitions and Formulas ...579
10.1.1
Input ...579
10.1.2
Downlink Transmission Powers Calculation ...582
10.1.3
Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation...584
10.1.4
Signal Level and Signal Quality Calculations...585
10.1.4.1
Signal Level Calculation (DL) ...585
10.1.4.2
Noise Calculation (DL) ...586
10.1.4.3
Interference Calculation (DL) ...586
10.1.4.4
C/N Calculation (DL) ...587
10.1.4.5
C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) ...587
10.1.4.6
Signal Level Calculation (UL) ...588
10.1.4.7
Noise Calculation (UL) ...589
10.1.4.8
Interference Calculation (UL) ...589
10.1.4.9
Noise Rise Calculation (UL) ...589
10.1.4.10
C/N Calculation (UL) ...590
10.1.4.11
C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) ...590
10.1.5
Throughput Calculation ...590
10.1.5.1
Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources...590
10.1.5.2
Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources ...591
10.1.5.3
Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Allocated Bandwidth Throughput Calculation...592
10.1.6
Scheduling and Radio Resource Management...593
10.1.6.1
User Throughput Calculation...594
10.2
Calculation Processes ...594
10.2.1
Point Analysis: Profile Tab ...594
10.2.2
Point Analysis: Reception Tab ...595
10.2.3
Point Analysis: Interference Tab ...595
10.2.4
Downlink Reference Signal Level Coverage Predictions ...595
10.2.4.1
Coverage Area Determination ...596
10.2.4.1.1
All Servers ...596
10.2.4.1.2
Best Signal Level and a Margin ...596
10.2.4.1.3
Second Best Signal Level and a Margin...596
10.2.4.2
Coverage Display ...596
10.2.4.2.1
Coverage Resolution ...596
10.2.4.2.2
Display Types ...596
10.2.5
Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions...597
10.2.5.1
Coverage Area Determination ...598
10.2.5.2
Coverage Parameter Calculation ...598
10.2.5.3
Coverage Display ...598
10.2.5.3.1
Coverage Resolution ...598
10.2.5.3.2
Effective Signal Analysis (DL) Display Types ...598
10.2.5.3.3
Effective Signal Analysis (UL) Display Types ...600
10.2.6
Calculations on Subscriber Lists ...600
10.2.7
Monte Carlo Simulations ...601
10.2.7.1
Generating a Realistic User Distribution ...601
10.2.7.1.1
Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps and Subscriber Lists...601
10.2.7.1.2
Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps...603
10.2.8
C/(I+N)-Based Coverage Predictions ... 607
10.2.8.1
Coverage Area Determination ... 607
10.2.8.2
Coverage Parameter Calculation... 607
10.2.8.3
Coverage Display ... 609
10.2.8.3.1
Coverage Resolution ... 609
10.2.8.3.2
Coverage by C/(I+N) Level (DL) Display Types ... 609
10.2.8.3.3
Coverage by Best Bearer (DL) Display Types ... 610
10.2.8.3.4
Coverage by Throughput (DL) Display Types... 610
10.2.8.3.5
Coverage by Quality Indicator (DL) Display Types ... 611
10.2.8.3.6
Coverage by C/(I+N) Level (UL) Display Types ... 611
10.2.8.3.7
Coverage by Best Bearer (UL) Display Types ... 611
10.2.8.3.8
Coverage by Throughput (UL) Display Types... 612
10.2.8.3.9
Coverage by Quality Indicator (UL) Display Types ... 613
10.3
Calculation Algorithms ... 613
10.3.1
Downlink Transmission Powers Calculation... 613
10.3.2
Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation ... 617
10.3.2.1
Conversion From Channel Numbers to Start and End Frequencies ... 618
10.3.2.2
Co-Channel Overlap Calculation ... 618
10.3.2.3
Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation ... 619
10.3.2.4
Total Overlap Ratio Calculation ... 620
10.3.3
Signal Level and Signal Quality Calculations ... 620
10.3.3.1
Signal Level Calculation (DL) ... 620
10.3.3.2
Noise Calculation (DL)... 623
10.3.3.3
Interference Calculation (DL)... 624
10.3.3.4
C/N Calculation (DL)... 628
10.3.3.5
C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) ... 630
10.3.3.6
Signal Level Calculation (UL) ... 634
10.3.3.7
Noise Calculation (UL)... 636
10.3.3.8
Interference Calculation (UL)... 636
10.3.3.8.1
Interfering Signal Level Calculation (UL)... 637
10.3.3.8.2
Noise Rise Calculation (UL) ... 638
10.3.3.9
C/N Calculation (UL)... 639
10.3.3.10
C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) ... 641
10.3.4
Best Server Determination ... 644
10.3.5
Service Area Calculation ... 645
10.3.6
Throughput Calculation ... 646
10.3.6.1
Calculation of Total Cell Resources... 646
10.3.6.1.1
Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources ... 646
10.3.6.1.2
Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources ... 648
10.3.6.2
Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Allocated Bandwidth Throughput Calculation ... 649
10.3.7
Scheduling and Radio Resource Management ... 652
10.3.7.1
Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation... 652
10.3.7.2
User Throughput Calculation ... 658
10.4
Automatic Allocation Algorithms... 659
10.4.1
Automatic Neighbour Allocation ... 659
10.4.2
Automatic Inter-Technology Neighbour Allocation ... 661
10.4.3
Automatic Frequency Planning ... 663
10.4.3.1
Separation Constraint and Relationship Weights ... 664
10.4.3.2
Calculation of Cost Between TBA and Related Cells ... 664
10.4.3.3
AFP Algorithm... 667
10.4.4
Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation... 667
10.4.4.1
Constraint and Relationship Weights... 667
10.4.4.2
Calculation of Cost Between TBA and Related Cells ... 668
10.4.4.3
Automatic Allocation Algorithm ... 671
11
Repeaters and Remote Antennas... 675
11.1
UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents... 675
11.1.1
Signal Level Calculation ... 675
11.1.2
Downlink Total Gain Calculation ... 677
11.1.3
Uplink Total Gain Calculation ... 678
11.1.4
Repeater Noise Figure ... 680
11.1.5
Appendix: Carrier Power and Interference Calculation ... 680
11.2
GSM Documents... 683
11.2.1
Signal Level Calculation ... 683
11.2.2
EIRP Calculation ... 684
11.3
Donor-side Parameter Calculations ... 686
11.3.1
Azimuth ... 686
Chapter 1
1
Coordinate Systems and Units
1.1
Coordinate Systems
A map or a geo-spatial database is a flat representation of data collected from a curved surface. A projection is a means for producing all or part of a spheroid on a flat sheet. This projection cannot be done without distortion. Therefore, the cartographer must choose the characteristic (distance, direction, scale, area, or shape) that he wants to be shown accurately at the expense of the other characteristics, or compromise on several characteristics [1-3]. The projected zones are referenced using cartographic coordinates (meter, yard, etc.). Two projection methods are widely used:
• The Lambert Conformal-Conic Method: A portion of the earth is mathematically projected on a cone
conceptually secant at one or two standard parallels. This projection method is useful for representing countries or regions that have a predominant east-west expanse.
• The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Method: A portion of the earth is mathematically projected on a
cylinder tangent to a meridian (which is transverse or crosswise to the equator). This projection method is useful for mapping large areas that are oriented north-south.
The geographic system is not a projection. It is only a representation of a location on the surface of the earth in geographic coordinates (degree-minute-second, grade) giving the latitude and longitude in relation to the meridian origin (e.g., Paris for NTF system and Greenwich for ED50 system). The locations in the geographic system can be converted into other projections.
1.1.1
Description of Coordinate Systems
A Geographic coordinate system is a latitude and longitude coordinate system. The latitude and longitude are related to an ellipsoid, a geodetic datum, and a prime meridian. The geodetic datum provides the position and orientation of the ellipsoid relative to the earth.
Cartographic coordinate systems are obtained by transforming each (latitude, longitude) value into an (easting, northing) value. A projection coordinate system is obtained by transforming each (latitude, longitude) value into an (easting, northing) value. Projection coordinate systems are geographic coordinate systems that provide longitude and latitude, and the transformation method characterised by a set of parameters. Different methods may require different sets of parameters. For example, the parameters required for Transverse Mercator coordinate systems are:
• The longitude of the natural origin (central meridian)
• The latitude of the natural origin
• The False Easting value
• The False Northing value
• A scaling factor at the natural origin (central meridian)
Basic definitions are presented below.
1.1.1.1
Geographic Coordinate System
The geographic coordinate system is a datum and a meridian. Atoll enables you to choose the most suitable geographic coordinate system for your geographic data.
1.1.1.2
Datum
The datum consists of the ellipsoid and its position relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. In addition to the ellipsoid, translation, rotation, and distortion parameters define the datum.
1.1.1.3
Meridian
The standard meridian is Greenwich, but some geographic coordinate systems are based on other meridians. These meridians are defined by the longitude with respect to Greenwich.
1.1.1.4
Ellipsoid
The ellipsoid is the pattern used to model the earth. It is defined by its geometric parameters.
References:
[1] Snyder, John. P., Map Projections Used by the US Geological Survey, 2nd Edition, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 313 pages, 1982.
[2] http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html
[3] http://www.posc.org/Epicentre.2_2/DataModel/ExamplesofUsage/eu_cs34.html [4] http://www.ign.fr/telechargement/Pi/SERVICES/transfo.pdf (Document in French)
