Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide Radio

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Version 3.3.2

Technical Reference Guide

for Radio Networks

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Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Radio Networks Release: AT332_TRR_E0 (October 2016)

Forsk

7 rue des Briquetiers 31700 Blagnac, France Tel: +33 562 747 210 Fax: +33 562 747 211

The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used or copied under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of the contents of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher.

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Third party services that are not part of Atoll are governed by the terms and conditions of their respective providers, which are subject to change without notice.

The publisher has taken care in the preparation of this document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.

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Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Radio Networks

AT332_TRR_E0 Table of Contents

3 Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide . . . .21

1 Antennas and Equipment . . . .25

1.1 Antenna Attenuation . . . 25

1.1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles. . . 25

1.1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . 26

1.1.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling . . . 27

1.2 Antenna Pattern Smoothing . . . 27

1.3 Power Received From Secondary Antennas . . . 29

1.4 Transmitter Radio Equipment . . . 30

1.4.1 GSM Documents. . . 30

1.4.2 UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents. . . 30

1.5 Repeaters and Remote Antennas . . . 32

1.5.1 UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents. . . 32

1.5.1.1 Signal Level Calculation . . . 32

1.5.1.2 Total Gain Calculation. . . 34

1.5.1.3 Repeater Noise Figure . . . 36

1.5.1.4 Appendix: Carrier Power and Interference Calculation. . . 36

1.5.2 GSM Documents. . . 39

1.5.2.1 Signal Level Calculation . . . 39

1.5.2.2 EIRP Calculation . . . 40

1.5.3 Donor-side Parameter Calculations . . . 42

1.5.3.1 Azimuth . . . 42

1.5.3.2 Mechanical Downtilt. . . 42

1.6 Beamforming Smart Antenna Models . . . 43

1.6.1 Definitions and Formulas. . . 44

1.6.1.1 Definitions . . . 44

1.6.1.2 Downlink Beamforming . . . 44

1.6.1.3 Uplink Beamforming. . . 45

1.6.1.4 Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE). . . 45

1.6.2 Downlink Beamforming . . . 46

1.6.3 Uplink Beamforming . . . 48

1.6.4 Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE) . . . 49

1.7 Grid-of-Beams Smart Antenna Model . . . 51

1.8 Adaptive Beam Smart Antenna Model . . . 52

1.9 Statistical Smart Antenna Gain Model. . . 53

2 Radio Propagation . . . .57

2.1 Path Loss Calculation Prerequisites . . . 57

2.1.1 Ground Altitude Determination . . . 57

2.1.2 Clutter Determination . . . 59

2.1.2.1 Clutter Classes . . . 59

2.1.2.2 Clutter Heights . . . 59

2.1.3 Geographic Profile Extraction . . . 60

2.1.4 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . 61

2.2 List of Default Propagation Models . . . 62

2.3 Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata Propagation Models. . . 63

2.3.1 Hata Path Loss Formula . . . 63

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2.3.3 Calculations in Atoll . . . .64

2.4 ITU 529-3 Propagation Model. . . .64

2.4.1 ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula . . . .64

2.4.2 Corrections to the ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula . . . .64

2.5 Standard Propagation Model (SPM). . . .65

2.5.1 SPM Path Loss Formula . . . .65

2.5.2.1 Visibility and Distance Between Transmitter and Receiver . . . .66

2.5.2.2 Effective Transmitter Antenna Height . . . .66

2.5.2.3 Effective Receiver Antenna Height . . . .69

2.5.2.4 Correction for Hilly Regions in Case of LOS . . . .70

2.5.2.5 Diffraction . . . .70

2.5.2.6 Losses due to Clutter. . . .70

2.5.2.7 Recommendations. . . .71

2.5.3 Automatic Calibration . . . .72

2.5.3.1 General Algorithm . . . .72

2.5.3.2 Sample Values for SPM Path Loss Formula Parameters. . . .73

2.5.4 Unmasked Path Loss Calculation . . . .74

2.6 WLL Propagation Model . . . .75

2.6.1 WLL Path Loss Formula. . . .75

2.7 ITU-R P.526-5 Propagation Model . . . .76

2.9 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Propagation Model. . . .78

2.9.1 SUI Terrain Types . . . .78

2.9.2 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Path Loss Formula . . . .79

2.10.1.1 Step 1: Determination of Graphs to be Used . . . .80

2.10.1.2 Step 2: Calculation of Maximum Field Strength . . . .81

2.10.1.3 Step 3: Determination of Transmitter Antenna Height . . . .81

2.10.1.4 Step 4: Interpolation/Extrapolation of Field Strength . . . .81

2.10.1.5 Step 5: Calculation of Correction Factors . . . .83

2.10.1.6 Step 6: Calculation of Path Loss . . . .84

2.11 Sakagami Extended Propagation Model . . . .84

2.12 Free Space Loss . . . .86

2.13 Diffraction . . . .86

2.13.1 Knife-edge Diffraction . . . .86

2.13.2 3 Knife-edge Deygout Method . . . .87

2.13.3 Epstein-Peterson Method . . . .89

2.13.4 Deygout Method with Correction . . . .89

2.13.5 Millington Method . . . .89

2.14 Shadow Fading Model . . . .90

2.14.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation . . . .95

2.14.1.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Predictions. . . .96

2.14.1.2 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Monte-Carlo Simulations . . . .97

2.14.2 Macro-Diversity Gains Calculation . . . .98

2.14.2.1 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation . . . .98

2.14.2.1.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals). . . .98

2.14.2.1.2 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain . . . 101

2.14.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation. . . 101

2.14.2.2.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals). . . 101

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2.15 Path Loss Matrices. . . 104

2.15.1 Calculation Area Determination . . . 104

2.15.2 Validity of Path Loss Matrices . . . 105

2.15.3 Path Loss Tuning. . . 106

2.15.3.1 Transmitter Path Loss Tuning . . . 106

2.15.3.2 Repeater Path Loss Tuning. . . 107

2.16 File Formats . . . 108

2.16.1 Path Loss Matrix File Format. . . 108

2.16.1.1 Pathloss.dbf File Format. . . 108

2.16.1.2 Pathloss.dbf File Contents . . . 110

2.16.1.3 LOS File Format . . . 111

2.16.2 Path Loss Tuning File Format. . . 111

2.16.2.1 Pathloss.dbf File Format. . . 111

2.16.2.2 Pathloss.dbf File Contents . . . 111

2.16.2.3 PTS File Format . . . 112

2.16.3 Interference Matrix File Formats . . . 112

2.16.3.1 CLC Format (One Value per Line). . . 112

2.16.3.2 CLC File Format . . . 112

2.16.3.3 DCT File Format. . . 114

2.16.3.4 IM0 Format (One Histogram per Line) . . . 115

2.16.3.5 IM1 Format (One Value per Line, TX Name Repeated) . . . 116

2.16.3.6 IM2 Format (Co- and Adjacent-channel Probabilities) . . . 117

2.16.4 "Per Transmitter" Prediction File Format. . . 118

2.16.4.1 <per_transmitter_prediction>.dbf File Format . . . 118

2.16.4.2 <per_transmitter_prediction>.dbf File Contents . . . 118

2.16.5 Coverage Prediction Export and Reports . . . 119

2.16.5.1 Filtering Coverage Predictions at Export. . . 119

2.16.5.2 Smoothing Coverage Predictions at Export . . . 119

2.16.5.3 Examples of Prediction Export Filtering and Smoothing . . . 120

2.16.5.4 Coverage Prediction Reports Over Focus/Computation Zones. . . 121

3 GSM GPRS EDGE Networks . . . .125

3.1 Signal Level Calculation. . . 125

3.1.1 DL Signal Level . . . 125

3.1.2 UL Signal Level . . . 125

3.1.3 Point Analysis . . . 126

3.1.3.1 Profile Tab . . . 126

3.1.3.2 Reception Tab . . . 126

3.1.4 Signal Level-based DL Coverage Predictions . . . 126

3.1.4.1 DL Service Area Determination . . . 126

3.1.4.1.1 All Servers . . . 126

3.1.4.1.2 Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin . . . 127

3.1.4.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin. . . 127

3.1.4.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin . . . 127

3.1.4.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin . . . 128

3.1.4.1.6 HCS Servers and an Overlap Margin . . . 128

3.1.4.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and an Overlap Margin . . . 128

3.1.4.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2) . . . 129

3.1.4.2 Coverage Display. . . 129

3.1.4.2.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 129

3.1.4.2.2 Display Types . . . 129

3.2 Interference-based DL Calculations . . . 131

3.2.1 DL Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Calculation . . . 131

3.2.3 Interference-based DL Coverage Predictions . . . 135

3.2.3.1 Service Area Determination. . . 135

3.2.3.2 Coverage Area Determination . . . 135

3.2.3.2.1 Interference Condition Satisfied by At Least One TRX . . . 135

3.2.3.2.2 Interference Condition Satisfied by The Worst TRX . . . 135

3.2.3.3 Coverage Display. . . 135

3.2.3.3.2 Display Types . . . 135

3.3 GPRS/EDGE Calculations . . . 136

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3.3.1.1 Calculations Based on C . . . 137

3.3.1.2 Calculations Based on C/I . . . 137

3.3.1.3 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) . . . 137

3.3.2 Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation. . . 138

3.3.2.1 Calculations Based on C . . . 138

3.3.2.2 Calculations Based on C/I . . . 138

3.3.3 Application Throughput Calculation . . . 139

3.3.4 BLER Calculation . . . 140

3.3.5 GPRS/EDGE Coverage Predictions . . . 140

3.3.5.1 Service Area Determination . . . 140

3.3.5.1.1 All Servers . . . 140

3.3.5.1.2 Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin. . . 140

3.3.5.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin . . . 141

3.3.5.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin. . . 141

3.3.5.1.6 HCS Servers and an Overlap Margin. . . 141

3.3.5.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2). . . 142

3.3.5.2 Coverage Display . . . 142

3.3.5.2.2 Display Types . . . 143

3.4 Codec Mode Selection and CQI Calculations . . . 145

3.4.1 Circuit Quality Indicator Calculations . . . 147

3.4.2 CQI Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation . . . 147

3.4.2.1 Calculations Based on C/N . . . 147

3.4.3 CQI Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation . . . 148

3.4.3.1 Calculations Based on C/N . . . 148

3.4.4 Circuit Quality Indicators Coverage Predictions. . . 149

3.4.4.1.1 All Servers . . . 149

3.4.4.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin. . . 150

3.4.4.1.6 HCS Servers and an Overlap Margin. . . 150

3.4.4.2.2 Display Types . . . 151

3.5 UL Coverage Predictions . . . 152

3.5.1 DL Service Area Determination . . . 152

3.5.1.1 All Servers. . . 152

3.5.1.2 Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin . . . 152

3.5.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and an Overlap Margin . . . 153

3.5.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin . . . 153

3.5.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and an Overlap Margin. . . 153

3.5.1.6 HCS Servers and an Overlap Margin . . . 154

3.5.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and an Overlap Margin. . . 154

3.5.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2) . . . 155

3.5.2 Coverage by UL Signal Level. . . 155

3.5.2.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 155

3.5.2.2 Display Types . . . 155

3.5.2.2.1 UL Signal Level (in dBm, dBµV, dBµV/m) . . . 155

3.5.2.2.2 Best UL Signal Level (in dBm, dBµV, dBµV/m). . . 155

3.5.2.2.3 UL Total Losses (dB). . . 156

3.5.2.2.4 Minimum UL Total Losses (dB) . . . 156

3.5.3 Coverage by UL C/I . . . 156

3.5.3.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 156

3.5.3.2 UL C/I Evaluation . . . 156

3.5.3.3 Coverage Area Determination . . . 156

3.5.3.4 Display Types . . . 156

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3.5.3.4.2 Max C/I Level . . . 157

3.5.3.4.3 Min C/I Level . . . 157

3.5.4 Coverage by UL Coding Schemes . . . 157

3.5.4.2 Coding Scheme Selection . . . 158

3.5.4.3 Throughput Calculation . . . 158

3.5.5 Coverage by UL Codec Modes. . . 158

3.5.5.2 Codec Mode Selection . . . 159

3.6 Traffic Analysis . . . 159

3.6.1 Traffic Distribution . . . 159

3.6.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 159

3.6.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Services . . . 159

3.6.1.1.2 Packet Switched Services . . . 159

3.6.1.2 Concentric Cells. . . 160

3.6.1.3 HCS Layers . . . 160

3.6.2 Calculation of the Traffic Demand per Subcell . . . 160

3.6.2.1 User Profile Traffic Maps . . . 160

3.6.2.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 160

3.6.2.1.2 Concentric Cells . . . 161

3.6.2.1.3 HCS Layers . . . 162

3.6.2.2 Sector Traffic Maps. . . 166

3.6.2.2.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 166

3.6.2.2.2 Concentric Cells . . . 166

3.6.2.2.3 HCS Layers . . . 167

3.7 Network Dimensioning . . . 171

3.7.1 Dimensioning Models and Quality Graphs. . . 171

3.7.1.1 Circuit Switched Traffic. . . 171

3.7.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic . . . 172

3.7.1.2.1 Throughput . . . 172

3.7.1.2.2 Delay. . . 174

3.7.1.2.3 Blocking Probability. . . 175

3.7.2 Network Dimensioning Process . . . 176

3.7.2.1 Network Dimensioning Engine . . . 176

3.7.2.1.1 Inputs . . . 177

3.7.2.1.2 Outputs . . . 177

3.7.2.2 Network Dimensioning Steps. . . 177

3.7.2.2.1 Step 1: Timeslots Required for CS Traffic . . . 177

3.7.2.2.2 Step 2: TRXs Required for CS Traffic and Dedicated PS Timeslots . . . 178

3.7.2.2.3 Step 3: Effective CS Blocking, Effective CS Traffic Overflow and Served CS Traffic . . . 178

3.7.2.2.4 Step 4: TRXs to Add for PS Traffic . . . 178

3.7.2.2.5 Step 5: Served PS Traffic . . . 180

3.7.2.2.6 Step 6: Total Traffic Load . . . 180

3.8 Key Performance Indicators Calculation . . . 181

3.8.1 Circuit Switched Traffic . . . 181

3.8.1.1 Erlang B . . . 181

3.8.1.2 Erlang C . . . 181

3.8.1.3 Served Circuit Switched Traffic . . . 182

3.8.2 Packet Switched Traffic . . . 182

3.8.2.1 Case 1: Total Traffic Demand > Dedicated + Shared Timeslots. . . 182

3.8.2.1.1 Traffic Load . . . 182

3.8.2.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow . . . 182

3.8.2.1.3 Throughput Reduction Factor . . . 182

3.8.2.1.4 Delay. . . 182

3.8.2.1.5 Blocking Probability. . . 182

3.8.2.1.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic . . . 183

3.8.2.2 Case 2: Total Traffic Demand < Dedicated + Shared Timeslots. . . 183

3.8.2.2.1 Traffic Load . . . 183

3.8.2.2.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow . . . 183

3.8.2.2.3 Throughput Reduction Factor . . . 183

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3.8.2.2.5 Blocking Probability . . . 183

3.8.2.2.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic. . . 183

3.9 Simulations . . . 184

3.9.1 Radio Resource Management in GSM . . . 184

3.9.1.1 GSM Simulation Process . . . 184

3.9.1.2 Servers Selection . . . 187

3.9.1.3 Codec Mode Assignment and DL Power Control . . . 187

3.9.1.4 Coding Scheme Assignment, Throughput Evaluation and DL Power Control. . . 188

3.9.1.5 Subcell Traffic Loads Management . . . 189

3.9.1.6 Half-Rate Traffic Ratio Management . . . 189

3.9.1.7 DL Power Control Gain Management . . . 189

3.9.1.8 DTX DL Gain Management . . . 190

3.9.1.9 GSM Simulation Results . . . 190

3.10 Automatic Neighbour Allocation . . . 191

3.10.1 Neighbour Allocation for All Transmitters . . . 191

3.10.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter. . . 193

3.10.3 Neighbour Importance Calculation . . . 194

3.10.4 Appendix: Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 195

3.11 AFP Appendices . . . 195

3.11.1 The AFP Cost Function . . . 195

3.11.1.1 Cost Function . . . 196

3.11.1.2 Cost Components . . . 198

3.11.1.2.1 Separation Violation Cost Component. . . 198

3.11.1.2.2 Interference Cost Component . . . 199

3.11.1.2.3 I_DIV, F_DIV and Other Advanced Cost Parameters. . . 201

3.11.2 The AFP Blocked Traffic Cost . . . 202

3.11.2.1 Calculation of New Traffic Loads Including Blocked Traffic Loads. . . 202

3.11.2.2 Recalculation of CS and PS From Traffic Loads . . . 203

3.11.2.3 Testing the Blocked Cost Using Traffic Analysis . . . 204

3.11.3 Interference. . . 204

3.11.3.1 Using Interferences . . . 204

3.11.3.2 Cumulative Density Function of C/I Levels . . . 204

3.11.3.3 Precise Definition . . . 205

3.11.3.4 Precise Interference Distribution Strategy . . . 205

3.11.3.4.1 Direct Availability of Precise Interference Distribution to the AFP . . . 205

3.11.3.4.2 Efficient Calculation and Storage of Interference Distribution . . . 206

3.11.3.4.3 Robustness of the IM. . . 206

3.11.3.5 Traffic Load and Interference Information Discrimination . . . 206

4 UMTS HSPA Networks . . . 209

4.1 General Prediction Studies . . . 209

4.1.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 209

4.1.2.1 Profile Tab . . . 209

4.1.2.2 Reception Tab . . . 210

4.1.3 Coverage Studies . . . 210

4.1.3.1.1 All Servers . . . 210

4.1.3.2 Coverage Display . . . 211 4.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution . . . 211 4.1.3.2.2 Display Types . . . 211 4.2 Definitions. . . 212 4.2.1 Glossary . . . 212 4.2.2 Inputs . . . 213 4.2.3 Ec/I0 Calculation . . . 220 4.2.4 DL Eb/Nt Calculation. . . 221 4.2.5 UL Eb/Nt Calculation. . . 222 4.3 Simulations . . . 223

4.3.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution. . . 223

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4.3.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) . . . 224

4.3.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j). . . 224

4.3.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 227

4.3.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink . . . 227

4.3.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) . . . 228

4.3.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status . . . 229

4.3.2 Power Control Simulation . . . 229

4.3.2.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 230

4.3.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm . . . 231

4.3.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 236

4.3.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation. . . 236

4.3.2.3.2 Number of HS-SCCH Channels and Maximum Number of HSDPA Bearer Users . . . 236

4.3.2.3.3 HSDPA Bearer Allocation Process . . . 237

4.3.2.3.4 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling . . . 240

4.3.2.3.5 MIMO Modelling . . . 250

4.3.2.3.6 Scheduling Algorithms . . . 251

4.3.2.3.7 Dual-Cell HSDPA . . . 253

4.3.2.4 HSUPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 256

4.3.2.4.1 Admission Control . . . 257

4.3.2.4.2 HSUPA Bearer Allocation Process . . . 259

4.3.2.4.3 Noise Rise Scheduling . . . 261

4.3.2.4.4 Radio Resource Control . . . 265

4.3.2.5 Convergence Criteria . . . 265

4.3.3 Results . . . 265

4.3.3.1 R99 Related Results . . . 265

4.3.3.2 HSPA Related Results . . . 267

4.3.3.2.1 Statistics Tab . . . 267

4.3.3.2.2 Mobiles Tab . . . 268

4.3.3.2.3 Cells Tab . . . 271

4.3.3.2.4 Sites Tab . . . 273

4.3.4 Appendices . . . 274

4.3.4.1 Admission Control in the R99 Part . . . 274

4.3.4.2 Resources Management. . . 274

4.3.4.2.1 OVSF Codes Management . . . 274

4.3.4.2.2 Channel Elements Management . . . 276

4.3.4.2.3 Iub Backhaul Throughput . . . 276

4.3.4.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation . . . 277

4.3.4.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell . . . 277

4.3.4.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile . . . 279

4.3.4.4 Uplink Load Factor Due to One User . . . 279

4.3.4.5 Inter-carrier Power Sharing Modelling . . . 281

4.3.4.6 Best Serving Cell Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method . . . 281

4.4 UMTS HSPA Prediction Studies . . . 282

4.4.1 Best Serving Cell and Active Set Determination . . . 282

4.4.2 Point Analysis - AS Analysis Tab . . . 283

4.4.2.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu . . . 283

4.4.2.2 Downlink R99 Sub-Menu . . . 286

4.4.2.3 Uplink R99 Sub-Menu. . . 289

4.4.2.4 HSDPA Sub-Menu . . . 292

4.4.2.5 HSUPA Sub-Menu . . . 295

4.4.3.1 Pilot Quality Analysis . . . 297

4.4.3.1.1 Prediction Study Inputs. . . 297

4.4.3.1.2 Study Display Options . . . 297

4.4.3.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis . . . 298

4.4.3.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis . . . 300

4.4.3.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis . . . 301

4.4.3.4.1 Study Inputs. . . 302

4.4.3.4.2 Display Options . . . 302

4.4.3.5 HSDPA Prediction Study . . . 302

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4.4.3.6 HSUPA Prediction Study . . . 307

4.4.3.6.1 Prediction Study Inputs . . . 307

4.4.3.6.2 Calculation Options . . . 308

4.4.3.6.3 Display Options . . . 308

4.5.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter. . . 314

4.5.3 Importance Calculation . . . 314

4.5.3.1 Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours . . . 314

4.5.3.2 Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours . . . 316

4.5.4 Appendices . . . 317

4.5.4.1 Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 317

4.6 Primary Scrambling Code Allocation . . . 317

4.6.1 Automatic Allocation Description . . . 318

4.6.1.1 Options and Constraints . . . 318

4.6.1.2 Allocation Process . . . 320

4.6.1.2.1 Single Carrier Network . . . 320

4.6.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 321 4.6.1.3 Priority Determination . . . 321 4.6.1.3.1 Cell Priority . . . 321 4.6.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority . . . 324 4.6.1.3.3 Site Priority. . . 324 4.6.2 Allocation Examples . . . 324

4.6.2.1 Allocation Strategies and Use a Maximum of Codes . . . 324

4.6.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered . . . 325

4.6.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed . . . 326

4.6.2.1.3 Strategy: ‘One Cluster per Site . . . 326

4.6.2.1.4 Strategy: ‘Distributed per Site . . . 326

4.6.2.2 Allocate Carriers Identically . . . 327

4.7 Automatic GSM-UMTS Neighbour Allocation . . . 328

4.7.1 Overview . . . 328

4.7.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance . . . 328

4.7.2.2 Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping . . . 329

4.7.2.3 Appendices. . . 331

4.7.2.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 331

5 CDMA2000 Networks . . . 335

5.1 General Prediction Studies . . . 335

5.1.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 335

5.1.2.1 Profile Tab . . . 336

5.1.2.2 Reception Tab . . . 336

5.1.3.1.1 All Servers . . . 336

5.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution . . . 337

5.1.3.2.2 Display Types . . . 337

5.2 Definitions and Formulas. . . 338

5.2.1 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xRTT Modelling . . . 338

5.2.1.1 Inputs . . . 338

5.2.1.2 Ec/I0 Calculation . . . 343

5.2.1.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 344

5.2.1.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 345

5.2.1.5 Simulation Results . . . 346

5.2.2 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Modelling . . . 348

5.2.2.1 Inputs . . . 348

5.2.2.2 Ec/I0 and Ec/Nt Calculations. . . 352

5.2.2.3 UL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 353

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5.3 Active Set Management . . . 356

5.4 Simulations. . . 356

5.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution . . . 357

5.4.1.1 Number of Users, User Activity Status and User Throughput. . . 357

5.4.1.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps. . . 357

5.4.1.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 360

5.4.1.2 Transition Flags for 1xEV-DO Rev.0 User Throughputs . . . 365

5.4.1.3 User Geographical Position . . . 366

5.4.2 Network Regulation Mechanism . . . 366

5.4.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT Power Control Simulation Algorithm. . . 366

5.4.2.1.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 366

5.4.2.1.2 Presentation of the Algorithm . . . 367

5.4.2.1.3 Convergence Criterion . . . 374

5.4.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Power/Data Rate Control Simulation Algorithm . . . 375

5.4.2.2.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 375

5.4.2.2.2 Presentation of the Algorithm . . . 375

5.4.2.2.3 Convergence Criterion . . . 383

5.4.3 Appendices . . . 384

5.4.3.1 Admission Control. . . 384

5.4.3.2 Resources Management. . . 384

5.4.3.2.1 Walsh Code Management . . . 384

5.4.3.2.2 Channel Element Management . . . 385

5.4.3.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation . . . 386

5.4.3.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell . . . 386

5.4.3.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile . . . 387

5.4.3.4 Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method . . . 387

5.4.3.5 Radio Bearer Allocation Algorithm for Multi-carrier EVDO Rev.B - Old Method. . . 390

5.5 CDMA2000 Prediction Studies . . . 390

5.5.1 Point Analysis: The AS Analysis Tab . . . 390

5.5.1.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu . . . 390

5.5.1.2 Downlink Sub-Menu . . . 393 5.5.1.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 393 5.5.1.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 398 5.5.1.3 Uplink Sub-Menu . . . 400 5.5.1.3.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 400 5.5.1.3.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 404 5.5.2 Coverage Studies . . . 410

5.5.2.1 Pilot Quality Analysis . . . 410

5.5.2.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis . . . 411

5.5.2.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 411

5.5.2.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 413

5.5.2.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis . . . 415

5.5.2.3.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 415

5.5.2.3.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 417

5.5.2.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis . . . 420

5.5.2.4.1 Analysis on the Best Carrier . . . 420

5.5.2.4.2 Analysis on a Specific Carrier . . . 421

5.6.1 Neighbour Allocation for all Transmitters . . . 422

5.6.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter . . . 425

5.6.3.1 Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours . . . 425

5.6.3.2 Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours . . . 427

5.6.4 Appendices . . . 428

5.6.4.1 Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 428

5.7 PN Offset Allocation . . . 428

5.7.1.1 Options and Constraints. . . 429

5.7.1.2 Allocation Process. . . 430

5.7.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 431

5.7.1.2.3 Difference between Adjacent and Distributed PN-Clusters . . . 431

5.7.1.3 Priority Determination . . . 431

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5.7.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority . . . 433

5.7.1.3.3 Site Priority. . . 434

5.7.2 Allocation Examples . . . 434

5.7.2.1 Strategy: PN Offset per Cell . . . 434

5.7.2.2 Strategy: Adjacent PN-Clusters Per Site . . . 435

5.7.2.3 Strategy: ‘Distributed PN-Clusters Per Site . . . 435

5.8 Automatic GSM-CDMA Neighbour Allocation . . . 436

5.8.1 Overview . . . 436

5.8.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance . . . 437

5.8.2.3 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 440

6 LTE Networks . . . 443

6.1 Definitions. . . 443

6.2 Calculation Quick Reference . . . 449

6.2.1 Downlink Transmission Powers Calculation . . . 449

6.2.2 Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation . . . 451

6.2.3 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 452

6.2.4 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 455

6.2.5 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 455

6.2.6 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 459

6.2.7 C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) . . . 460

6.2.8 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 461

6.2.9 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 462

6.2.10 Interference Calculation (UL). . . 462

6.2.11 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.12 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.13 C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.14 Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources . . . 464

6.2.15 Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources . . . 465

6.2.16 Calculation of Downlink UE Capacity . . . 465

6.2.17 Calculation of Uplink UE Capacity . . . 465

6.2.18 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 466

6.2.19 Scheduling and Radio Resource Management. . . 467

6.2.20 User Throughput Calculation . . . 469

6.3 Available Calculations . . . 470 6.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 470 6.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 470 6.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 470 6.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 470 6.3.1.4 Details View . . . 470 6.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 471

6.3.2.1 Downlink Signal Level Coverage Predictions. . . 471

6.3.2.2 Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions . . . 472

6.3.2.3 C/(I+N)-based Coverage Predictions . . . 473

6.3.2.4 Cell Identifier Collision Zones Coverage Prediction . . . 475

6.3.3 Calculations on Subscriber Lists. . . 476

6.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 476

6.3.4.1 User Distribution . . . 476

6.3.4.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps and Subscriber Lists . . . 477

6.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps. . . 478

6.3.4.2 Simulation Process . . . 479

6.4 Calculation Details . . . 485

6.4.1 Downlink Transmission Power Calculation. . . 485

6.4.2.1 Conversion From Channel Numbers to Start and End Frequencies . . . 494

6.4.2.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation. . . 495

6.4.2.3 Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 496

6.4.2.4 Total Overlap Ratio Calculation . . . 496

6.4.3 Subframe Pattern Collision Calculation . . . 497

6.4.3.1 Subframe Pattern Normalisation . . . 497

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6.4.3.3 Calculation of Subframe Collision Probabilities . . . 499

6.4.4 Signal Level and Signal Quality Calculations . . . 501

6.4.4.1 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 502

6.4.4.2 Noise Calculation (DL). . . 507

6.4.4.3 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 507

6.4.4.4 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 518

6.4.4.5 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) . . . 520

6.4.4.6 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 525

6.4.4.7 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 527

6.4.4.8 Interference Calculation (UL). . . 527

6.4.4.8.1 Interfering Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 528

6.4.4.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL). . . 530

6.4.4.9 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 531

6.4.4.10 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) . . . 534

6.4.5 Best Server Determination . . . 537

6.4.6 Throughput Calculation . . . 541

6.4.6.1 Calculation of Total Cell Resources . . . 541

6.4.6.1.1 Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources . . . 541

6.4.6.1.2 Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources . . . 546

6.4.6.2 Calculation UE Capacities . . . 549

6.4.6.2.1 Calculation of Downlink UE Capacity. . . 549

6.4.6.2.2 Calculation of Uplink UE Capacity . . . 550

6.4.6.3 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 551

6.4.7 Scheduling and Radio Resource Management . . . 556

6.4.7.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation. . . 556

6.4.7.2 User Throughput Calculation . . . 565

6.5 Automatic Planning Algorithms . . . 566

6.5.1 Automatic Neighbour Planning. . . 566

6.5.2 Automatic Inter-technology Neighbour Planning . . . 570

6.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP. . . 573

6.5.3.1 Constraint and Relationship Weights . . . 573

6.5.3.2 Cost Calculation. . . 574

6.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 575

6.5.4 Automatic Physical Cell ID Planning Using the AFP . . . 575

6.5.4.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 580

6.5.5 Automatic PRACH RSI Planning Using the AFP . . . 580

6.5.5.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 582

6.5.6 Appendices . . . 582

6.5.6.1 Interference Matrix Calculation. . . 582

6.5.6.2 Distance Importance Calculation. . . 582

7 3GPP Multi-RAT Networks . . . .587

7.1 Definitions . . . 587

7.2 Multi-RAT Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 587

7.2.1 User Distribution . . . 587

7.2.2 Simulation Process . . . 589

7.3 Multi-RAT Coverage Predictions . . . 589

8 3GPP2 Multi-RAT Networks . . . .593

8.2 Multi-RAT Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 593

8.2.1 User Distribution . . . 593

8.2.2 Simulation Process . . . 594

8.3 Multi-RAT Coverage Predictions . . . 595

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9.1 Definitions and Formulas. . . 599

9.1.1 Inputs . . . 599

9.1.2 P-CCPCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation. . . 604

9.1.3 DwPCH C/I Calculation . . . 604

9.1.4 DL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation . . . 605

9.1.5 UL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation . . . 605

9.1.6 Interference Calculation. . . 606

9.1.7 HSDPA Dynamic Power Calculations . . . 606

9.2 Signal Level Based Calculations. . . 606

9.2.1.1 Profile Tab . . . 607

9.2.1.2 Reception Tab . . . 607

9.2.2 RSCP Based Coverage Predictions . . . 607

9.2.2.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 607

9.2.2.2 P-CCPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction. . . 608

9.2.2.2.1 Coverage Condition . . . 608

9.2.2.2.2 Coverage Display . . . 608

9.2.2.3 Best Server P-CCPCH Coverage Prediction . . . 609

9.2.2.4 P-CCPCH Pollution Analysis Coverage Prediction . . . 609

9.2.2.5 DwPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction . . . 609

9.2.2.6 UpPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction . . . 610

9.2.2.7 Baton Handover Coverage Prediction . . . 611

9.2.2.8 Scrambling Code Interference Analysis . . . 611

9.3 Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 612

9.3.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution. . . 612

9.3.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps . . . 612

9.3.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) . . . 613

9.3.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j) . . . 613

9.3.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 616

9.3.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink. . . 616

9.3.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) . . . 617

9.3.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status . . . 617

9.3.2 Power Control Simulation . . . 617

9.3.2.1 Algorithm Initialisation . . . 618

9.3.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm . . . 618

9.3.2.2.1 Determination of Mi’s Best Server (SBS(Mi)) . . . 618

9.3.2.2.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation . . . 619

9.3.2.2.3 Uplink Power Control . . . 621

9.3.2.2.4 Downlink Power Control . . . 623

9.3.2.2.5 Uplink Signals Update . . . 625

9.3.2.2.6 Downlink Signals Update. . . 625

9.3.2.2.7 Control of Radio Resource Limits (Downlink Traffic Power and Uplink Load) . . . 625

9.3.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 626

9.3.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation . . . 626

9.3.2.3.2 Connection Status and Number of HSDPA Users . . . 628

9.3.2.3.3 HSDPA Admission Control . . . 628

9.3.2.3.4 HSDPA Dynamic Channel Allocation . . . 629

9.3.2.3.5 Ressource Unit Saturation . . . 629

9.3.2.4 Convergence Criteria. . . 629

9.4 TD-SCDMA Prediction Studies. . . 630

9.4.1 P-CCPCH Reception Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 630

9.4.2 DwPCH Reception Analysis (C/I) . . . 632

9.4.3 Downlink TCH RSCP Coverage . . . 633

9.4.4 Uplink TCH RSCP Coverage. . . 634

9.4.5 Downlink Total Noise . . . 635

9.4.6 Downlink Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I). . . 635

9.4.7 Uplink Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 637

9.4.8 Effective Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 639

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9.4.10 UpPCH Interference . . . 641

9.4.11 HSDPA Predictions . . . 641

9.5 Smart Antenna Modelling. . . 642

9.5.1 Modelling in Simulations . . . 643

9.5.1.1 Grid of Beams Modelling . . . 643

9.5.1.2 Adaptive Beam Modelling . . . 644

9.5.1.3 Statistical Modelling . . . 645

9.5.1.4 Beamforming Smart Antenna Models. . . 645

9.5.1.5 3rd Party Smart Antenna Modelling . . . 646

9.5.2 Construction of the Geographic Distributions . . . 646

9.5.3 Modelling in Coverage Predictions . . . 647

9.5.4 HSDPA Quality and Throughput Analysis . . . 648

9.5.4.1 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling . . . 648

9.5.4.1.1 CQI Based on P-CCPCH Quality . . . 648

9.5.4.1.2 CQI Based on HS-PDSCH Quality . . . 652

9.5.4.2 Coverage Prediction Display Options . . . 653

9.5.4.2.1 Colour per CQI . . . 653

9.5.4.2.2 Colour per Peak Throughput . . . 654

9.5.4.2.3 Colour per HS-PDSCH Ec/Nt . . . 654

9.6 N-Frequency Mode and Carrier Allocation . . . 654

9.6.1 Automatic Carrier Allocation. . . 654

9.7 Neighbour Allocation . . . 655

9.7.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter . . . 658

9.7.4 Appendix: Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 660

9.8 Scrambling Code Allocation . . . 660

9.8.1.1 Allocation Constraints and Options. . . 661

9.8.1.2 Allocation Strategies. . . 661

9.8.1.3 Allocation Process. . . 662

9.8.1.3.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 663

9.8.1.4 Priority Determination . . . 664

9.8.1.4.1 Cell Priority . . . 664

9.8.1.4.2 Transmitter Priority. . . 666

9.8.1.4.3 Site Priority . . . 667

9.8.2 Scrambling Code Allocation Example . . . 667

9.8.2.1 Single Carrier Network . . . 667

9.8.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered . . . 668

9.8.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed per Cell . . . 668

9.8.2.1.3 Strategy: One SYNC_DL Code per Site . . . 669

9.8.2.1.4 Strategy: Distributed per Site. . . 669

9.8.2.2 Multi Carrier Network . . . 669

9.9 Automatic GSM/TD-SCDMA Neighbour Allocation . . . 670

9.9.1.1 Algorithm Based on Distance. . . 671

9.9.1.3 Appendices . . . 673

9.9.1.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 673

10 WiMAX BWA Networks . . . .677

10.2 Calculation Quick Reference. . . 682

10.2.2 Preamble Signal Level Calculation . . . 683

10.2.3 Preamble Noise Calculation . . . 683

10.2.4 Preamble Interference Calculation. . . 683

10.2.5 Preamble C/N Calculation . . . 683

10.2.6 Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation . . . 684

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10.2.8 Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL). . . 684

10.2.9 Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 685

10.2.10 Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 686

10.2.11 Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) . . . 686

10.2.12 Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 687

10.2.13 Traffic Noise Calculation (UL). . . 687

10.2.14 Traffic Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 687

10.2.15 Traffic C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 688

10.2.16 Traffic C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) . . . 688

10.2.17 Calculation of Total Cell Resources . . . 688

10.2.18 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 689

10.3 Available Calculations . . . 694 10.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 694 10.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 694 10.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 694 10.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 694 10.3.1.4 Details View . . . 694 10.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 695

10.3.2.1 Preamble Signal Level Coverage Predictions. . . 695

10.3.2.4 Cell Identifier Collision Zones Coverage Prediction . . . 699

10.3.4.1 User Distribution . . . 700

10.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps. . . 702

10.4.1.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation. . . 708

10.4.1.3 Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 709

10.4.1.4 FDD – TDD Overlap Ratio Calculation . . . 709

10.4.2 Preamble Signal Level and Quality Calculations. . . 711

10.4.2.1 Preamble Signal Level Calculation . . . 711

10.4.2.2 Preamble Noise Calculation . . . 712

10.4.2.3 Preamble Interference Calculation . . . 714

10.4.2.4 Preamble C/N Calculation. . . 715

10.4.2.5 Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation . . . 716

10.4.3 Best Server Determination. . . 717

10.4.4 Service Area Calculation. . . 717

10.4.5 Permutation Zone Selection . . . 718

10.4.6 Traffic and Pilot Signal Level and Quality Calculations . . . 719

10.4.6.1 Traffic and Pilot Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 719

10.4.6.2 Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 721

10.4.6.3 Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 722

10.4.6.3.1 Traffic and Pilot Interference Signal Levels Calculation (DL) . . . 722

10.4.6.3.2 Effective Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 726

10.4.6.4 Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 729

10.4.6.5 Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) . . . 731

10.4.6.6 Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 733

10.4.6.7 Traffic Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 734

10.4.6.8 Traffic Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 735

10.4.6.8.1 Traffic Interference Signal Levels Calculation (UL) . . . 735

10.4.6.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 737

10.4.6.9 Traffic C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 738

10.4.6.10 Traffic C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) . . . 740

10.4.7.1.1 Calculation of Sampling Frequency . . . 744

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10.4.7.1.3 Calculation of Total Cell Resources - TDD Networks . . . 745

10.4.7.1.4 Calculation of Total Cell Resources - FDD Networks . . . 746

10.4.7.2 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-User Throughput Calculation . . . 747

10.4.8.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation. . . 752

10.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP. . . 769

10.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 771

10.5.4 Automatic Preamble Index Planning Using the AFP . . . 771

10.5.4.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 775

10.5.5 Automatic Zone PermBase Planning Using the AFP . . . 775

10.5.5.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 777

10.5.6 Appendices . . . 777

10.5.6.1 Interference Matrix Calculation. . . 777

10.5.6.2 Distance Importance Calculation. . . 778

11 Wi-Fi Networks . . . .783

11.2 Calculation Quick Reference. . . 786

11.2.5 C/N Calculation (DL). . . 788

11.2.9 Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 789

11.2.10 C/N Calculation (UL). . . 789

11.2.12 Calculation of Total Cell Resources. . . 789

11.2.13 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 790

11.3 Available Calculations . . . 793 11.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 793 11.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 793 11.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 793 11.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 793 11.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 793

11.3.2.1 Signal Level Coverage Predictions . . . 793

11.3.2.2 Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions. . . 795

11.3.3 Calculations on Subscriber Lists . . . 797

11.3.4.1 User Distribution. . . 798

11.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 800

11.4.1.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 805

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11.4.2 Signal Level and Quality Calculations . . . 807

11.4.2.2 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 808

11.4.2.5 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL). . . 812

11.4.2.8 Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 815

11.4.2.8.1 Interference Signal Levels Calculation (UL) . . . 815

11.4.2.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 815

11.4.2.10 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL). . . 818

11.4.3 Best Server Determination. . . 819

11.4.4 Service Area Calculation. . . 820

11.4.5.2 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 821

11.4.6.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation . . . 825

11.5.1 Automatic Neighbour Planning . . . 830

11.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP . . . 837

11.5.3.2 Cost Calculation . . . 838

11.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 839

11.5.4 Appendices . . . 839

11.5.4.1 Interference Matrix Calculation . . . 839

11.5.4.2 Distance Importance Calculation . . . 839

12 LPWA Networks . . . 843

12.1 Definitions. . . 843

12.2 Calculation Quick Reference . . . 846

12.2.4 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 846

12.2.8 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 847

12.2.10 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation. . . 848

12.3 Available Calculations . . . 849 12.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 849 12.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 849 12.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 849 12.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 849 12.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 850

12.3.2.1 Signal Level Coverage Predictions . . . 850

12.4.1 Signal Level and Quality Calculations . . . 854

12.4.1.2 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 855

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19

12.4.1.9 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) . . . 862

12.4.2 Best Server Determination . . . 864

12.4.3 Service Area Calculation . . . 864

12.4.4.1 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation. . . 865

13 ACP Module . . . .879

13.1 Objectives. . . 879

13.1.1 Quality Objective . . . 879

13.1.1.1 Definition and Evaluation. . . 879

13.1.1.2 Progressive Thresholds. . . 880

13.1.1.3 Target Filtering . . . 880

13.1.2 ACP Quality Indicators . . . 881

13.1.2.1 GSM Quality Indicators. . . 881

13.1.2.2 UMTS Quality Indicators. . . 881

13.1.2.3 CDMA2000 Quality Indicators . . . 881

13.1.2.4 LTE Quality Indicators . . . 881

13.1.2.5 WiMAX Quality Indicators . . . 882

13.1.2.6 Quality Indicator Parameters and Reference Maps. . . 883

13.1.2.7 Advanced Objective Configuration . . . 883

13.1.2.8 Cost Objective . . . 883

13.1.3 Atoll and ACP Predictions Matching . . . 883

13.2 Quality Predictions and Antenna Masking Methods . . . 884

13.2.1 Optimised Masking Method . . . 884

13.2.2 Antenna Masking Methods for Non-Native Models . . . 885

13.2.2.1 Basic Masking Method . . . 885

13.2.2.2 Improved Masking Method . . . 885

13.2.2.3 Full Path Loss Masking Method . . . 885

13.2.2.4 Antenna Correction Masking Method. . . 886

13.2.2.5 Antenna Masking and Repeaters, Remote Antennas, Secondary Antennas . . . 886

13.2.3 CrossWave Propagation Model. . . 886

13.2.4 Aster Propagation Model . . . 886

13.3 Configuration . . . 886

13.3.1 Configuring an Optimisation Setup. . . 886

13.3.1.1 Antenna Setup. . . 887

13.3.1.2 Additional Electrical Tilt (AEDT) . . . 887

13.3.1.3 Relative Electrical Tilt Values . . . 888

13.4 Multi-RAT and Co-planning Support . . . 888

13.4.1 Multi-RAT and Co-planning Modes. . . 888

13.4.2 Technology Layer Definition . . . 889

13.5 Optimisation Methodology. . . 889

13.5.1 Search Algorithm . . . 890

13.5.2 Tuning Algorithm . . . 890

13.5.3 Sorting Algorithm . . . 891

13.5.4 Principles of the Pre-optimisation of Activated Sites . . . 891

13.5.5 Global Score Function . . . 892

13.5.5.1 Search Algorithm. . . 892

13.5.5.2 Tuning Algorithm . . . 892

13.5.6 Weighting . . . 893

13.5.7 Controlling the Optimisation. . . 893

13.5.8 Implementation Plan . . . 893

13.5.9 Memory Usage and Optimisation Resolution . . . 895

13.5.10 Internal Data Management and Performance. . . 895

13.5.10.1 Memory Usage . . . 895

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13.6 Load Balancing Objective . . . 895

13.6.1 Principle Used in ACP . . . 895

13.6.2 Optimisation Principle . . . 896

13.6.2.1 Traffic Capture for Load Balancing. . . 896

13.6.2.2 Cell Capacity Load Calculation . . . 896

13.6.2.3 Load Balancing Score Function. . . 897

13.6.2.4 Load Quality Index. . . 897

13.6.2.5 Captured Traffic Ratio . . . 898

13.6.2.6 Introduction of Load Balancing as a Quality Indicator . . . 898

13.6.3 Quality Figures Used for Graphs and Statistics Results . . . 899

13.6.3.1 Load Balance . . . 899

13.6.3.2 Average Load . . . 899

13.6.4 Optimisation Results. . . 900

13.6.4.1 Load Balancing Tab . . . 900

13.6.4.2 Graphs . . . 900

13.6.5 Impact on the Global Score Function . . . 901

13.7 Throughput Objective . . . 901

13.7.1 Optimisation Principle . . . 902

13.7.2 Difference between the RLC Peak Rate and Throughput Objectives . . . 902

13.7.3 Traffic Capture . . . 902

13.7.3.1 Basic Configuration without Atoll Traffic Map . . . 902

13.7.3.2 Advanced Configuration with Atoll Traffic Map . . . 902

13.7.4 Throughput Score Function . . . 903

13.7.5 Impact on the Global Score Function . . . 903

13.7.6 Optimisation Results. . . 904

13.8 EMF Exposure. . . 904

13.8.1 Concepts of ACP EMF Exposure. . . 904

13.8.1.1 Propagation Classes. . . 904

13.8.1.2 Terrain Profile . . . 905

13.8.1.3 Distribution of Evaluation Points . . . 905

13.8.1.4 The Contribution of Transmitter Power to EMF Exposure. . . 905

13.8.1.5 Worst-case Mode . . . 905

13.8.2 General Workflow. . . 905

13.8.3 EMF Exposure Calculation . . . 906

13.9 Shadowing Margin and Indoor Coverage. . . 907

13.10 Multi-Storey Optimisation. . . 907

13.10.1 Path Loss Calculation and Data Caching . . . 907

13.10.2 Pixel Weighting . . . 908

13.10.3 Results . . . 908

13.10.4 Notes . . . 908

13.10.5 Concepts of ACP EMF Exposure. . . 909

13.10.5.1 Propagation Classes. . . 909

13.10.5.2 Terrain Profile . . . 909

13.10.5.3 Distribution of Evaluation Points . . . 909

13.10.5.4 The Contribution of Transmitter Power to EMF Exposure. . . 910

13.10.5.5 Worst-case Mode . . . 910

13.10.6 General Workflow. . . 910

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AT332_TRR_E0 Introduction

21 Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide

This Technical Reference Guide is aimed at radio network engineers with an advanced knowledge of Atoll and radio network planning. It provides detailed information about the inner workings and formulas that are implemented by Atoll.

About Atoll

Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design and optimisation platform. Atoll is open, scalable, flexible, and

supports wireless operators throughout the network life cycle, from initial design to densification and optimisation.

Atoll includes integrated single RAN – multiple RAT network design capabilities for both 3GPP (GSM/UMTS/LTE) and 3GPP2

(CDMA/LTE) technology streams. It provides operators and vendors with a powerful native 64-bit framework for designing and optimising current and future integrated multi-technology networks. Atoll supports multi-technology HetNets, small cell planning, and Wi-Fi offloading.

Atoll’s integration and automation features help operators smoothly automate planning and optimisation processes through

flexible scripting and SOA-based mechanisms. Atoll supports a wide range of implementation scenarios, from standalone to enterprise-wide server-based configurations.

If you are interested in learning more about Atoll, please contact your Forsk representative to inquire about our training solu-tions.

About Forsk

Forsk is an independent company providing radio planning and optimisation software solutions to the wireless industry since 1987.

In 1997, Forsk released the first version of Atoll, its flagship radio planning software. Since then, Atoll has evolved to become a comprehensive radio planning and optimisation platform and, with more than 7000 installed licenses worldwide, has reached the leading position on the global market. Atoll combines engineering and automation functions that enable opera-tors to smoothly and gradually implement SON processes within their organisation.

Today, Forsk is a global supplier with over 450 customers in 120 countries and strategic partnerships with major players in the industry. Forsk distributes and supports Atoll directly from offices and technical support centres in France, USA, and China as well as through a worldwide network of distributors and partners.

Since the first release of Atoll, Forsk has been known for its capability to deliver tailored and turn-key radio planning and opti-misation environments based on Atoll.

To help operators streamline their radio planning and optimisation processes, Forsk provides a complete range of implemen-tation services, including integration with existing IT infrastructure, automation, as well as data migration, installation, and training services.

Getting Help

The online help system that is installed with Atoll is designed to give you quick access to the information you need to use the product effectively. It contains the same material as the Atoll 3.3.2 User Manual.

You can browse the online help from the Contents view, the Index view, or you can use the built-in Search feature. You can also download manuals from the Forsk web site at:

http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/

Printing Help Topics

You can print individual topics or chapters from the online help. To print help topics or chapters:

1. In Atoll, click Help > Help Topics.

2. In the Contents tab, expand the table of contents.

3. Right-click the section or topic that you want to print and click Print. The Print Topics dialog box appears. 4. In the Print Topics dialog box, select what you want to print:

• If you want to print a single topic, select Print the selected topic.

• If you want to print an entire section, including all topics and sections in that section, select Print the selected

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5. Click OK.

About Atoll Documentation

The following PDF manuals are available for Atoll and Atoll Microwave and can be downloaded from the Forsk web site at:

http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/ • Atoll User Manual

• Atoll Administrator Manual

• Atoll Data Structure Reference Guide • Atoll Technical Reference Guide • Atoll Task Automation Guide • Atoll Model Calibration Guide

To read PDF manuals, download Adobe Reader from the Adobe web site at:

http://get.adobe.com/reader/

Hardcopy manuals are also available. For more information, contact to your Forsk representative.

Contacting Technical Support

Forsk provides global technical support for its products and services. To contact the Forsk support team, visit the My Forsk web site at:

http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/

Alternatively, depending on your geographic location, contact one of the following support teams:

• Forsk Head Office

For regions other than North and Central America and China, contact the Forsk Head Office support team: • Tel.: +33 562 747 225

• Fax: +33 562 747 211 • Email: [email protected]

Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00 am to 6.00 pm (GMT +1:00)

• Forsk US

For North and Central America, contact the Forsk US support team: • Tel.: 1-888-GO-ATOLL (1-888-462-8655)

• Fax: 1-312-674-4822

• Email: [email protected]

Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 8.00 pm (Eastern Standard Time)

• Forsk China

For China, contact the Forsk China support team: • Tel: +86 20 8557 0016

• Fax: +86 20 8553 8285

• Email: [email protected]

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Chapter 1

Antennas and

Equipment

This chapter covers the following topics: • "Antenna Attenuation" on page 25 • "Antenna Pattern Smoothing" on page 27

• "Power Received From Secondary Antennas" on page 29 • "Transmitter Radio Equipment" on page 30

• "Repeaters and Remote Antennas" on page 32 • "Beamforming Smart Antenna Models" on page 43 • "Grid-of-Beams Smart Antenna Model" on page 51 • "Adaptive Beam Smart Antenna Model" on page 52 • "Statistical Smart Antenna Gain Model" on page 53

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AT332_TRR_E0 Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment

25 1 Antennas and Equipment

1.1 Antenna Attenuation

To determine the transmitter antenna attenuation, Atoll calculates the accurate azimuth and tilt angles and performs 3D interpolation of the horizontal and vertical patterns.

1.1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles

From the direction of the transmitter antenna and the receiver position relative to the transmitter, Atoll determines the receiver position relative to the direction of the transmitter antenna (i.e. the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system).

aTx and eTx are respectively the transmitter (Tx) antenna azimuth and tilt in the coordinate system .

a_Rx and e_Rx are respectively the azimuth and tilt of the receiver (Rx) in the coordinate system .

d is the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx).

In the coordinate system , the receiver coordinates are:

(1)

Let az and el respectively be the azimuth and tilt of the receiver in the transmitter antenna coordinate system . These angles describe the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system. Therefore, the receiver coordinates in are:

(2)

According to the figure above, we have the following relations:

(3)

and

Figure 1.1: Azimuth and Tilt Computation

S0x y z   S₀x y z   S₀x y z   x_Rx y_Rx zRx e_Rx   cos sina_Rxd e_Rx   cos cosa_Rxd eRx   sin – d = STxx'' y'' z''   S_Txx'' y'' z''   x''Rx y''Rx z''_Rx el   cos sin az d el   cos cos az d el   sin – d = x' y' z' a_Tx   cos –sina_Tx 0 a_Tx   sin cosa_Tx 0 0 0 1 x y z  =

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(4)

Therefore, the relation between the system and the transmitter antenna system is:

(5)

We get,

(6)

Then, substituting the receiver coordinates in the system S₀ from Eq. (1) and the receiver coordinates in the system S_Tx from Eq. (2) in Eq. (6) leads to a system where two solutions are possible:

1st solution: If , then and 2nd solution: If , then

and

If , then

1.1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation

The direction of transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system is given by angle values az and el.

Atoll considers these values to determine transmitter antenna attenuations in horizontal and vertical patterns.

It reads the following:

• H(az): the attenuation in the horizontal pattern for the calculated azimuth angle az

• H(a0): the attenuation in the horizontal pattern for the electrical azimuth angle a0 • V(el): the attenuation in the vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle el

• V(e₀): the attenuation in the vertical pattern for the electrical tilt angle e₀

Then it calculates the antenna total attenuation, :

if |el| ≠ 90°

Else: = V(el)

Atoll assumes that the horizontal and vertical patterns are cross-sections of a 3D pattern. If the electrical tilt is e₀, the horizontal pattern is a conical section with an elevation of e₀ degrees off the horizontal plane, and if the electrical azimuth is

a₀, the vertical pattern is a plane section with a rotation a₀ degrees from the vertical plane, the description of the antenna pattern must satisfy the following conditions:

H(a₀)=V(e₀) and H(180+a₀)=V(180-e₀)

For a0 = 0 and e0 = 0, the antenna pattern must satisfy the following:

H(0)=V(0) and H(180)=V(180) x'' y'' z'' 1 0 0 0 coseTx –sineTx 0 sine_Tx cose_Tx x' y' z'  = S₀x y z   S_Txx'' y'' z''   x'' y'' z'' 1 0 0 0 coseTx –sineTx 0 sineTx coseTx aTx   cos –sinaTx0 aTx   sin cosaTx 0 0 0 1  x_y z  = x'' y'' z'' aTx   cos –sinaTx 0 e_Tx  

cos sina_Tx cose_Txcosa_Tx –sine_Tx e_Tx

 

sin sina_Tx sine_Txcosa_Tx cose_Tx x y z  = a_Rx = a_Tx az = 0 el = e_Rx–e_Tx a_Rxa_Tx az 1 e_Tx   cos aRx–aTx   tan --- sineTxtaneRx aRx–aTx   sin ---+ ---atan = el sin az –sineTx aRx–aTx   tan --- coseTxtaneRx aRx–aTx   sin ---+        atan = az   sin sina_Rx–a_Tx0 az = az+180 L_antTxaz el  L_antTxaz el  H az  180– az a– 0 180 ---H a  V el₀ –   az a– 0 180 ---H 180 +a₀ V 180 el–  –  + – = L_antTxaz el 