PCOG - Carbohydrates

(1)

Sugar and Sugar Containing Drugs

Specimen

English Name

Vernacular

_Name

Scientific Name

and Family

(Botanical

Origin)

Part Used(Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses

Sucrose

_{Refined sugar}

Cane Sugar,

Asukal

, Tubo

Stem of sugarcane

(saccharum

officinarum) –

Family:

Poaceae

Roots of sugarbeets

(Beta vulgaris) –

Family:

Chenopodiaceae

white, odorless, crystalline powder

monosaccharides - glucose and

_fructose

Pharmaceutical aid (syrup),

demulcent, nutrient,

bacteriostatic, preservative,

mask disagreeable taste and

retards oxidation Of iron prep.

a.

Medicinal: Relieve

pain in infants b. Pharmaceutical:

Sweetening agent and as pharmaceutical aid c. Commercial: Used in food as a preservative, additive and sweetener

Manna

Ash

or South

European

Flowering Ash

Tubang-americano

Fraxinus ornus

₍

_Oleaceae

₎

Dried exudate from

_stem

Bark – dark gray and smooth

Leaf - opposite pairs, pinnate, 20-30

cm long, with 5-9 leaflets; the

leaflets are broad ovoid, 5-10 cm

long and 2-4 cm broad, with a finely

serrated and wavy margin, and short

but distinct petiolules 5–15 mm long

mannose,

mannitol (from

mannose reduction),

Glucose

(seed),Saponin (leaves)

Osmotic diuretic, laxative,

diabetic food, bacteriological

culture media, diagnostic aid

Triticum

Couch grass, Witch

grass, Dog grass,

Bermuda Grass

Agropyron repens

(Poaceae)

dried rhizomes and

roots

Rhizome is hollow except at the

nodes, strongly furrowed

longitudinally. Where the nodes

occur, traces of rootlets may be

found on the under surfaces and the

fibrous remains of sheathing

leaf-bases on the upper surfaces.

Triticin, Dextrose, Levulose

Medicinally: for irritable

bladder and cystitis, a

stimulant, refrigerant, diuretic

Pharmaceutically: sweetener

Cherry

Wild Cherry, Sweet

Cherry, Mazzard,

Wild Cherry, Sweet Cherry, Bird Cherry, Gean

Prunus cerasus

(Rosaceae)

Fruit

distinct reddish brown bark

malic acid, anthocyanins,

flavonols, citric acid, sucrose,

glucose, fructose and sorbitol

antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, astringent,

diuretic, sedative, antitussive

a. Medicinal: cough (whooping) and cold remedy, asthma, used for treatment of indigestion, worms, burns, labor pains,

(2)

diarrhea, headache, bronchitis and tuberculosis, cystitis, oedema. Blood tonic. Antioxidant. b. Pharmaceutical: Antitussive; Astringent; Diuretic;Tonic; Antispasmodic; Inhalant c. Commercial: Flavorant; preservative; Dye; Furniture (Bark); turnery; instruments; gum

ingredient in prep og cherry

syrup; flavored vehicle to

disguise pharmaceutical

mixtures

Fig

Common Fig, Fig,

Edible Fig,

Ficus

Passa, Caricae

Igos, Higo,

Higos

Ficus carica

(Moraceae)

Fruit (partially dried)

Leaf: deciduous leaves are palmate,

deeply divided into 3 to 7 main lobes,

and irregularly toothed on the

margins. The blade is up to 10 inches

in length and width, fairly thick,

rough on the upper surface, softly

hairy on the underside.

Flower: small and inconspicuous

Trunk/bark/branches: droop as the

tree grows

Breakage: susceptible to breakage

either at the crotch due to poor collar

formation, or the wood itself is weak

and tends to break

Glucose, starch, gum, mucilage

Suppresant, Diuretic, Blood

purifier, Aphrodisiac agent

Demulcent, laxative, nutrient

Medicinal

>colds, soothing the mucous membranes of our respiratory tract.

> boils and small (maturating) tumors. > White, milky juice extracted from the stems and leaves is used for removal of warts. >treatment of gumboils, dental abscesses

> Figs increase the mobility of male sperm and increase the numbers of Sperm as well to overcome male sterility.

Pharmaceutical: >It is usually employed in preparations of laxative syrups, combined with

(3)

Senna and carminatives. > laxative > expectorant and analgesic > Demulcent, >Emollient >Poultice Commercial:

(Mostly used when dried) >Jam

>Fig-roll or Fig-Newton (biscuit filling)

>Alcohol is obtained from fermented Figs

Cassia fistula

Golden Shower

Tree,

Caña fistula

,

Pudding Pipe Tree,

Indian Laburnum,

Purging Cassia

Fistula,

Cana

Pistula

Kañapestula,

kanyapistula,

lapad-lapad,

Lombayong

Old:

Cassia

fistula,

New:

Cathartocarpus

fistula

(Fabaceae)

Dried fruit (pulp)

Pods finely striated transversely, the

striations appearing as fine fissures.

The rounded distal ends bear a small

point marking the position of the

style. It is divided by thin, buff

coloured, transverse dissepiments at

intervals of about 0.5cm. Each

compartment contains one seed

which is flat, oval, reddish brown

with a well-marked raphe.

sugar, pectin, tannins,

albuminous principle

laxative or purgative;

to treat

skin infections; cathartic;

sometimes added to tobacco

and smoked;Suppresant,

Diuretic; Blood purifier;

Aphrodisiac agent

Tamarind

_Tamarindo

Tamarind,

Sampalok

Tamarindus

indica

(Fabaceae)

Partially dried fruit

edible, pod-like fruit

Tartaric, Citric, Malic acid

Astringent, Tonic

refrigerant, laxative, purgative

Apple

Apple,

Pyrus malus

Mansanas

Malus domestica

_(Rosaceae)

Longitudinal portion

contains 5 seed cavities with

_{generally 2 seeds each}

sugar, malic and ascorbic acid

reduce the risk of heart

disease and stroke,

(4)

Polysaccharides – Starches

Specimen English Name

Vernacular

_Name

Scientific Name

and Family

(Botanical Origin)

Part Used

(Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses

Corn Starch

Corn, Maize

Mais

_(Gramineae)

Zea mays

Endosperm (corn

_kernel)

The grains are about the size of

peas, and adhere in regular rows

round a white, pithy substance,

which forms the ear

Anthocyanin, Tannin

Thickening agent, Diuretic, Poultice

a. Medicinal

Considered anodyne, antilithic, antiseptic, cholaggogue, demulcent, diuretic, hypoglycemic,

hypotensive, lithotriptic, tonic, vasodilator

b. Pharmaceutical

 Its starch is used as thickening agent  Source of corn syrup

Rice Starch

Rice flour, Rice

_powder

Galapong

Oryza sativa

_(Poaceae)

Grains

Starch, Proteins, Iron,

_Calcium

Thickening agent, binder, alternative to

all-purpose flour

a. Medicinal- antidiarrheal, antigastric, demulcent

b. Pharmaceutical- thickening agent, emollient

c. Commercial- nutritional staple food, Rice bran is a healthy additive to the making of muffins, cakes, cookies, providing

both fiber and nutritive value.

Wheat

Starch

Wheat

Trigo

Triticumaestivum L.

(Poaceae)

Caryopsis, grains

Essential amino acids,

Pectin

Pastes, Explosives, Sizing textiles, Alcoholic

beverage, Synthetic rubber

Uses:

a. Medicinal- base for nourishment, for detoxification, treatment of ulcerative colitis and red blood cell formation

b. Pharmaceutical – thickening agent c. Commercial- flour, bread (and the like) making

Arrowroot

Starch

Arrowroot

Araro

Marantaarundinaceae

L. (Marantaceae)

Rhizome

(rootstock)

It is a low perennial herbaceous

plant with thick, fleshy and

creeping roots and long white

fibers

B-carotene, Niacin,

Thiamine

Antidiarrheal, Sweetener

Uses:

a. Medicinal – Remedy for diarrhea, dietary aid in gastrointestinal disorders, and applied on the skin to soothe painful, irritated, or inflamed mucous membranes. b. Pharmaceutical - thickeners, starches, gels, stabilizers and emulsifiers

(5)

c. Commercial - used in making puddings, cakes, biscuits, hot sauces and noodles, used in making carbonless copy paper

Potato

Starch

Potato

Patatas

Solanumtuberosum

(Solanaceae)

Tuber

Tannin, Sugars

Thickeners, binders, used to manufacture

alcoholic beverages

a. Medicinal – rheumatism, for frost-bites b. Pharmaceutical – starch as disintegrant or diluents filler of tablets and capsules c. Commercial - Boiled with weak sulphuric acid, potato starch is changed into glucose, or grape sugar, which by fermentation yields alcohol this spirit being often sold under the name of British Brandy. Ripe potato juice is an excellent cleaner of silks, cottons and woollens. Flour for cake-making.

Cassava

Starch

Manioc,

Tapioca,

Cassava

Kamotengkahoy

Manihotesculenta

(Euphibiaceae)

Tuber, leaves

The cassava root is long and

tapered, with a firm,

homogeneous flesh encased in a

detachable rind, about 1mm

thick, rough and brown on the

outside.

Cyanogenic glycoside

Antibacterial, Analgesic, Anthelmintic,

Antiamoebacidal

Medicinal: relieves rheumatism, headache, rashes, prickly heat Commercial: biofuel, animal feed, production of glue

Banana

Starch

Banana,

Plantain

Saging

Musa sapentum

(Musaceae)

Fruit, leaves,

bark

typical grains elongated,

pyriform-, sack-, sausage-, cigar-,

or sickle-shaped, some with

protuberances. Up to 85 microns

in length.

25% starch, 5% proteins

and others, and 70% water

Rich in vitamins A, B, and C; a fair source of

iron.

Plant fibers used in the manufacture of paper

and clothes.

Gabi Starch

Taro

Gabi, Lagbai,

_Abalong

Colocasiaesculenta

Linn

.

(Araceae)

Tuber

ling stalked herbaceous plant with

tuberous, enlarged and storage

roots. The leaves are large,

petiolated, ovate, glaucous,

margins entire, and a broad

triangular base with petiole

attached to a third or half of the

leaf. Green and purple petioles

are observed. The inflorescence

observed is a spadix which is

smaller than the spathe and is

usually green to yellow.

Flavonoids, glucose,

sucrose, fructose, fiber,

maltose

Laxative,

used for internal hemorrhages, otalgia

and adenitis. Tubers are used for rheumatic

joints,

for Alopecia

a. Medicinal - used to arrest arterial hemorrhage. It is sometimes used in earache and otorrhoea and also an external stimulant and rubefacient. The juice of the corm of this species is used in cases of alopecia. Internally it acts as a laxative, and is used in cases of piles and congestion of the portal system, and also an antidote to the stings of wasps and other insects. c. Commercial – used in cooking

Lima Bean

Lima bean,

Patani

Phaseoluslunatus

Seed

The pods are up to 15 cm long.

Hydrocyanic acid, cyanide,

Hypolipidemic

(6)

Starch

Butter bean

(Fabaceae)

The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm

long and oval to kidney shaped.

In most varieties the seeds are

quite flat, but in the "potato"

varieties the shape approaches

spherical. White seeds are

common, but black, red, orange

and variously mottled seeds are

also known. The immature seeds

are uniformly green.

trypsin-inhibitor, lectin,

phytin and tannin

Contains linamarin

Lunatusin / Antimicrobial / Antimicrobial /

Antiproliferative

Estrogen-like Activity

Trypsin Inhibitors / Reverse Transcriptase

Inhibition

Ginger

Starch

Ginger

Luya

Zingiberofficinale

(Zingiberaceae)

rhizome

Rhizomes - knobbly and fleshy,

covered in ring-like scars.

terpenoids

Teas, stimulant, carminative, GIT-related

illnesses, treatment for the common cold

a. medicinal: It is used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy, for the treatment of colds.

It is also used as a digestive aid for mild stomach upset, to reduce pain of

osteoarthritis (anti-inflammatory), and may even be used in heart disease or cancer. b. pharmaceutical: binder

c. commercial: cooking spice

Green Pea

Starch

Green pea, Pea,

Garden Pea,

Snow Pea

citzaro, chicaro

Pisumsativum

(Fabaceae)

The small

spherical seed or

the seed-pod of

the pod fruit.

Each pod

contains several

peas.

A long, weak annual herb with

hollow stems, 1-2 m long.

Leaves abruptly pinnate with

auricled stipules, in two or three

pairs of broad oval leaflets;

Flowers white, blue or purple

(pink).

Pods straight or curved, 5-10 cm

long; seeds 6-9

fiber, protein, vitamins

(folate and vitamin C),

minerals (iron, magnesium,

phosphorus and zinc), and

lutein.

starch, albuminoids, an oil,

galactolipids, alkaloids,

trigonelline and piplartine,

essential oil, soluble

carbohydrates, D-alanine.

refrigerant, appetizer, fattening, laxative,

alleviative of bile, phlegm and burning of the

skin.

Flour from the seeds is considered emollient

and resolvent and it is applied as cataplasm

a. Medicinal: "Seeds are thought to cause dysentery when eaten raw. In Spain, flour is considered emollient and resolvent, applied as a cataplasm. It has been reported that seeds contain trypsin and chymotrypsin which could be used for contraceptive, ecbolic. fungistatic and spermicide"(Duke, 1981). Smart (1990) reported that there are no significant amounts of toxicity or anti-metabolites in peas.

b. Pharmaceutical:

c. Commercial: production of bioplastic

Sago

Starch

Sagu, Tapioca

balls

Sago

Metroxylonsagu

(Arecaceae)

starch extracted

in the spongy

The stems, which grow to

30 feet (9 meters high), are split

Glucose and other

carbohydrates

(7)

center, or pith, of

various tropical

palm stems

out. The starch pith is taken from

the stems and ground to powder.

a. Medicinal: used as a source of carbohydrate

b. Pharmaceutical: dusting powder c. Commercial:

Paper production Textile production

Commercially used in making noodles and flour

Thickener in dishes

Camote

Starch

Sweet Potato

Kamote,

Camote

Ipomoea

batatas

Linn

.

(Convulvulaceae)

Tuber

The edible tuberous root is long

and tapered, with a smooth skin

whose color ranges between

yellow, orange, red, brown,

purple, and beige. Its flesh

ranges from beige through white,

red, pink, violet, yellow, orange,

and purple. Sweet potato

varieties with white or pale yellow

flesh are less sweet and moist

than those with red, pink or

orange flesh.

polyphenolics -

anthocyanins and phenolic

acids

Good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron,

calcium and phosphorus

High in complex carbohydrates and dietary

fiber; deficient in protein.

a. Medicinal: Plant pacifies vitiated vata, pitta, burning sensations, constipation, general weakness, renal calculi, and sexual stimulant.

b. Pharmaceutical:

Antibiotic, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, Upper Respiratory Treatment, Skin Relief, Gastrointestinal Relief, Fever Reducer, Diabetes Treatment, Immune Booster, Powerful Antioxidant, Mineral Salts c. Commercial: Starch and industrial alcohol

production, dyes, stains, inks, tattoos and mordants

(8)

Polysaccharides – Cellulose

Filament of Cotton in water

Filament of Cotton in Schweitzer’s Reagent

Specimen

English Name

Vernacular

_Name

Scientific Name

and Family

(Botanical

Origin)

Part Used (Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses

Cotton

Bulak

Gossypium

hirsutum

(Malvaveae)

cotton fruit or boll,

around the sound

hair of the seeds

soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a

boll, or protective capsule, around

the seeds of cotton plants

cellulose

made into surgical cotton,

made into gun cotton for

explosives, mechanical

protectant, avoid microbial

growth

made into pulp for

papermaking

a. Medicinal - Used to treat nasal polyps, asthma, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, dysentery, uterine fibroids and certain cancers, antifertility, antitumor, antiparasite, and anti-HIV b. Pharmaceutical – Diuretic widely used in China as a male contraceptive c. Commercial - Ornamental, insecticide, textile industry (string and fabric), raw cottonseed oil as cooking oil, shortening, soaps, cosmetics

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Carbohydrate Derivatives – Gums &Mucilages

Specimen

English Name

Vernacular Name

Scientific Name

and Family

(Botanical

Origin)

Part Used (Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses

Tears of

Acacia

Arabic gum,

Gum

arabic, Gum

acacia, Gum

mimosae, Gum

Senegal,

Galam

Gum

Acacia Senegal

(Fabaceae)

Stems and branches

roundish tears of various sizes, or

broken into angular fragments, with

a glass-like, sometimes iridescent

fracture, opaque from numerous

fissures, but transparent and nearly

colorless in thin pieces;

spheroidal

tears of varying size with a matte

surface texture

polysaccharides and their

calcium, magnesium, and

potassium salts, which on

hydrolysis yield arabinose,

galactose, rhamnose, and

glucuronic acid.

arabin

Emulsifier, stabilizer, nutritive,

demulcent

and thickener

Suspending agent, emollient,

adhesive, binder

a. Medicinal: cure for rabies (folk medicine) b. Pharmaceutical: Gum Arabic: A substance used in adhesives, some medicines, and as a thickening agent in frozen desserts, astringent medicine,Tannin: Found in the bark of the tree, tannin is used to dye ink. c. Commercial:

ornaments(leaves, flowers, tree itself, timber); paints; blossoms or flowers (added as a flavoring to desserts and liqueur); the flower's essential oils are also used in perfumes; pulpwood; land

reclamation; wood (used to make flooring, furniture, jewelry, weapons and toy); and seeds (some can be eaten raw or ground and added to sauces).

Tragacanth

Goat’s thorn

Gum dragon,

Syrian tragacanth

Gum tragacanth

Astragalus

gummifer

(Fabaceae)

Gummy exudates

(stem),

Dried sap

Gummy, mucilaginous sap

Tragacanthin, Bassorin

Suspending/ Emulsifying

agent, adhesive

, demulcent,

stabilizer

Agar

Agar-Agar

, Agar

Weed,

Japanese/Chinese

Isinglass

, Red

Gulaman

Gelidium

cartilagineum

(

Gelidiaceae

),

Gracilaria

Entire Plant

This perennial seaweed grows up to

three feet long, comprising of

reddish-brown, translucent,

multibranched ribbons and fronds,

Agarose

Agaropectin

Microbiology – Culture Media

Pharmacy-

Laxative,

gelling

agent,

thickening agent,

(10)

Algae, Ceylon

Moss,

Ictiocola,

Veg. Gulaman

conferviodes

(

Sphaerococcaceae

)

called thalli (singular thallus), that

sprout from a permanent base

every year. The thallus is cylindrical

or flattened, subdivided, and tough

stabilizer, bulking agent,

suspending agent,

emulsifier, surgical lubricant,

tab excipient, disintegrant

Other uses – thickening

agent, clarifying agent,

vegetarian gelatin substitute

a. Medicinal: treatment of constipation, hemorrhoids, obesity b. Pharmaceutical: Laxative c. Commercial: stabilizer, thickening, gelling, bulking agent and food additive, “gulaman”

Animal

Gelatin

Gelatin, Collagen

Hydrolysate,

Hydrolyzed

Gelatin, Marine

Collagen

Hydrolysate

Animal sources:

Bos taurus

(Bovidae)

Sus scrofa

(Suldae)

Ovis aries

(Bovidae)

Collagen (which is

obtained from various

animal products)

A translucent, colorless, brittle

(when dry), flavorless solid

substance

Chondrin (gelatinizing agent)

Glutin (adhesive substance)

Gels, in the

manufacture of

capsule shells

, cosmetics, in

weight loss, in the

manufacture of paper,

culture media base, food,

suppository vehicle,

emulsifying agent, coat pills

Althea Root

Marshmallow

root, Sweet

Weed, Althea,

march mallow,

white mallow

root, Mallards,

Mortification Root

Marshmallow

Halamanngmasmelow,

HalamangMarsmalo

Althaea officinalis

_(Malvaceae)

Roots

small scars in the roots parallel to

each other and projections of roots.

brown corky layer and small roots

altheahexacosanyl lactone,

2β-hydroxycalamene

(altheacalamene) and

altheacoumaringlucoside,

along with the known

phytoconstituentslauric acid,

β-sitosterol and lanosterol

expectorant, soothes and

softens tissues while

controlling bacterial

infections, confection, forms

protective layer of mucilage

on the mucous linings of the

body, treat inflammation and

ulceration of digestive

system, used also externally

for localized inflammation,

aphrodisiac, antacid

gargle for sore throat,

demulcent, excipient

a. Medicinal: treatment of sore throats, bronchitis, and for dry hacking coughs,