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A

c

k

n

o

w

l

e

d g

e

m

en

t

s

I

w

o u

l d l i k

e to t

h

a n

k

m

y f

a

m

i l y

a n

d f

r

i

e n

d

s

f

or t

h

e

i

r s u

p p

or t a n

d

e n c o u r a

g

e

m

e n t.

I

w

o u

l d

e s

p

e c

ia

l l y l i k

e to t

h

a n

k D

a v

i d L

e

i

t

h f

o r

h

is

p

at

i

e n c e,

k i

n

d

n e s s a n

d i

n te

l l i

g

e n c e .

T h i

s

p

r o

j

e ct

w

o u

l d h

a v e

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im

p

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e

w

i

t

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h

e

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l

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f

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o

h

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ro

w

n .

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is

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f

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l

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p p

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h

to

w

or

k

w

as

in s

p i

rat

i

o n a

l

.

(2)

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a

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s

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iv

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o r

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et

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ts

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o n

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e

f

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18

A p p

e n

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A

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1

(3)

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c

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.

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.

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g

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.

M

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.

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xa

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.

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.

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.

D

r

y G

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M

ete r

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a

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b

r a

ti

o n

P

o

i

nts

W

i

th Re

g

re s s

i

o n

L i

n e

A

(4)

L i

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t

o

f T

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a

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.

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ata

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r o

m

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x

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H

i

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l

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9

T

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EL

.

D

ata

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ro

m

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x

p

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m

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s

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io

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i

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l

s

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a

b l

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m

.

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u st

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a s s

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r a ct

i

o n

A

r

ri

v

i

n

g

at

P

M

i o

H

i

-

V

(5)

F

or

w

a r

d

T h i

s

w

o r

k

a r o s e

f

r o

m

a n

E

n v

i

r o n

m

e n ta

l P

r o te c

ti

o n

A

g

e n c

y

(

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)

f

u n

d

e

d p

r o

j

e ct

ex ec u te

d i

n t

h

e s u

m m

e r o

f 1 9 9 3

.

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at

p

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e ct

w

a s a r e v

i

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,oe

m

i

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d

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l

te

d i

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p

u

b l i

cat

i

o n .

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i

t

h

a c c u

m

u

l

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ti

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o

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at c urr e nt

l

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a

m

b i

e n t

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u st

h

a v e

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m

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g

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b l i

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h

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h

, a n

d

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i

n

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an

A

m

e r

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c a n

L

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g

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s s o c

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at

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w

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e

E P

A

h

as

b

e e n u n

d

er

p

re ssu re to

i

n creas e

i

ts

(6)

A b

str act

F

e

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d

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y

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u n

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er s

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ete r

m

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s

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et

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o

d

w

a rr a n ts

f

u r the r stu

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.

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et

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io o

f

m

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d

d

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g

a s e

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u a

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e

d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d d

u st to

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a s c o n c e n tr at

i

o n r at

io

.

We

m

o

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t

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m

o

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e

l b

y

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u

l

t

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p

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y

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n

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t

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o

w

n

w

i

n

d

c o n c e ntr at

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f d

u st a n

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as

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k

.

A

v a

l

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f k

=

l

w

o u

l d

m

ean t

h

at t

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e

g

as tr ac er

m

o

d

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l

w

o r

k

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p

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l

y

.

K

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w

n

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s u

l f

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exa

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d

.

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h

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i

s s

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o n s

w

e r e ti

m

e

d

to

d

ete r

m

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n e e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate s.

C

o n c e ntrat

i

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f d

u st a n

d

tr a c e r

w

e r e

m

e a s u r e

d f

i

v e

m

ete r s

d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d

o

f

t

h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n s

i

te.

T h

e ex

p

er

i

m

e n t

w

as

p

e r

f

o r

m

e

d

s

i

xte e n t

i

m

e s;

i

n e a c

h

cas e

w

e

d

eter

m

i

n e

d

a

m

e a s u re

d

d

u st e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate, a

g

a s tr ac e r

p

r e

d i

ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e e

m

is s

io n

r ate, a n

d

a v a

l

u e o

f

k

.

T h

e

m

e a n

k

-v a

l

u e

w

a s

1

.

0 3

; t

h

e sta n

d

a r

d d

e v

i

at

i

o n

w

a s

0

.

14

.

G

a s tr ac e r

p

r e

d i

ct

io n s

w

e r e

w

i

t

h i

n t

w

e n t

y

-

f

i

v e

p

e r c e n t o

f

t

h

e a ctu a

l d

u st e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate

i

n n

in e

t

y

-

f

o u r

p

erc e nt

o

f

t

h

e te st r u n s.

T h

e

g

a s tr a c e r

m

et

h

o

d

s

h

o

w

e

d

ex c e

l l

e nt a c c u rac

y

u n

d

e r t

h

e te ste

d

(7)

I

n tr o

d

u ct

i

o n

T h

e

U

.

S

.

g

o v e r n

m

e nt

f i

r st r e

g

u

l

ate

d d

u st c o n c e ntr a t

i

o n s

i

n a

m

b i

e nt a

i

r

i

n

1 9 7 1

.

A

t t

h

at t

i

m

e, a

N

at

i

o na

l

A

m

b i

e n t

A i

r

Q

u a

l i

t

y S

tan

d

ar

d

(N A

A

Q

S

) w

a s cr e ate

d f

or to ta

l

s u s

p

en

d

e

d

p

a rt

i

c u

l

ate s

(

T SP

)

.

T h

e

U

.

S

.

E

n v

i

r o n

m

e nta

l P

r ote ct

i

o n

A g

e n c

y

(

E P

A

)

r e v

i

s e

d

t

h i

s

St

a n

d

a r

d i

n

1 9 8 7

,

i

n re s

p

o n s e to e v

i d

e n c e t

h

at s

m

a

l

l

e r

p

a r t

i

c

l

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r eate n

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ea

l

t

h

m

ore t

h

an

l

a r

g

e r o n e s; n e

w

r u

l

e s

d

e

f i

n e

d

a

l l

o

w

a

b

l

e c o n c e n trat

i

o n s

i

n te r

m

s o

f

d

u st

w

i

t

h

a n o

m

i

n a

l

a e r o

d

y

n a

m

i

c

d

i

a

m

ete r o

f

te n

m

i

c r o n s o r

l

e s s

(

P

M

io

)

\

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u

g

i

t

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v e

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u st

m

a

y

b

e

d

e

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n e

d

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m

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t t

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m

s o ur c es n ot v e nt

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k

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p

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p

e.

S

u c

h

s o u r c e s

i

n c

l

u

d

e

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d

s

, c o n str u ct

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te s,

p

l

o

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e

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e

l d

s, o

p

e n

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t

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i

n e s, c o a

l

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m

ater

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l

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d l i

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o

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d

m

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y

o t

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tu

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t

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es

w

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t

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l l

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i

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av e s

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o

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at

f

u

g

i

t

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l l

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m

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r

i

s e s a

m

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j

o r s o u r c e o

f P

M

io e

m

i

s s

i

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"

.

T h

e

C l

e a n

A

i

r

A

ct a n

d i

ts

19 9 0

a

m

e n

d

m

e nts r e

q

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re state s a n

d l

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l i

t

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h

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n

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j o c o n c e n tr at

i

o n s to c o

m

p

l

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t

h E P

A

sta n

d

a r

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s.

T

o c o

m

p

l

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, a state

m

u st

d

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m

i

n e

w h

at s o u r c e s c a u s e exc e s s

i

v e

d

u st c o n c e ntr at

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d h

o

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m

u c

h P

M

j o

c o

m

e s

f

r o

m

e a c

h

s o u r c e.

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o

h

e

l

p p

r o v

i d

e t

h i

s

i

n

f

o r

m

at

i

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h

e

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e v e

l

o

p

e

d A P

-

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*

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a c ata

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e

m

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m

ate s.

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sts e

m

i

s s

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o n

f

actors

f

o r

m

o st

i

m

p

o rta nt s o u r c e s.

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m

i

s s

i

o n

f

a cto r s u s u a

l l

y

r e

l

ate a n e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate to a u n

i

t o

f

a ct

i

v

i

t

y

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g

.

k i l

o

g

r a

m

s o

f

d

u st e

m

i

t te

d

p

er to n o

f

c o a

l

h

a n

d

l

e

d

.

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o

w

e v e r, s o

m

e stu

d y

r e s u

l

ts

d

i

s a

g

r e e

w

i

t

h

t

h

e

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-

4 2

e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

a ctor s

.

F

o r e x a

m

p

l

e,

Z i

m m

e r et a

l

. ^

(8)

a r e a; thes e

f

a cto rs r an

g

e

f

ro

m

l

es s t

h

an o ne s even t

h

t o

m

o re t

h

an

d

o u

b l

e t

h

o s e

p

u

b l i

s

h

e

d i

n

A P

-

4 2

.

A l

t

h

o u

g

h A P

-

4 2 h

a s e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

a ctors

f

o r

m

a n

y d

u st s o ur c e s, n ot

e v er

y

s o ur c e

i

n e v er

y

s

i

tu at

i

o n can

b

e cata

l

o

g

u e

d

. Bu s

i

n e s s e s o r

g

o v er n

m

e nts

m

a

y f

e e

l

t

h

at t

h

e

p

u

b l i

s

h

e

d

e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

a ctor s

d

o n ot a

p p

l y i

n

p

a rt

i

c u

l

ar s

i

tu at

i

o n s, o r t

h

e

y

m

a

y

b

e

l i

e v e t

h

at t

h

e

p

u

b

l i

s

h

e

d

e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

acto r

i

s

i

n a c c u r ate.

E P

A

c o nt

i

n u e s to

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

a cto r s

f

o r

p

r e v

i

o u s

l

y

u n stu

d

i

e

d

s o u r c e s, a n

d

to

d

e v e

l

o

p

n e

w f

a cto rs

w

h

ere

t

h

e o

l

d

o n e s a r e

b

as e

d

o n

T SP

r at

h

e r t

h

a n

P

M

j o stu

d

i

e s.

D

e v e

l

o

p m

e nt o

f

a n e

m

i

s s

i

o n

f

acto r r e

q

u

i

r e s

m

e a s ur e

m

e n t o

f

an e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate.

F

ran

k

e

l

*

r e v

i

e

w

e

d

m

et

h

o

d

s

f

or

m

eas u r

i

n

g

f

u

g

i

t

i

v e

d

u st e

m

i

s s

i

o n s.

T h

e

q

u as

i

-stac

k

m

et

h

o

d

'

'"

i

s u s e

d

f

o r s o u r c e s t

h

at c a n

b

e e n c

l

o s e

d

, at

l

e a st te

m

p

o ra r

i l y

.

T h

e s o ur c e to

b

e

m

eas ure

d i

s e n c

l

o s e

d

o r

h

o o

d

e

d

, a n

d

t

h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n s a r e

d

u cte

d

a

w

a

y

at a

k

n o

w

n

v e

l

o c

i

t

y b y

u s e o

f

a

f

a n; t

h

e ex

h

a u st

i

s s a

m

p

l

e

d i

s o

k i

n et

i

c a

l l

y

i

n t

h

e

d

u ct,

w

h

ere

sta n

d

a r

d

stac

k

s a

m

p

l i

n

g

tr a

i

n s s u c

h

a s

E P A

M

et

h

o

d

s

2 0 1

or

2 0

1

A

m

a

y b

e u s e

d

.

T h

e

r o o

f

m

o n

i

to r

m

et

h

o

d

" "

i

s u s e

d f

o r s o u rc e s a

l

rea

d

y

e n c

l

o s e

d i

n a stru ctur e.

I

n t

h i

s

m

et

h

o

d

, e a c

h

o

p

e n

i

n

g

i

n a

b

u

i l

d

i

n

g

o r o t

h

e r str u ctu re

i

s

m

e a s u r e

d

f

or cro s s s e ct

i

o n a

l

a r e a, a

i

r s

p

e e

d i

nto o r o ut o

f

t

h

e

b

u

i l d i

n

g

, a n

d d

u st c o n c e ntr at

i

o n at t

h

e o

p

e n

i

n

g

.

T h

e

p

r o

d

u ct o

f

t

h

e s e v a r

i

a

b

l

e s

g

i

v e s t

h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate

f

o r e a c

h

o

p

e n

i

n

g

.

T h

e s u

m

o

f

e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate s

f

o r a

l l

o

f

t

h

e o

p

e n

i

n

g

s

i

s t

h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate

f

o r t

h

e str u ctu re a s a

w

h

o

l

e.

T h

e

p

o rta

b l

e

w

i

n

d

tu n n e

l

m

et

h

o

d

^^ ^ '

'

i

s u s e

d

to

m

e a s ure e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate s

f

r o

m

w

i

n

d

er o s

i

o n .

A

n o

p

e n

-

b

o t to

m

b

ox

w

i

t

h i

n ta

k

e an

d

o ut

fl

o

w

d

u cts

i

s

p

l

ac e

d

o n an

(9)

s ur

f

a c e .

A f

an

b l

o

w

s a

i

r t

h

r o u

g

h

t

h

e

d

u cts a

l

o n

g

t

h

e s ur

f

ac e at v a r

io u s s

p

e e

d

s. T

h

e

ex

h

au st

is s a

m

p

l

e

d i

s o

k i

n et

i

ca

l l y

.

M

a n

y

stu

d i

e s

h

a v e u s e

d

t

h

e ex

p

o s u r e

p

r o

fi l i

n

g

m

et

h

o

d

'^' ^ ^ '^^

f

o r "

p

o

in

t"

s o ur c e s,

"

l i

n e" s o ur ce s

(

ro a

d

s

)

, an

d

s

m

a

l l

ar e a s o u r c e s s u c

h

a s s

m

a

l l

stor a

g

e

p

i l

e s o r

m

ater

i

a

ls

h

an

d l i

n

g

o

p

e r at

i

o ns.

I

n t

h i

s

m

et

h

o

d

, s e v e r a

l

a

m

b i

en t s a

m

p l

e r s a re

d

e

p

lo

y

e

d

a t v a rio u s

h

e

i

g h

ts a

l

o n

g

a to

w

e r t

y p

i

c a

l l

y

f

o u r to te n

m

ete r s

h i

gh

.

F

o r

p

o

i

n t o r s

m

a

l l

a r e a s o u r c e s ,

s e v er a

l

to

w

er s a r e

d

e

p

lo

y

e

d i

n a n a r r a

y

d

o

w

n

w

in

d f

ro

m

t

h

e s o u r c e.

L in e s o u

rc e s

m

a

y

r e

q

u

i

r e o n

l

y

a s

i

n

g

le

to

w

e r.

T h

e s a

m

p

l

ers ar e

q

u a s

i

-

i

s o

k i

n et

i

c

.

F

o r eac

h

s a

m

p

l

e r, an

e x

p

o s ur e v ar

i

a

b l

e

i

s c a

l

c u

l

ate

d f

r o

m

t

h

e n et

d

u st c o n c e ntr at

i

o n, t

h

e a

p p

ro a c

h i

n

g w

i

n

d

s

p

e e

d

, a n

d

t

h

e s a

m

p

l i

n

g

t

i

m

e .

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x

p

o s u r e

is

t

h

e n n u

m

er

i

c a

l l

y

i

nte

g

r ate

d

v e r t

i

c a

l l

y

a n

d

h

o r

i

z o n ta

l l

y

(

o r o n

l

y

v e rt

i

c a

l l

y f

o r

l i

n e s o u r c e s

)

to o

b

ta

i

n an e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate.

T h

e u

p w

i

n

d

-

d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d

m

et

h

o

d

^ ^'^ ® "^

h

a s

b

ee n e

m

p l

o

y

e

d f

o r a v a r

i

et

y

o

f

s o ur c e

g

e o

m

etr

i

e s.

I

n t

h i

s

m

et

h

o

d

, s e v e r a

l

d

o

w

n

w

in

d

a

m

b i

e nt s a

m

p

l

ers a s c erta

i

n t

h

e a

m

b i

e n t

d

u st c o n c e ntr at

i

o n at e a c

h

sa

m

p

le

r s

i

te .

S

u

b

tra ct

i

n

g

t

h

e u

p w

i

n

d

a

m

b i

e n t c o n c e ntra t

io n

g

iv e s n e

t c o n c e n tr at

i

o n s.

E

a c

h

n et c o n c e n tr at

i

o n

i

s t

h

e n u s e

d w

i

t

h

m

ete o r o

l

o

g

i

c a

l

i

n

f

o r

m

at

io n

i

n a

d

i

s

p

e r s

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

to s o

l

v e

f

o r a n e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate.

S

c a

l

e

m

o

d

e

l

w

i

n

d

ti

m

n e

l

m

et

h

o

d

s

^

^

h

a v e

b

e e n u s e

d

o c cas

i

o n a

l l y

.

T h

e s e

m

e

t

h

o

d

s

i

n v o

l

v e

b

u

i

l d

i

n

g

a r e

d

u c e

d

- s

i

z e

m

o

d

e

l

o

f

t

h

e

p

r o c e s s o r te r r a

i

n o

f

in

te r e st, a n

d

s o

m

e

m

e a n s to

m

e a s u r e

d

u st e

m

is s

io n s

f

r o

m

t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

.

T h

e

g

a s tra c er

m

et

h

o

d

^ * ^^

h

as

b

e e n u s e

d i

n a

f

e

w p

u

b l i

s

h

e

d

stu

d i

e s.

T h i

s

m

et

h

o

d

enta

i l

s t

h

e re

l

eas e o

f

a

k

n o

w

n

q

u ant

i

t

y

o

f

g

as e o u s tr a c e r at t

h

e site o

f d

u st

(10)

T h

e

d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d d

u s t-to- tr ac er c o n c e n trat

i

o n r at

i

o

i

s e

q

u ate

d

to t

h

e

m

as s r at

i

o o

f

e

m

i

t te

d

d

u st to tr a c e r.

B

e c a u s e t

h

e

d

o

w

n

w

in

d

c o n c e n tr at

i

o n s o

f d

u st a n

d

tr a c e r a r e

m

eas u r e

d

,

a n

d

t

h

e

e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate o

f

tr a c er

g

as

is

k

n o

w

n , t

h

e

d

u st e

m

i

s s

io n

r ate can

b

e

d

eter

m

in e

d

a

l g

e

b

r a

i

c a

l l y

.

P

a r t

i

cu

l

ate tr a c e r

m

et

h

o

d

s * ^** *

a r e s

i

m

i l

a r an

d h

ave a

l

s o

b

e en u s e

d

o c c a s

i

o n a

l l

y

.

T h

e s e

h

av e u s u a

l l

y

u s e

d f l

u or e s c e nt o r

p

h

o s

p

h

o r e s c e n t c o at

i

n

g

s o r

d y

e s

o n tr ac er

p

a r t

i

c

l

e s

in s

te a

d

o

f

a tr a c e r

g

a s.

A

l l

m

et

h

o

d

s

f

o r

m

e a s u r

i

n

g f

u

g

i

t

i

v e

d

u st e

m

i

s s

i

o n s

h

a v e

l i

a

b i l i

t

i

e s.

T h

e

q

u a s

i

-sta c

k

m

et

h

o

d

r e

q

u

i

r e s

b

u

i l d i

n

g

an e n c

l

o s ure

f

o r t

h

e

d

u st

y p

r o c e s s, a n

d

t

h

e a s c e rta

i

ru n

g

t

h

at t

h

e e n c

l

o s ur e a n

d

f

an

d

o n o t a

f f

e ct t

h

e u s u a

l

r ate o

f

d

u st e

m

is s

io n s

.

T h

e ro o

f

m

o n

i

to r

m

et

h

o

d

c a n

p

r e s e nt a s a

f

et

y

h

a z a r

d

to t

h

e

p

ers o r

m

e

l

c o n

d

u ct

i

n

g

t

h

e s a

m

p

l i

n

g

.

I

t a

l

s o

p

o s e s

p

r o

b

l

e

m

s o

f

v a r

i

a

b l

e,

l

o

w

o r n e

g

at

i

v e

f

l

o

w

r ate s at v a r

io u s o

p

e n

i

n

g

s

in

t

h

e

b

u

i l d i

n

g

.

T h

e

p

o rta

b l

e

w

i

n

d

tu n n e

l

m

et

h

o

d i

s o n

l

y

u s e

f

u

l f

or

d

u st e

m

i

t te

d b

y w

i

n

d

e r o s

i

o n .

I

t

d

e

p

e n

d

s o n t

h

e a s s u

m p

t

i

o n t

h

at t

h

e c o n

d i

t

i

o n s

i

n t

h

e

w

i

n

d

ti

m

n e

l d

u

p

l i

cate

t

h

o s e

i

n t

h

e at

m

o s

p

h

e r e.

T h

e u

p w

in

d

-

d

o

w

n

w

in

d

m

et

h

o

d

r e

l i

e s o n

d i

s

p

e r s

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l in

g

a n

d

s u

f fe

rs

f

r o

m

i

n a c c u ra c

i

e s

in

h

e r e nt

i

n t

h

at

p

r o c e s s.

W

i

n

d

t

h

at

b l

o

w

s

i

n s

l i

g

h

t

l

y

d i f f

er e nt

d i

r e ct

i

o n s at

t

h

e s o u r c e a n

d

r e c e

p

to r

p

r e s e nts a n e s

p

)e c

i

a

l ly d

i

f f i

c u

l

t

p

r o

b

le

m

.

E

v e n i

m

d

e r exc e

ll

e n t

m

ete o r o

l

o

g

i

c a

l

c o n

d

i

t

i

o n s, o i

U

y

a t

i

n

y p

a rt o

f

a v e r

y d

i l

u te

d

d

u st

p

l

u

m

e

i

s s a

m

p

l

e

d

,

a n

d

r a n

d

o

m

p

lu

m

e

i

r r e

g

u

l

a

ri

t

i

e s c a n s

k

e

w

e

m

i

s s

i

o n s e st

i

m

ate s.

T h

e e x

p

o s ur e

p

ro

f

i l i

n

g

m

et

h

o

d

m

u st

b

e u se

d d

o s e to t

h

e

d

u st s o ur c e an

d

i

s

i

n a

p p

r o

p

r

i

ate

f

o r

l

a r

g

e a r e a s o u r c e s.

I

t u s e s s o

m

e e

q

u

i

p

m

e nt t

h

at

i

s n ot c o

m m

e r c

i

a

l l

y

(11)

a v ai

l

a

b l

e.

T h

e

m

et

h

o

d

a

l

s o su

f f

e r s

f

ro

m

a

fl

a

w

i

n

i

ts

m

a ss co ns e rv at

io n

a

p p

ro a c

h

,

b

e cau s e s o

m

e

d

u st

m

a

y d

e

p

o s

i

t o n t

h

e

g

r o u n

d

b

et

w

e e n t

h

e s o u r c e an

d

t

h

e s a

m

p

l i

n

g

to

w

er; t

h i

s

d

u st

i

s v

m

ac c ov

m

te

d f

or

b

y

t

h

e ex

p

o s u r e

p

r o

f i l i

n

g

m

o

d

e

l

, a n

d h

a s n e v e r

b

e e n

q

u a nt

i f ie

d

.

I f

a s

i

g

n

i f i

c a nt

q

u a nt

i

t

y

o

f d

u st

d

e

p

o s

i

ts

b

e

f

or e r eac

h i

n

g

t

h

e

p

ro

f i l i

n

g

to

w

e r, t

h

en e

m

i

ss

i

o n r ates

w

i l l b

e u n

d

e r e st

i

m

ate

d

, an

d p

re

d ic

t

i

o n s o

f d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d

i

m

p

act

b

as e

d

o n

d

i

s

p

er s

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l i

n

g

m

i

g

h

t

b

e u n

d

e r e st

i

m

ate

d

,

p

a rt

i

c u

la

r

l y

i f

a

d

i

s

p

e r s

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

w

i

t

h

a

d

e

p

o s

i

t

io n a

l

g

o r

i

t

h

m

i

s u s e

d

.

T

h

e s c a

l

e

m

o

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c

d

i

a

m

eters o

f

t

h

e

d

u st

p

a rt

i

cle s

i

n c r eas e.

S

m

a

l l

p

a rt

i

c

l

e s s

h

o u

l d d

is

p

e r s e

m

o r e

l i

k

e a

g

a s t

h

a n

l

a r

g

e

p

a rt

i

c

l

e s, s o t

h

at t

h

e

g

a s tr a c er

(15)

T h i

s stu

d y

w

a s

i

n

i

t

i

ate

d

to

d

ete r

m

i

ne t

h

e a c cur a c

y

o

f

t

h

e

g

a s tr a c e r

m

etho

d

u n

d

e r s

p

e c

i fi

c c o n

d i

t

i

o n s.

W

e s u s

p

e cte

d

t

h

at t

h i

s

m

et

h

o

d

m

a

y h

av e

b

e e n n e

g l

e cte

d i

n

t

h

e

p

ast

b

e c au s e

i

t

p

r o

m

i

se

d

to

w

o r

k

p

o or

l y f

o r

l

a r

g

e s

i

z e

f

r a ct

i

o n s o

f T S P

,

d

u e to t

h

e

e

f f

e ct o

f

g

rav

i

tat

i

o na

l

s et t

l i

n

g

.

W

e c

h

o s e to u s e t

h

e

g

as trace r

m

et

h

o

d b

e cau s e

i

t

i

s

re

l

a t

i

v e

l y i

n ex

p

e n s

i

v e, a n

d b

e cau s e

w

e s u s

p

e cte

d

t

h

at

i

t

w

o u

l d

w

o r

k

w

e

l l f

o r

P

M

j qo r

ot

h

er

f i

n e

d

u st.

E

x

p

e r

i

m

e n ts

F i

g

u r e 1 s

h

o

w

s a s c

h

e

m

at

i

c o

f

t

h

e a

p

p

a ratu s.

A

r ota r

y d

u st

f

e e

d

e r

d

e

l i

v ere

d

d

u st to a v e ntu r

i

e

j

e cto r at a s e

l

e cta

b l

e, c o n sta n t r ate.

T h

e e

j

e cto r,

p

o

w

e r e

d b y

c

y

l i

n

d

er s

o

f

c o

m

p

r e s s e

d

a

i

r,

m

a

d

e a e r o s o

l f

r o

m

t

h

e

d

u st.

T h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate

w

a s

d

ete r

m

i

n e

d b

y

w

e

i

g

h i

n

g

t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

d

u st e

j

e cte

d

a n

d

t

i

m

i

n

g

t

h

e e

m

i

s s

i

o n .

W

e u s e

d

s

i

z e

-c

l

a s s

i

f

i

e

d A

r

i

z o n a r o a

d

d

u st

(

P

o

w

d

er

T

e c

h

n o

l

o

g

i

e s

I

n c.,

B

u r n s v

i l l

e

M

N )

;

i

ts s

i

ze

d i

str

i b

u t

i

o n

w

as

m

ea sur e

d

w

i

t

h

a

C

o u

l

te r c o u nter .

C

o n v e rs

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

c o u nt

d

i

str

i

b

u t

i

o n

i

nto a

d

i

str

i

b

u t

i

o n

b

y

m

a s s

i

n

d i

c ate

d

t

h

at

p

ar t

i

c

l

e s

f

ro

m

z e r o to te n

m

i

c r o

m

ete r s

i

n

S

to

k

e s

d i

a

m

ete r c o

m

p

r

i

s e

d

a

p p

r ox

i

m

ate

l

y

f

o rt

y

-

fi

v e

p

e r c e n t o

f

t

h

e

m

as s

o

f

t

h i

s

d

u st ; a

l l d

u st

w

a s <

2 1

m

i

a

o

m

ete r s

i

n

S

to

k

e s

d

i

a

m

ete r.

F i

g

u r e

2

s

h

o

w

s t

h

e s

i

z e

d

i

str

i

b

u t

i

o n

b y

m

a s s

f

or t

h i

s

d

u st.

C y

l i

n

d

e r s o

f

a

p p

r o x

i

m

ate

l

y

te n

p

e r c e n t s u

l f

u r

h

e x a

f l

u o r

i d

e

i

n a

i

r

w

e r e u s e

d

to

s u

p p

l

y

t

h

e

g

a s tr a c e r.

A

t

w

o

-sta

g

e r e

g

u

l

ato r a n

d

a

d

o

w

n str e a

m

v a

l

v e

p

r o v

i

d

e

d

a

re

l

at

i

v e

l y

c o n stan t

f l

o

w

o

f

t

h

e a

i

r -trac e r

m

i

x tu re

.

A

r ota

m

eter

d

eter

m

i

n e

d

t

h

e

f l

o

w

o

f

(16)

e

m

i

t te

d

.

A w

ater

m

a n o

m

ete r

m

e a s u r e

d

t

h

e stat

i

c

p

r e s s u r e o

f

t

h

e

m

i

xtu r e at t

h

e

d

r

y g

as

m

ete r e n tr a n c e.

T

o

p

ro v

i d

e

g

o o

d

m

i

x

i

n

g

o

f

t

h

e

d

u st a n

d

tr a c e r,

w

e

i

n tr o

d

u c e

d

t

h

e a

i

r

-tr a c er

m

i

xtu r e

i

n to t

h

e a

i

r -

d

u st

d

u ct a

p p

rox

i

m

ate

l y

t

h i

rt

y

-s e v e n

d

u ct

d i

a

m

eters

(

5 5

.

5

c e nt

i

m

eters

)

f

ro

m

t

h

e ex

i

t o

f

t

h

e e

j

e cto r.

T h

e v o

l

u

m

e o

f

s u

l f

u r

h

e x a

f l

u or

i

d

e e

m

i

t te

d

d

u r

i

n

g

e a c

h

ex

p

er

i

m

en ta

l

r u n r an

g

e

d f

ro

m

0

.

0 5 3

to

0

.1

0

cu

b

ic

m

ete r s.

D

o

w

n

w

i

n

d

f

r o

m

the e

j

e cto r, a

T S P h i

g

h

- v o

l

u

m

e s a

m

p

l

e r

(

G

e n e r a

l

M

eta

l

W

o r

k

s

m

o

d

e

l 8 5 5 0

)

c o

l l

e cte

d

t

h

e

d

u st

f

ro

m

a

m

b i

e nt a

i

r o n

h i

g

h

p

u r

i

t

y g

l

a s s

m

i

cro

f i b

re

f i l

ter s

(W

h

at

m

a n

E P

M

2 0 0 0

)

;

f l

o

w

t

h

ro u

g

h

t

h

e

h i

g

h

v o

l

u

m

e sa

m

p

l

er

(

h i

-v o

l

)

w

as ca

l i b

r ate

d

w

i

t

h

a

G

e n e ra

l

M

eta

l

W

o r

k

s c a

l i b

rat

i

o n o r

i f i

c e t

h

at

h

a

d

,

i

n tu r n,

b

e e n ca

l i b

r ate

d

u s

i

n

g

a

R

o ots

m

ete r tr a c e a

b l

e to a

N

I ST

sta n

d

a r

d

.

T h

e

f i l

te r s

w

e r e c o n

d i

t

i

o n e

d i

n a c

l i

m

ate

-c o ntr o

l l

e

d

r o o

m

a n

d

w

e

i

g

h

e

d

o n a

M

et t

l

e r

A E 1 6 3

a n a

l

y

t

i

ca

l

b

a

l

a n c e.

A

d

i

a

p

h

r a

g

m

p

u

m

p

c o

l l

e cte

d

d

o

w

n

w

i

n

d

a

i

r s a

m

p

l

e s

i

n

T

e

d l

a r s a

m

p

l

e

b

a

g

s.

A

p

o r ta

b

l

e

i

n

f

r a r e

d

s

p

e ctr o

m

ete r

(

F

ox

b

o r o

M

I R A

N

l A

)

, c a

l i

b

r ate

d

u s

i

n

g g

r a v

i

m

etr

i

c

sta n

d

a r

d

s o

f

s u

l f

ur

h

exa

f l

u or

i d

e

(

S

c ot t

S

p

e c

i

a

lt

y

G

as e s

),

d

ete r

m

i

n e

d

t

h

e c o n c e n tr at

i

o n

o

f

s u

l

f

u r

h

exa

f l

u o r

i d

e

i

n t

h

e a

i

r sa

m

p

l

e s .

W

e

p

l

ac e

d

a

k

n o

w

n

m

as s o

f d

u st

i

n t

h

e r otar

y

f

e e

d

er, n ote

d

t

h

e t

i

m

e o v e r

w

h i

c

h

w

e o

p

e rate

d

t

h

e e

j

e ctor , a n

d

the n

w

e

i

g

h

e

d

an

y

r e s

i d

u a

l

d

u st

l

e

f

t

i

n t

h

e

f

e e

d

e r.

T h

e

m

a s s o

f

e

m

i

t te

d

d

u st r a n

g

e

d

f

r o

m

5 1 2

to

7 7 9

g

r a

m

s.

T h

e t

i

m

e o

f

o

p

e r at

i

o n a n

d

t

h

e

m

as s o

f

e

m

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t te

d

d

u st

d

ete r

m

i

n e

d

t

h

e

d

u st e

m

i

s s

i

o n r ate.

T h

e a

i

r

p

re s s u re to t

h

e e

j

e cto r

w

a s a

p p

r o x

i

m

ate

l

y

3

.

4

at

m

o s

p

h

e r e s;

m

i

cro s c o

p

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m

i

n atio n o

f

the e

j

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l

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d f

e

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a

g g

l

o

m

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h

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l

ar

g

e st s e e n

w

as s

i

xte e n

m

i

cro

m

e ters

i

n

St

o

k

e s

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