Brick Building Brick (formerly called common brick)

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Clay Masonry 1

Brick

ASTM C62 Building Brick (formerly called common brick) ASTM C216 Facing Brick

ASTM C652 Hollow Brick

ASTM C410 Industrial Floor Brick (dense brick, highly resistant to abrasion, use as finished floor surface)

ASTM C902 Paving Brick (low absorption)

ASTM C32 Sewer Brick (low absorption, abrasive resistant brick)

ASTM C1088 Standard Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made From Clay or Shale

Clay Tile

ASTM C126 Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Units

ASTM C212 Structural Clay Facing Tile Testing

ASTM C67 Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile

Brick Specifications

Veneer

https://ncma.org/resource/concrete-masonry-veneers/

_____________________ _____________________

Clay masonry most commonly used for ________, or non-structural

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Clay Masonry 3

www.glengerybrick.com/about/manufacturing/index.html

• Gathering: clays and shales from quarry

• Crushing: break up large chunks

• Grinding: pulverize material to fine consistency

• Screening: vibrating wire screens

• Mixing the raw materials: pug mill

• Water added to provide proper plasticity

• Materials, such as manganese, added to change the body color

Pug mill

Manufacturing of Clay Masonry

Material Preparation: Raw Materials

• Hand Forming

• Machine Molding

• ______________

• Material passes through vacuum chamber to reduce the amount of air: more homogeneous product

• Mixture forced by means of auger through a die

• Core holes placed in column

• Texture produced on brick by scratching, scraping, rolling or sanding the surface of the column

• Extruded column cut by wires to make individual brick

Manufacturing of Clay Masonry

Brick Shaping

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Clay Masonry 5

Extruded column

Wire Cutter Core Holes Clay exiting extruder

Manufacturing of Clay Masonry Extrusion

• Bricks placed on kiln carts

• Unfired or green bricks placed in dryer

• Enclosed dryers use excess heat from kilns

• Continuous tunnel kiln

• Preheating

• Burning, up to 2000°

• Cooling

Manufacturing of Clay Masonry

Drying and Firing

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Clay Masonry 7

• Broken, twisted and otherwise mechanically defective brick are discarded

• Brick color and range is carefully monitored

• Finished product is packaged and banded into cubes of approximately 500 brick

Manufacturing of Clay Masonry Packaging

____ No weathering

____ Moderate weathering; freeze, but not subject to water

____ Severe weathering; resists frost action

Texture Types ____Standard Use

____High degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range, minimum size variation. Typically not quoted in southeast as clay in this region easily chips.

____Architectural effects resulting from

intentional nonuniformity of color, size, and texture.

C 216 Face Brick Grades and Texture Types

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Clay Masonry 9

Grade Minimum compressive strength (psi) Gross Area

Average of 5 Individual

SW 3000 2500

MW 2500 2200

Type Average strength (psi)

All molded 5290

Extruded, All 11300

Extruded, Fireclay 15350

Extruded, Shale 11260

Extruded, Other 9170

Reported brick strengths

Modern day brick: minimum compressive strength of ______________ psi.

Solid brick: Net area >

___% of the gross area.

Cores add strength:

More uniform drying and shrinkage

Keying action between mortar and brick

Subasic and Borchelt "Clay and Shale Brick Material Properties -A Statistical Report," Proceedings of the Sixth North American Masonry Conference, June,1993, 283-294

Compressive Strength

Density range: 80 - 140 lb/ft³ Average density: _____ lb/ft³

Approximately ___ psf per inch thickness

Thickness (in) Load (psf) 4

8 12 16

39 79 115 155 ASCE 7-16

Thickness x height x length (inch)

Size and terminology vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Standard Size 3¹/₂x 2¹/₄x 8 Queensize 3 x 2³/₄x 8 Engineer Size 3¹/₂x 2³/₄x 8 Modular: 7⁵/₈in. long

Standard size: __ courses / 8 in.

Queensize: __ courses / 16 in.

Brick Sizes and Weights

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Clay Masonry 11

Brick Positions

Soldier Course

https://buffaloah.com/a/DCTNRY/c/common.html https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/168673948514774651/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/56885734@N06/5248716712

https://www.haverstrawbrickmuseum.org/about-bricks

Headers

Brick Positions

https://forums.sketchup.com/t/profile-3-builder-brick-walls/82560/9

Rowlock

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Clay Masonry 13 1/₈in.

• ASTM test for initial rate of absorption (IRA)

• Immerse dry brick to a depth of 1/8 in. in water for one minute

• IRA is difference in final weight and dry weight

• _____________ between masonry and mortar is related to IRA.

• Ideal range: 5 g/min/30in.² to 20 g/min/30in.²

• If IRA > 30 g/min/30in.², wet the units prior to placing

• Wetting most effective when done ≈ 24 hours before placement

• Water will reduce the IRA without leaving the surface wet

• Simple field test for IRA

• Place 20 drops of water in a quarter-sized area

• If it takes > 1.5 minutes for the water to be absorbed, the brick do not need to be wetted before laying

Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08VvHaqrjQE

Absorption: Weight of water absorbed when immersed in either cold or boiling water for a stated length of time, expressed as a percentage of the dry unit weight.

C/B ratio, or saturation coefficient

C: cold water absorption during 24 hour test. Measure of free absorption.

B: additional absorption during a 5 hour boiling test. Measure of remaining pore space. The more remaining pore space, the more durable the brick, as there is open pore space to accommodate volume change as the water freezes.

Lower C/B ratio, the more ____________ the brick. Also limit on strict 5 hour boil test, which is a measure of total pore space.

Grade SW: C/B < 0.78; 5 hour boil < 17%

Grade MW: C/B < 0.88; 5 hour boil < 22%

Absorption

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Clay Masonry 15

Oven dry weight of brick: 1760 grams (about 3.9 pounds) 24 hour cold water absorption weight: 1888 grams

5 hour boil absorption weight: 1938 grams C = (1888-1760)/1760 = 0.0727 = 7.27%

B = (1938-1760)/1760 = 0.1011 = 10.11%

C/B = 0.0727/0.1011 = 0.719

Since C/B < 0.78 and B < 17%, brick meets Grade SW requirements.

Grade SW: C/B < 0.78; 5 hour boil < 17%

Absorption: Sample Calculation

Efflorescence

• Efflorescence: crystalline deposit of water-soluble salts that can form on the surface of some brickwork

• Typically not harmful to brick

• Principal objection is an ______________________

• Removing efflorescence

• Stiff brush

• Water rinse (pressure washing may bring more salts to surface

• Mild concrete cleaner

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Clay Masonry 17

H40V Void area >25%, but < 40%

H60V Void area > 40%, but < 60%

• Hollow brick used in reinforced masonry construction.

• Hollow brick increasingly being used for _____________.

• Same grades as C 216

• Textures: HBS, HBX, HBA

C 652 Hollow Brick

Series Designation

Height (in.)

Length (in.)

4S 2³/₈ 7³/₄

4D 5¹/₁₆ 7³/₄ 6P 3³/₄ 11³/₄ 6T 5¹/₁₆ 11³/₄ 6M 5³/₄ 11³/₄ 8W 7³/₄ 15³/₄ Thickness is 1³/₄, 3³/₄, 5³/₄, or 7³/₄

Compressive Strength (Gross Area) Direction of Coring Avg. of 5 Individual Vertical (End

Construction)

3000 2500

Horizontal (Side Construction)

2000 1500

Average strength for horizontal coring is around 5000 psi.

6T tile

Seismic tile

Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Tile

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Clay Masonry 19

TMS 402 4.2.4 ________ Expansion k_e= 3x10^-4 in./in.

Mean value: 3x10^-4 in./in.

Characteristic value (95%) 5x10^-4in./in.

TMS 402 4.2.3 _______ Expansion k_t = 4x10^-6in./in./^oF

Mean value: 3.9x10^-6in./in./^oF

100 ) (k k t

e S w

t e

j j

e   

S_e= spacing of expansion joints w_j= width of expansion joint

e_j= extensibility of expansion joint material (%)

3/₈in. expansion joint 50% extensibility

Temperature change of 100 ^oF Required joint spacing

approximately 22 ft Movement of Clay Masonry

Expansion Joints

Keep expansion joint free of foreign material that will keep it from compressing, particularly mortar protrusions.

Interrupt any joint reinforcing; it will buckle as joint closes.

Backer rod and sealant (typical)

Copper or plastic bellows Compressible Filler

Backer rod serves as surface to tool joint against.

Sealant must not adhere to backer rod.

Depth of sealant is typically one-half the expansion joint width Construction of Expansion Joints

http://iibec.org/wp-content/uploads/2017-bes-conway.pdf

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Clay Masonry 21

Expansion Joints at Corners

https://www.gobrick.com/docs/default-source/read- research-documents/technicalnotes/tn18a.pdf?sfvrsn=0

http://www.stephenson-eng.com/proper-application-control-joints-brick-masonry/

Horizontal Expansion Joints

Place below _________________. Needs to account for brick expansion, frame shortening, and shelf angle deflection.

https://www.structuremag.org/?p=219

Shelf Angles / Horizontal Expansion Joints

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Clay Masonry 23

Lipped Brick Details

https://www.gobrick.com/docs/default-source/read-research-documents/technicalnotes/tn18a.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Drip Edge

The Mystery of the Wandering Drip Edge

https://www.masonrymagazine.com/blog/2019/05/31/the -mystery-of-the-wandering-drip-edge/

Drip Edge and Weep Hole

https://abbotbuilding.com/choose-flashing- commercial-masonry-restoration/

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Clay Masonry 25

ZEC Building Shelf Angle Detail

https://downloads.halfen.com/catalogues/usa/media/catalogues/br ickworksupportsystems/FK4_17-US.pdf

https://www.halfen.com/us/3197/product-

ranges/construction/masonry-systems/fk4-brickwork-support- systems/videos/

ZEC Building Shelf Angle Detail

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Clay Masonry 27

Brick Veneer over Wood Studs

Wood ________

Brick _________

⅜ to ½ inch differential

movement per floor