Experimental Study on 4-Stroke Petrol
Engine Using Water Misting Kit
Dr. Ramachandra C G
1, Shashank S
2, Raghavendra M J
31
Professor and Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology,
Mangalore-574 143, Karnataka, (India)
2,3
Research Scholar/Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,Srinivas Institute of Technology,
Mangalore-574 143, Karnataka, (India)
ABSTRACT
With the increasing price of oil and the ever reducing supplyies of petroleum, it is necessary to look towards new solution for transport purposes. Electric vehicles will undoubtedly be the solution.Till then, there is a need for optimum use of current technology as well as resources. Global warming is another problem which is caused largely due to the harmful emissions from the exhaust of automobiles. The pollutants exhausted from the I.C engines have an effect on the atmosphere causing issues such as smog, acid rain, global warming, respiratory hazards etc.Non stoichiometric combustion,separation of nitrogen and impurities in the air fuel mixtures cause these emissions.The higher amounts of emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons( HC), Nitrogen Oxides(NOx), Oxides of sulphur, Oxides of carbon and soot. The pollutants can be treatedby a process called water misting water has a very high heat of vapourization. As the ambient temperature water is injected into the engine, heat transfers from hot cylinder head and intake air into the water. This makes it evaporate, cooling the intake charge. A cooler intake charge means it is more dense and also has a lower tendency to knock. However, the water vapour displaces some air, negating some of the denser intake charge benefit. Knocking is generally more of a problem in forced induction engines rather than naturally aspirated, so this can help prevent it. On electronic ignition systems the ignition timing is generally retarded to prevent knock from occurring but with water injection it can be advanced closer to Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) timing for additional power. In I.C engines, water injection also known as Anti-Detonant Injection (ADI), can spray water into incoming air or fuel air mixture or directly into cylinder to cool certain parts of the induction system where “hot points” could produce premature ignition (knocking)
Keywords-
Water Misting, Knocking, Maximum Brake Torque, Anti-Detonant Injection.
I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
METHODOLOGY
Following are the steps involved in our present work
A. Problem Statement
Automobiles are a part of almost every human civilization and will continue to be for a very long time. This comes with a drawback of air pollution. Taking this as a challenge, we came up with an idea to overcome the problems up to a certain extent
B. Model Design
The prototype model follows a very simple yet an ingenious process. The Fig 1 shows a clear representation of the model as a block diagram
Fig 1: Model block diagram
sponge and the excess water is taken out by the water outlet. The flow of water can be controlled by small gate valves. The air entering the kit leaves from the air outlet to the carburettor.
C. Material Selection
After model design, the next important task in hand is the material selection. There are various factors which effect the selection of material. The factors effecting the selection of materials are as follows
Properties of the materials: The materials selected must have the necessary properties for the device to work smoothly and for a durable use.
Manufacturing cost: There is always a demand for the lowest possible manufacturing cost for the best quality results. This can be obtained by mating multiple parts together to form a sub assembled part, rather than manufacturing a single part which may have no use if any damage occurs. This reduces the risk of unavailability and thus the need for re-manufacturing. This also helps in easy maintenance of the device allowing complete dismantling of parts.
Quality required: Quality requirement generally effects the manufacturing process and the materials. For example, it is not desirable to cast less number of components which can be fabricated economically by screwing, mating or welding two subcomponents.
Availability of material: It is important to consider the availability of a materials as some materials may be short in supply or rather scarce. It then becomes obligatory to use a different material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the designed material. The delivery of materials and the delivery dates of the product should also be considered relatively.
Space consideration: The materials selected should fulfil the required properties within the space available in the previous setup. Or else the extra space taken by the parts or the device itself may seem uncomfortable or unsophisticated.
III.
FABRICATION OF WATER MISTING KIT
continuous, the droplets suspended in the air are continuously taken to the engine giving them no time to settle down. The air-water mist mixture mixes with the fuel in the carburettor forming an air-water mist-fuel mixture, which then let into the engine cylinder for combustion. The flow of air & water mist must be maintained for the smooth working of the prototype as well as the engine.
Fig .2 Prototype model
IV.
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
A. Emission
B. NOx Emission
Fig 4: NOx emission graph
NOx is formed in a high temperature environment and an engine gathers enough heat energy during a long run to facilitate the required conditions for this process. This process of NOx formation will continue until the temperature of the engine cylinder is reduced. This is done by air or liquid cooling. The water mist also helps in reducing the temperature and thus the emission of NOx.
C. Knocking
It was observed that the knocking of the 4-stroke petrol engine was apparently reduced after water misting a previously knocking engine. The engine/vehicle was run for a considerable period of time to check for knocking. Once the knocks started occurring the bypass was closed slowly to test the device for knocking. The engine goes through some cycles before damping the knocks. Once stabilized, the knocks were considerably reduced.
D. CO Emission
Fig 5: CO emission graph
The readings of emission of CO for the different values of engine speed were recorded for both, normal run and with the water misting. The same is graphically represented in Fig 5. The graph indicate there is a small differences in emissions for normal run and water mist
E. Cooling
The water misting provides an extra cooling effect to the engine apart from the air or liquid cooling.
V.
CONCLUSIONS
The paper gives an idea about how a simple concept of water misting can help in improving the characteristics of a 4-stroke petrol engine. The modern day environmental problems a duty to conserve the environment and the nature . The process of taking the concept and converting it into a materialistic model turned out to be easy. But testing the model turned out to be a herculean task. There were many difficulties faced during the testing. The engine shut down in the first trial. After analysing the situation the problem was found to be the resistance to the suction pressure. This was solved by reducing the thickness of the sponge member. After testing, the results were recorded and tabulated for the graphical analysis. We achieved the desired results after continuous parameter variations and testing. These tests were conducted after long runs of the engine.
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