PLASMODIUM (Malaria Parasite)
C L AS S I FI C ATI ON
P h y l u m - Protozoa
S u b Ph y l u m - Plasmodroma
C l a s s - Sporozoa - All members are parasite so locomotive organs are absent O r d e r - Haemosporidia – Digenetic life cycle
G e n u s - Plasmodium
- Plasmodium is a member of order Haemosporidia therefore it complets its life cycle in two hosts.
- Primary host - Primary host for Plasmodium is human being. Plasmodium completes only asexual life cycle in this host.
- Se cond ary host - Intermediate host / Carrier host - Female An op heles serves as secondary host for Plasmodium. Both sexual cycle and sporogony asexual are completed in this host.
- Reserviour host - Monkey is reservior host for Plasmodium (Dog is also not affected).
- All the stages of Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in human are also found in monkey, but monkey do not suffer or die of malaria.
- Eradication of Plasmodium is not easy due to its several hosts. Another reason is that vaccine can not be formed because Plasmodium do not induce human body to form antibodies and hence no immunity against P la s mod i u m can develop.
- Number of chromosomes in Plasmodium 10
- Government of India started NMEP (National Malaria Eradication Programme) in the years 1953.
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM IN HUMAN
There are two sites for activity of Plasmodium in human
(i) Liver (ii) RBC
- All the activities that oocurs in liver are known as "Exo erythro- c yti c C y c le " .
- Whereas activities in RBC are termed as "Erythrocytic Cycle".
INFECTION OF PLASMODIUM IN HUMAN
- Infective stage of Plasmodium for human is sporozoite which are present around 2,00,000 in salivary glands of female Anoph- e l e s .
- Sporozoites are spindle or sickle shaped. Body is covered by pellicle.
- Sporozoite contains an aperture at the apex called "Micropyle".
A structure which covers micropyle is known as Apical cap.
Micropyle
A pair of secretory organells are related to micropyle. It contains lytic enzymes which helps sporozoite to penetrate human liver cells.
A big oral shaped nucleus is present in middle of sporozoite. Just beneath it, there is a Mitochondria.
- This type of 2,00,000 sporozoites are present in saliva of female Anopheles
- An anticoagulent is secreted when female Anopheles bites. It do not allow blood to clot so that Anopheles, can suck blood easily. With the saliva numerous of sporozoites enters in human blood. Within 30 minutes all of these sporozoites approach the liver and no sporozoite is visible in the blood.
PRE ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
- The first cycle of Plasmodium in liver is called as Pre erythrocytic cycle.
- Plasmodium starts its life cycle from liver because
(i) To prevent itself from the phagocytic action of WBC
(ii) Plasmodium use glycogen as food and liver is rich in glycogen (iii) To multiply in number
- Sporozoite enters in the liver cell and become spherical by phagocyting the cytoplasm. Now these are termed as "C ry p toz oi tes "
- Cryptozoites undergo multiple division. This is called "Schizogony". This results in the formation of 1000- 1500 small structure called as Cryptomerozoites . At this stage cryptozoite is called "Schizont"
- Finally cell membrane of liver cell & schizont bursts and Cryptomerozoites are now free in blood sinusoids of liver.
- A few of these cryptomerozoites infect RBC and start the erythrocytic cycle.
- Rest of the cryptomerozoites go back in liver cells and starts the post exoerythrocytic cycle. All these cycles in liver except the first one are called post exoerythrocytic cycles.
[Time taken to complete pre erythrocytic cycle is called Pre patent period. In this period Plasmodium is not visible in blood.]
POST EXOERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
In this cycle Cryptomerozoites infect the liver cells. They phagocyte the cytoplasm and become big and spherical. Now these are known as Metacryptozoite or phanerozoites
Two types of Metacryptozoites are formed (i) Micro Metacryptozoites - (MICRO MCZ) (ii) Macro Metacryptozoites - (MACRO MCZ)
MICRO MCZ are further converted into 100-1000 merozoites by the process of schizogony. The product is called Micro meta crypto merozoite (Micro MCM).
MACRO MCZ also undergo the process of schizogony. It results in the formation of 64 merozoites these are called Macro meta crypto mero zoite (Macro MCM).
- Micro MCM infect only RBC whereas Macro MCM infect liver cells
- This cycle goes on repeating again and again which causes destruction of liver cells. In case of an excessive Malaria, liver may damage and jaundice like symptoms may appear.
ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE OR GOLGI CYCLE
- This cycle starts at first by cryptomerozoites and further carry on by Micro meta cryptomerozoite.
- Cryptomerozoite infects R.B.C. They phagocyte Haemoglobin of R.B.C & become big & spherical. Then they are called Trophozoite s. Later on a big central vacuole is formed in the cytoplasm of trophozoite. This makes it appear like a "Ring". So this stage is called Signet ring stage. After a while vacuole is lost and trophozoite become irregular in shape. At this stage Plasmodium looks like Amoeba so this is called as Amoeboid stage. This is active and feeding stage of Plasmodium. It phagocytes Haemoglobin quickly and grows up and occupies whole of the RBC approximately.
Particularly, at this stage reddish brown coloured granules are seen in the cytoplasm. These are called Haemozoin granules. It is the non digested haeme part of haemoglobin.
At the same time bright yellow coloured granules appear in the cytoplasm of RBC. These are called Schuffner's dots which are probablely waste product of Plasmodium. These dots are used in diagnosis of malaria because th ey are the most cl ear structures that appear in blood. A stain known as R omanovaski stain is used to observe schuffner's dots.
There are two species of Palsmodium that do not form schuffner's dots.
1. Plasmodium malariae - They form Red coloured granules known as Zeiman's dots 2. Pla smod ium falc iparum - They form green coloured Ma urer's dots/Clefts.
Both of these are also helpful in diagnosis of malaria
Now schizogony occurs in trophozoite and 12-24 Merozoites are formed. They are arranged as petals of flower. So Plasmodium looks like a flower and hence this stage is known as Rosette stage.
Some cytoplasm in this stage remains undivisible. Haemozoin granules are present in this cytoplasm.
Finally membrane of RBC and schizont bursts and all the material get freed in blood plasma. Merozoites infect new RBC and repeats the erythrocytic cycle again and again. Organells like apical cap, secretory organells etc.
get fused to form Rhoptries stage in merozoites.
Burst RBC is called Ghost RBC. Spleen uptake these ghost RBC from the blood and destroy it. A special type of phagocyting cells called as Macrophages are present in spleen, These cells secrete an enzyme Lysolecithin which destroy ghost RBC.
In case of excessive malarial infected spleen becomes large and swollen. This disease is called Megaly of spleen or spleen index. It is due to increase in number of macrophages and lysolecithin causes swelling.
Excessive malaria infection may also lead to anaemia because more lysolecithin secretion occurs which reaches to blood and destructs the healthy RBC's so decrease in number of healthy RBC cause Anaemia. This anaemia is called Haemolytic anaemia.
The time lapse between infection of Plasmodium and first attack of Malaria is called Incubation period.
- Plasmodium shows biological clock system because erythrocytic cycle is completed exactly with in 48-72 hours.
[Duration of erythrocytic cycle is 48 hours in P.Vivax, P.Ovale and P.Falciparum Duration of erythrocytic cycle is 72 hours in P.Malariae.]
EFFECT OF HAEMOZOIN GRANULES
Due to toxic effects on body, symptoms of Malaria appear.
Initial symptoms of Malaria - Nausea, Constipation, Bodypain, Dyspnoea, weakness in body.
- After 2 or 3 Erythroytic cycles haemozoin granules increase in number and actual symptoms of Malaria now begins to appear. This is called Paroxysm of malaria. It has three stages.
1 . Rigor stage :- Alternate contraction and relaxation in muscles causes shivering and cold sensations.
2 . Febrile stage :- After some time shivering stops and body temp rises due to contraction of muscles. Rise in temprature is benificial for patient because internal high temp is unfavourabale for parasite Plasmo- dium.
3 . Difervescent stage :- After rise in temprature excessive sweatning occurs and body temprature de- creases. Now patient feels himself healthy. But at this time erythrocytic cycle starts again and fever is repeated at a constant interval of time.
POST ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
Sometimes Merozoites formed by erythrocytic cycle escapes from blood and enters the liver cells. These mero- zoites remain inactive in liver.
After a long time they become active and multiply in number. This causes Malaria again. So after a long time malaria is repeated again this is called Relapse of Malaria.
Post erythrocytic cycle is not found in Plasmodium falciparum. So relapse of malaria do not occur. Longest relapse of Malaria found in Plasmodium malarie may last up to 3 years.
GA METOCY TE STAGE
When many Erythrocytic cycles completed then merozoites enter the RBC and form a new stage called as Gametoc y te or Gamonts or Re sistant Trophozoite sch izont. Merozoite stage contain Rhoptrie s.
Gametocyte is the last stage in human. Further development occurs in female Anopheles because high tem- perature in human is unfavourable for gametocyte formation. There is biological clock system in Plasmodium it means that it form gametes when there is more probability of attack of female anopheles. So gametes are formed in night, from late evening up to midnight. Gametocytes which reach in female Anopheles are devel- oped and rest which are left in blood are destryoed in the morning.
Two type of gametocytes are formed (1) Mi cro g ame tocy te
( 2) M ac ro ga m etoc yte
These are formed in ratio of 1 : 2 respectively.
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM IN FEMALE ANOPHELES There are two type of cycles :
(1) Gametogony - Sexual cycle (2) Sporogony - Asexual cycle
Gametocyte is the infective stage of Plasmodium for female Anopheles. When it sucks blood, many stages reach in its Crop but only gametocyte stage remains, rest of all are digested.
I GAMETOGENESIS - Microgametocytes undergo the process of Spermatogenesis in which its nucleus is divided into four haploid nuclei by meiotic division. Further, Mitosis occurs and these are converted into 8 nuclei. All nuclei are arranged on periphery. At the site of every nucleus plasmalemma projects outward and eight spindle shaped projections are formed. Every projection contains a nucleus and few cytoplasm. These projections are called Sperms. Near about (6-8 sperms) are formed. Sperm formation process is exflagella- tion. Every sperm detaches itself from microgametocyte by constricting at its base. So 6-8 sperms are formed by a single microgametocyte.
Macrogametocytes form ovum by the process of Oogenesis in which meiosis occurs and one ovum and three polar bodie s are formed. Polar bodies are destroyed further. A projection appears on ovum which is called reception cone. This is the penetration site of sperm at the time of fertilization. Zygote is formed as a result of fertilization. Whole of this process up to zygote formation occurs in lumen of crop. Zygote can form in any type of mosquito e.g. Anopheles, Culex and Ades etc but further development of zygote is possible only in female Anopheles. This is the host specialisation of Plasmodium.
DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE
Proposed by "Grassi". This theory says that all zygotes are converted into long worm like structures called Ookinete or vermicule. With the help of gliding and wringling movements These ookinete enters the crop wall and are place beneath the outermost layer called peritoneum of crop wall.
A thin and elastic coat is secreted around these zygotes by both zygote and cells of crop wall. This stage is called Oocyst. At this stage 50-100 small projections of oocyst are found on the crop wall.
II. SPOROGONY- Oocyst takes nutrition from crop wall and develop into 5-6 times bigger structure called sporont. Many small vacuoles are now formed in the cytoplasm of sporont. Nucleus of sporont is converted by free nuclear divisions into approximately 10,000 nuclei. All these nuclei are arranged on periphery of vacuoles.
Later on cytoplasm is divided and converted into 10,000 parts around every nucleus, with the result 10,000 sporozoites are formed. This sporont is called as sporocyst.
Outermost layer of crop and wall of sporont bursts and these sprozoites are now free in haemocoel of mosquito.
Haemocoel is a blood filled cavity. This blood is colourless and called haemolymph.
All sporozoites are stored in salivary glands. About 2,00,000 sporozoites are stored in salivary glands of mos- quito which furhter infect to human through saliva.
SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM :- About 60 species are known but only four are pathogenic (1) P l a s m o d i u m v i v a x
(2) Plasmodium ovale (Not found in India, Found in Phillipens & Africa) (3) P la s m od i u m f a lc i p a r u m
(4) P l a s m o d i u m m a la ri a e
Most common is - Plasmodium vivax and very rare is - Plasmodium ovale C OM PAR ATIV E S T UDY
S.N. P a r t i c u l a r s P. v iv a x P. ov a le P. f a lc i p a r u m P. m a l a ri a e
1 . - Prepatent period 8-10 days 9 -days 5-6 days 14-15 days
2 . - Time period 48 hours 48 hours 36-48 hours 72 hrs.
of Erythroytic cycle.
3 . - Incubation period 12-14 days 12-14 days 12 days 27-37 days
4 . - Life cycle in 10-17 days 16 days 22-23 days 30-35 days
mosquito
5 . - Type of malaria Benign tertian Mild tertian Lethal malaria Tetrac fever
fever fever Subtertian fever, quartan fever
Tropical fever, sub clinical fever Cerebral fever, Least harmful Blackwater fever,
Malignant or Aestivo-autumnal
- Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is called lethal malaria. It is also termed as sub tertian fever, tropical fever, cerebral fever, black water fever, Malignant fever or Aestivo-autumnale fever. This is the most dangerous malaria because infected RBC adhere and form thrombus which may interfere the blood circulation.
Carotid artery is feeding artery of brain so when, this artery is blocked by thrombus then brain may suffer from less blood circulation which is unfavourable for it. Longer duration of this condition may cause death.
When thrombus is formed in coronary arteries, which gives nutrition to heart, heart attack may occur. Loss of Haemoglobin through urine(Haematuria) occur in which colour of urine changes from yellow to black hence it is also called as 'Black water fever'.
Double signett ring and crescent gametocyte are characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum.
- Malaria by Palsmodium malarie is difficult to diagnose because this species may remain dormant in liver for a very longer period.
HISTORY OF MALARIA
1 . Lancisi - Suspect that there is any relation in between mud mosquito and malaria.
2 . C ha rle s l a ve ran - discovered P las m odi u m
He observed Plasmodium first in RBC of human and revealed that malaria is caused by Palsmodium.
3 . Sir Ronald Ross - Proved the relation between mosquito and Malaria. He saw oocyst first on crop of female Anopheles. About 25,000 mosquitoes were dissected by Sir Ronald Ross in his life.
Female Anapheles is the carrier of Plasmodium. The discovery of sir Ronald Ross was awarded by Noble Prize on 29th of August 1902. Hence this day is celebrated as "Malaria day"
It was an incident that Sir Ronald Ross died of Malaria.
4 . Grassi - Studied the life cycle of Plasmodium in female Anopheles.
5 . Golgi & celli - explained erythrocytic cycle so this is also called golgi cycle.
6 . Schauddin - Detailed study of Plasmodium vivax life cycle in human and mosquito.
CONTROL OF MALARIA
(1) Direct - by killing Plasmodium (2) Indirect - by killing mosquitoes
( 1 ) Indirect - following procedures are used to kill mosquitoes.
(a) Insecticides like - DDT (It is now banned) Gamaxene, Melathion etc. are sprayed.
(b) Biological control - This is the more suitable procedure. In this larvivorous fishes are used. They eat larva of mosquitoes. e.g. Gambussia Trout, minnows, stickle back.
( 2 ) Direct method - Plasmodium is destroyed by chemotherapy
(a) Old medicines like Quinine - it is obtained from Cinkona as quinine sulphate salt. It destroys only those stages of plasmodium which are present in blood.
(b) Mapacrine - It destroys merozoites present in blood
(c) Paludrine and sulphadoxine - These medicines destroy all the stages either in blood or in liver. But are not generally used because they cause harm to liver cells.
(d) The most effective medicine for Malaria is Deraprim. It destroyes gametocytes.
SPECIAL POINTS
(1) 29th August is Malaria day
(2) Plasmodium is a member of sporozoa class (3) Monkey acts as Reservoir host of Plasmodium
(4) Lysolecithin secreted by spleen destroyes infected RBC's
(5) Normally primary host is the host in which parasite completes its sexual life cycle but in Plasmodium human is primary host exceptionally. Although sexual cycle is completed in mosquito and asexual in human.
(6) Maximum amount of Haemozoin granules is present in gametocyte stage.
(7) Temprature of Malaria patient may rise up to 104-1050 F.
(8) Some other symptoms and side effects may appear from malaria like Anaemia, Jaundice, Megaly, Thrombosis, Insomnia.
(9) The most effective medicine for Malaria is Deraprim. It destroyes gametocytes.
(10) Number of lymphocytes is increased in malaria infection.
(11) Shivering characteristic of malaria is caused by merozoites are liberated with toxin from RBC.
(12) Number of chromosome in Plasmodium - 10 (13) Merozoite stage of Plasmodium contain Rhoptries.
PLASMODIUM EXERCISE
1 . Malaria is caused by
(1) Mosquito (2) Foul air
(3) Ascaris (4) Plasmodium
2 . Gametocytes of malarial parasite are formed in (1) Blood of man
(2) salivary glands of Anopheles (3) Stomach of female Anopheles (4) stomach of male Anopheles
3 . In Malarial parasite schizont stage occurs in (1) RBC of man
(2) Blood of Anopheles (3) Stomach of Anopheles (4) Salivary glands of Anopheles
4 . Contractile vacuole is likely to be absent in
(1) Euglena (2) Plasmodium
(3) Amoeba (4) Paramoecium
5 . Sporogony in the life of Plasmodium occurs in (1) RBC of man
(2) Liver of man
(3) Salivary glands of mosquito (4) Stomach wall of mosquito 6 . Quinine is extracted from
(1) Leaves of Occimum (2) Bark of Cinchona (3) Bark of Cinnamon (4) Stem of Hevea
7 . Exoerythrocytic phase of life cycle in malarial parasite occurs in
(1) Liver of man
(2) Reticulo-endothelium of man (3) Brain of man
(4) stomach of mosquito
8 . Sexual phase of life cycle in Plasmodium occurs in (1) Blood of man
(2) Gut of mosquito
(3) Salivary glands of mosquito (4) Body cavity of mosquito
9 . Trypanosomiasis is disease transmitted by (1) Tse tsefly (2) Fire fly
(3) May fly (4) Louse
1 0 . Malarial parasite can be best obtained from the patient
(1) Five hours after temperature becomes normal (2) When temperature rises with vigour
(3) One hour before rise of temperature (4) Any time
1 1 . During schizogony in malarial parasite the resulting cells are called
(1) Merozoites (2) Ookinetes (3) Sporozoites (4) schizonts
1 2 . Which is the infactive stage of Plasmodium in man (1) Sporozoite (2) Ookinete
(3) Merozoite (4) Schizont
1 3 . At which stage Plasmodium infects the liver of man (1) Sporogony
(2) Erythrocytic cycle (3) Pre-erythrocytic cycle (4) Gamogony
1 4 . Relationship between mosquito and malaria was proved by
(1) Rosenhof (2) Pasteur
(3) Ronald Ross (4) Lancisi 1 5 . Sleeping sickness in man is caused by
(1) Trypanosoma (2) Entamoeba (3) Plasmodium (4) Leishmania
1 6 . Which stage of malarial parasite escapes digestion in stomach of mosquito.
(1) Gametocytes (2) Trophozoite (3) Merozoites (4) Sporozoites
1 7 . The motile zygote after fertilization in Plasmodium is called
(1) Oocyst (2) Ookinete
(3) Gamont (4) Trophozoites
1 8 . In the life of Plasmodium cryptozoites are formed in (1) Salivary glands of mosquito
(2) Oocyst (3) RBC of man (4) Liver of man
1 9 . Mosquito transfers in the body of man (1) Sporozoites (2) Merozoites (3) Trophozoites (4) Schizont 2 0 . Which is a communicable disease
(1) Hypertension (2) Malaria
(3) Diabetes (4) Kwashiorkar
2 1 . Life history of malarial parasite in Anopheles was described by
(1) Ronald Ross (2) Grassi
(3) Celli (4) Laveran
2 2 . Paludrin and Mepacrine drugs are given for the infection of
(1) Ascariasis (2) Taeniasis (3) Amoebiasis (4) Malaria 2 3 . Incubation period of Plasmodium vivax is
(1) 10 hours (2) 10 days (3) 10 weeks (4) one month 2 4 . Which set of species belong to same genus
(1) Sapiens and cristatus (2) Vivax and falciparum (3) Proteus and histolytica (4) Livia and gangeticus 2 5 . Malignant malaria is caused by
(1) P.malariae (2) P.vivax (3) P.falciparum (4) P.ovale
2 6 . Shivering characteristic of Malaria is caused by- (1) Schizonts act on reticulo endothelial cells (2) Schizonts enter the RBC
(3) Signet ring is formed
(4) Merozoites are liberated with toxin from RBC 2 7 . Exflagellation in Plasmodium occurs in
(1) Microgametocyte (2) Macrogametocyte (3) Merozoits
(4) Trophozoite
2 8 . Relapse of Malaria occurs by which two species (1) ovale and faliciparum
(2) falciparum and malariae (3) ovale and falciparum (4) vivax and malariae 2 9 . Cerebral malaria is caused by
(1) Plasmodium malariae (2) Plasmodium vivax (3) Plasmodium ovale (4) Plasmodium falciparum
3 0 . Gametogony of Plasmodium occurs in (1) Liver of man
(2) RBC of man
(3) Salivary glands of mosquito (4) Stomach of mosquito
3 1 . Period of complete life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito is
(1) 10 to 20 days (2) 5 to 10 days (3) 20 to 25 days (4) none 3 2 . Fertilization in Plasmodium vivax occurs in
(1) Salivary glands of man (2) RBC of man
(3) Crop of female Anopheles mosquito (4) Crop wall of female Anopheles mosquito
3 3 . Asexual life cycle of Plasmodium is complete in (1) Man body
(2) female Culex mosquito (3) Male Anopheles mosquito (4) Female Anopheles mosquiot 3 4 . Which Plasmodium is most fatal
(1) P.malariae (2) P.ovale (3) P.falciparum (4) P.vivax
3 5 . In man Plasmodium starts life cycle in liver for (1) Protection (2) food
(3) Multiplication (4) All the above 3 6 . Which of the following is a stimulus for gametogen-
esis in Plasmodium (1) Low temperature (2) High temperature (3) Digestive enzyme (4) 2 & 3 both
3 7 . Which of the following is adult stage of Plasmodium (1) Trophozoite (2) Cryptozoite
(3) Phanerozoite (4) Schizone 3 8 . Schuffner's dots are stained with
(1) Feulgen stain (2) Nigrosine stain (3) Leifson stain (4) Romanovasky stain
3 9 . Vaccine is not available for malaria because (1) Plasmodium hides in liver
(2) Plasmodium does not produce antibodies (3) Host's body does not produce antibodies against
Plasmodium
(4) Plasmodium kills lymphocytes
4 0 . Count of which blood corpuscles increases during malaria
(1) Lymphocytes (2) Neutorophils
(3) R.B.C. (4) Monocytes
4 1 . Double signetring and crescent gametocyte are characteristic of
(1) Plasmodium ovale (2) Plasmodium vivax (3) Plasmodium falciparum (4) Plasmodium malariae
4 2 . Sporozoites of Plasmodium if inoculated in dog then dog (1) Becomes carriers
(2) Develops malaria (3) Remain unaffected (4) Becomes a reservoir host 4 3 . Schuffner's dots occur in
(1) Amoeboid trophozoite (2) Signet ring trophozoite (3) Rosette trophozoite (4) Infected R.B.C.
4 4 . In body of man Plasmodium is - (1) Histozoic (2) Cytozoic (3) Coelozoic (4) Neurozoic
4 5 . Schizont stage of Plasmodium occurs in which part of human body
(1) Liver (2) Blood
(3) Spleen (4) Liver & Blood 4 6 . In megaly of spleen which toxin released from
spleen which destroys red blood corpuscles (1) Haemozoin (2) Lysolecithin (3) Haemolysin (4) Erythrolysin
4 7 . Difference in micro and macro gametocytes of Plas- modium is due to
(1) Size
(2) position of nucleus (3) Haemozoin granules (4) All the above
4 8 . Paired organelle of Plasmodium help in.
(1) Locomotion (2) Massive nucleus (3) Penetration (4) Reproduction
4 9 . During which of the following period Plasmodium can not be detected in blood
(1) Just few minutes after infection (2) Prepatent period
(3) Incubation period (4) All the above
5 0 . In which stage of paroxysm of Malaria fever occurs (1) Rigor stage (2) Febrile stage (3) Defervescent stage (4) All the above 5 1 . Plasmodium was discovered by
(1) Sir patric menson (2) Sir Ronald Ross (3) Laveran (4) Golgi and Celli
5 2 . Black water fever is also called as (1) Yellow fever
(2) Scarlet fever
(3) Aestivo-autumnal malaria (4) Encephalitis
5 3 . Asexual reproduction during schizogony of malarial parasite is a kind of
(1) Binary fission (2) Budding (3) Fregmentation (4) Multiple fission
5 4 . Sexual phase in life history of Plasmodium occurs (1) Body cavity of mosquito
(2) Blood of man (3) Gut of mosquito
(4) Salivary glands of mosquito
5 5 . The feeding stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium is (1) Merozoite
(2) Sporozoite (3) Cryptozoite (4) Trophozoite
5 6 . In Plasmodium, gametocytes are formed by the tro- phozoites in the R.B.C. of Man. They do not de- velop fully in R.B.C. because of
(1) Antibodies present in blood (2) Antigens present in blood (3) Higher temperature of blood (4) Lower temperature of blood
5 7 . Quartan malaria is characterised by the recurrence of fever every 72 hours and is caused by
(1) Plasmodium vivax (2) Plasmodium malariae (3) Plasmodium ovale (4) Plasmodium falciparum
5 8 . Patients suffering from malaria show enlargement of spleen that is due to
(1) Accumulation of metabolites (2) Haemorrhage of the arteries
(3) Enormous increase in number of phogocytes (4) Accumulation of haemozoin
5 9 . Diagnostic period of Plasmodium is (1) Gametegony in mosquito (2) Sporogony in mosquito (3) Schizogony in liver (4) Schizogony in R.B.C.
6 0 . Schizont stages of Plasmodium vivax in man are found in
(1) Erythrocytes only
(2) Erythrocytes and liver cells (3) Liver cell only
(4) Erythrocytes liver cells and spleen.
6 1 . Which of the following not occur in Plasmodium
[R P M T 2 0 0 0 ]
(1) Mitochondria (2) Golgibody (3) Cilia (4) Nucleus
6 2 . In which city Ronald Ross worked on malarial
parasite :- [R P M T 2 0 0 0 ]
(1) Delhi (2) Calcutta
(3) Hyderabad (Secunderabad) (4) Madras
6 3 . No. of chromosome in Plasmodium is :-
(1) 18 (2) 14 [R P M T 2 0 0 0 ]
(3) 10 (4) 9
6 4 . Which one of the following is pernicious malignant and tropical malarial parasite :-
(1) Plasmodium vivax [R P M T 2 0 0 0 ]
(2) Plasmodium berghei (3) Plasmodium falciparum (4) Plasmodium yolii
6 5 . Which stage of Plasmodium contains "Rhoptries":-
(1) Merozoite [R P M T 2 0 0 0 ]
(2) Sporozoite (3) Signet ring stage (4) Ookinete
6 6 . Infected female Anopheles mosquito when bite the healthy person then it inoculates [R P M T 2 0 0 1 ]
(1) Cryptozoite (2) Sporozoite
(3) Oocyst (4) Merozoite
6 7 . Malaria repeats due to :– [R P M T 2 0 0 1 ]
(1) Erythrocytic cycle (2) Pre–erythrocytic cycle (3) Gametogony
(4) Sporogony
6 8 . What is Haemozoine :- [R P M T 2 0 0 2 ]
(1) Undigested part of blood in trophozoite of Plasmodium
(2) Blood pigment of anapheles (3) Decomposed blood in merozoites
(4) Granules in the blood of infected person
6 9 . In life cycle of Plasmodium exflagellation leads to (1) Formation of micro gametes [R P M T 2 0 0 2 ]
(2) Formation of flagella in sperm (3) Destruction of flagella from sperm (4) Formation of sporozoetes
7 0 . Where does exoerythrocylic cycle take place in life cycle of Plasmodium :- [R P M T 2 0 0 2 ]
(1) RBC of human (2) Human liver
(3) Stomach of Anopheles mosquito (4) Salivary gland of anopheles mosquito 7 1 . Oocyst of Plasmodium are found in :-
(1) Stomach of human [R P M T 2 0 0 3 ]
(2) Blood of mosquito
(3) Wall of mosquito's stomach (4) Liver of human
7 2 . In Plasmodium, what happens during sporogony by repeated division :- [R P M T 2 0 0 3 ]
(1) Formation of gametocytes in man
(2) Formation of numerous sporozoites from zygote in mosquito
(3) Formation of merozoites from zygote in mosquito (4) Formation of gametes in mosqiuto
7 3 . Ookinete of Plasmodium is formed by :–
(1) Sporozoite [R P M T 2 0 0 4 ]
(2) Trophozoite (3) Zygote (4) Merozoite
7 4 . Infective stage of Plasmodium in human is (1) Trophozoits [R P M T 2 0 0 4 ]
(2) Sporozoits (3) Merozoits (4) Gamatocytes
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
A n s . 4 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 1
Que. 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0
A n s . 1 2 4 1 2 2 4 2 2 3 4 1 4 4 4
Que. 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5
A n s . 1 3 1 3 4 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4 2 4
Que. 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0
A n s . 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 2
Que. 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5
A n s . 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 2
Que. 7 6 7 7
A n s . 2 2
EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
7 5 . In Plasmodium signet ring is formed during :- (1) Exo–erythrocytic schizogony [R P M T 2 0 0 4 ]
(2) Erythrocytic schizogony (3) Gamogony
(4) Sporogony
7 6 . Who got Nobel prize in 1902 for discovery of oocyst of Plasmodium :- [R P M T 2 0 0 5 ]
(1) Golgi (2) Ronald Ross
(3) Leveron (4) Short
7 7 . Which stage of Plasmoedium inject by maleriae mosquito in human blood :- [R P M T 2 0 0 5 ]
(1) Trophozoite (2) Sporozoite (3) Zygote (4) Merozoite
