A b
st
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i
ch
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.D
ow
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sses sm
ent
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M
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o rm
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onw
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M
I O X
(U
nd
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re ct
i
o n of D
r .P h i l i p C
.S i
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.C
u r r e nt
r eg
ul
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al
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et
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T H
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i
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ot
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ect
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orm
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ow
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l
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sk
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out t
h
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.T h
ep
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ai
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n c o nt
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eq
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am
o u nt
s of
s od i
um h y p
och l
o ri
t
e(
N
aO C l
)
T h
e s e c o nd
a ry
ob
j
e ct
i
ve of
t
h i
si
n v e st
i g
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o ch
a r a ct
e ri
z et
h
em
i
x ed
o xi d
a nt
s ol
uti
o n a st
oit
s ch
em i
c al
c om p
o si
ti
on .M
od
el w
at
ers of
w
el l
-k
n ow
n ch
em i
c al
c om p
o si
t
i
o n a sw
el l
a s s e v e r al
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w
at
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vary i
ng
q
u al i
t
y w
e r et
r e at
ed w i
t
h
M
I O X
a nd
w
i
t
h N
aO C l
u nd
e ri d
ent
i
cal
e xp
eri m
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al
c o nd i
t
i
o n s, a nd
t
h
ee x
t
e nt
a nd
r at
e of T H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o nw
a s e x am i
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.T h
e r e s ul
t
s sh
ow
ed
th
at
T H
M
f
o rm
ati
o ni
nM
I O X
-t
re a
t
ed
w
at
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a s e s s e nti
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th
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e a st
h
at
i
nN
aO C l
-t
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ed
w
at
e r s.
L i
t t
l
ei
n si g h
t
a st
oth
e ch
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c al
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o si
ti
on of
t
h
em i
x ed
o xi d
ant
I l l
T
A
B L E
O
F
C O N
T E
N
T
S
P
ag
eL i
st
of
F
i g
u r e s vi
L
i
st
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T
ab l
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A
ck
n ow l
ed
g
m
en t
s x1
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nt
r odu c
ti
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2
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ac
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3
2
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H
M
F
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o
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3
2
.1
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M
F
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ati
o
n3
2
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.2 T
H
M
C
o nt
r ol
5
2
.2
C h
em i
st
ry
of D i
sin
f
e cta n
ts a n
d O
xi d
a nts
6
2
.2
.1 C
h l
o ri
n eC h
em i
st
ry
9
2
.2
.2
O
z o n eC
h
em i
str
y
...1 1
2
.2
.3 C h l
o ri
n eD i
o xi d
eC h
em i
st
ry
1 3
2
.3
M
i
x ed O
xi
d
a nt
G
en
e r at
i
o nT
e ch
n ol
og y
15
2
.4 I
nt
e r a cti
o n sB
etw
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O
xi d
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s19
3
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xp
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al
M
eth
o
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s2
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xp
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l D
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1 S C O
L
A C h
a ra c t
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o
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3
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M
od
el
W
at
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i
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I V
3
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.3 P
r ep
a r at
i
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St
a nd
a rd i
z ati
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ol
ut
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3
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.4 P
r ep
arat
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um
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to
ck So
lu
t
i
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3
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xp
eri
m
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al P
roc ed
u r es2
4
3 3
.1 S C O L A C h
a r a cte
ri
zati
o n2 4
3
.3
.2
M
od
el
W
a te rS
tud i
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6
3
.3
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e al
W
ate r
S
t
ud i
e s2 8
3
.4 A
n al y
t
i
cal
M
et
h
od
s2 9
3
.4
.1 l
od
om
etri
cM
et
h
od
2 9
3 4
.2 A m p
e r om
etr
i
cT i
tr
at
i
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F
re e
C h l
o ri
n e3 0
3
.4 3 A m p
erom
etr
i
cT i
tr a
t
io
n -T
ot
al O
xid
a nts
3 0
3
.4
.4 D if f
e r ent
i
al A
m
p
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etr
i
cT i
tr
ati
o n3 1
3
.4 5 I
nd i g
oD
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o ri
z at
i
o nP
r o c ed
ure3 2
3 4 6 T H
M
A
n al y
si
s3 3
3
.4
.7
M
e as u r em
e nt
of p H
a nd O
R P
3 3
4
.R
e s ult
s and D i
s c u s si
o n3 4
4 1 S C O L A C h
a ract
e ri
z ati
on3 4
4 2
M
od
el
W
ate r
St
ud i
e s3 9
4
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e al
W
at
e rS
t
ud i
e s4
7
4
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O
th
erS
t
ud i
es5 9
4
.4
.1 S C O L A S
ta
b i li
t
y S
t
ud i
e s5 9
4
.4
.2 S h
ort
-
T
e rm T H
M
F
or
m
a ti
onS
tu
d i
es6 4
4
.5 D i
s c u s si
on6 6
5
.C
o n cl
u si
ons a nd R
ecom m
end
ati
o n s7 1
5 2
I
m p l i
c ati
o n s of R
esul
t
st
oWa
t
erT
r eatm
e nt
P
r a cti
c e7 2
5
.3 R
e c om
m
e nd
ati
o n sf
o rF
ut
u r eR
e s e a r ch
7 3
R
ef
e r e n c e s7 4
A p p
end i
xA
:R
es ul
t
s of 6
-v ol
t
B P S
and 1 2
-v ol
t
S B S E
xV I
L i
st
of F i g
u r e sF i
g
u r eP
ag
e2
-1
T
r
i h
al
om
et
h
an eC h
em i
cal St
r uctu r
e s3
2
-2
E f f
e ct
of p H
onC h l
ori
neS p
eci
esD i
st
ri b
uti
on at
2 5
°C
10
2
-3
S
ch
em
ati
c o
f
M
I O X S y
st
em
E l
e ctr o
l y
si
sC
el l
1 7
3
-1
M
I O X S y
stem
C
o nf
ig
u rat
i
on2 5
3
-2
E
xp
e ri m
e nta
l P
r o c ed
u r e sf
o rM
od
el
a nd R
e al
W
ate r
S
t
ud i
e s2 7
4
-1 E f f
e ct
o
f S C O L A
o nC h l
o ri
n eD
em
a nd i
nM
od
el T
e st
S
ol
ut
i
o n s3 7
4
-2
F
r ee
C h l
ori
ne a nd T
ot
al O
xi d
a nt
C
o nc e ntr
ati
on si
nS C O L A S
ol
uti
onsf
orV
a ri
ou sF l
ow R
ate
s3 8
4
-3
C
om p
a ri
s o n of C h l
o ri
neD
em
and i
nM
ode
l
W
ate
rsT
r eat
ed
w
i
t
h N
aO C l
and w i
t
h S C O L A
4 2
4
-4
C
o
m p
ari
s on of T H
M
F
o rm
ati
oni
nM
ode
l
W
ate
rsT
re ate
d
w
i
t
h N
aO C l
a nd w i
t
h S C O L A
4 3
4
-5
C
om p
a ri
s o n of T
ota
l O
xid
a nt
D
em
a nd i
nM
od
el
W
at
e r sT
r e ate
d w i
t
h N
aO C l
a n
d
w
it
h S C O L A
4 4
4
-6
E f f
e ct
of p H
o nT H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o nf
r om N
aO C l
a nd f
r om S C O L A
4 5
4
-7
C
om p
a ri
s on of C h l
o ri
n eD
em
and i
nT
e st
W
ate
rsT
r e ated w i
t
h N
aO C l
and
w
i
th S C O L A
5 2
4
-8
C
om p
a ri
s on of T H
M
F
o rm
ati
o ni
nT
e st
W
ate r s
T
r e ate
d
w
i
th N
aO C l
a nd w it
h S C O L A
5 3
4
-9
C
om p
ari
s on of T
ota
l O
xi d
antD
em
a nd i
nT
e s tW
ate r
sT
r e at
ed
w i
th N
aO C
l
a n
d w i
t
h S C O L A
5 4
4
-1 0 T T H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o n ve r s u sF
re eC h l
o ri
n e a nd
T
ota
l O
xi d
a nt
D
em
and
si
nR
e al
W
ate r s
T
r e ate
d
w
i
t
h S C 0 L A 3
5 6
4
-1 1 T T H
M
F
or
m
at
i
on ve r s u sF
r e eC h l
ori
n e and T
ota
l O
xi d
an tD
em
and
si
nR
eal
W
ate
rsT
reate
d
w
i
t
h S C O L A
4
5 7
4
-1 2 T T H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o n v e r s u sF
r e eC h l
o ri
n e a nd T
ota
l O
xi d
a nt
D
em
a nd
si
nR
e al
W
at
ersT
reate
d w i
th S C O L A
a nd N
aO C l
5 8
4
-1 3 R
e s ul
ts
of S C 0
L
A
4
S
tab i l i
t
v u
4
-14 R
e s ul
t
s of S C 0 L A 4 S
ta
b il it
y S
t
ud i
e sC
o nd
u ct
ed
at
p H 8
6 3
4
-15 S h
o r
t
-T
erm O
xi d
ant
C
ons u
m p
ti
o nin
H
um
i
cA
ci d S
ol
ut
i
o nT
r e ate
d
w
i
th S C 0 L A 4
6 5
4
-16 S ho r
t
-T
e rm
T T H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o ni
nM
o
d
el
W
at
e r sT
r e ate
d
w
i
th N
aO C l
a nd
w
i
th S C 0 L A 4
6 8
4
-1 7 S ho r
t
-T
er
m
O
xi d
ant
C
o n s um
p
t
i
oni
nM
od
el
W
at
e rT
re a t ed w i
th S C 0 L A 4
V
l l lL
i
st
of T
ab l
e sT
ab l
eP
ag
e2
-1
C
*t
V
al
u e s(
m
g
*m
in
/ L
)
f
o r9 9
P
e r c e nt
I
n a ct
iv a
t
io n
of
M
ic r o o r
g
a nis
m
sw i
t
h
D i
si
nf
e ct
a nt
s at
5 C
7
2
-2
S
t
a nd
a rd
E
l
e ct
r od
eP
ote n
t
ia
l
sf
o rC h
em
i
c al O
xi d
a nt
sU
s ed in
W
at
e rT
r e atm
e nt
8
3
-1 T
e st
M
at
ri
xf
o
rM
od
el
W
at e
rS
t
ud i
e s2 2
3
-2 O
xi d
a nt
S
p
e ci
e sA
n
al
y
z ed
a nd C
o r r e sp
on
d i
ng
A
n
al
y t
ic a
l
M
et
h
od
s2 4
3
-3 S
o u r c e s
U
s ed i
nR
e al
W
at
e rS
t
ud ie s
2 8
4
-1
Su
m m
a ry
of S C O
L
A G
e n e r at
i
o nE
xp
e ri m
e nt
s3 5
4
-2
E
f f
e ct
of S
C
O L A
o nC
h l
o rin e
D
em
an
d
i
nM
od
el T
e st
So
lu
t
i
o n s3
7
4
-3 Su
m m
a ry
of S C O L A C h
a r a ct
e ri
z at
i
o nE
xp
e ri m
e nt
s4 0
4
-4
E
f f
e ct
of V
a ry
i
ng
T O C C
o n c e nt
r at
i
o n o nT
H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o nfr
om
SC O L A
a n
d fr
om N
aO C l
4 1
4
-5 E f f
e ct
of
p
H
on
T
H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o nf
r om
S C O
L
A
an
d N
aO C l
4 5
4
-6 C
o
m
p
a ri
s o n of
T H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o ni
nO
W
A
SA
(
N C
) W
at
e rT
r e at
ed w i
th S C
O L
A
a n
d w i
t
h N
aO C l
4 8
4
-7 C
om
p
a ris o n
of T H
M
F
o rm
a
t
i
o ni
nC in c
in n a
t
i
,
O H
W
at
e rT
r e at
ed w i
t
h SC O L A
a n
d w i
t
h N
aO C l
4 9
4
-8 C
om
p
a ris o n
of
T
H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o ni
nH
a ck
en
s a ck
,N J R
aw
W
ate r
T
r e at
ed w it
h S C O
L
A
a n
d w it
h N
aO C l
5
0
4
-9 C
om
p
a ris o n
of T H
M
F
o rm
at
i
o ni
nE
a st
S
t
.L
o ui
s,
I L R
aw
W
at
e rT
r e at
ed w i
t
h SC O L A
a
n
d w i
th N
aO C l
5 0
4
-10 C
om
p
a
ri
s o no
f T H
M
F
o
rm
at
io n
in
B
o st
o nB
a r,B C R
aw
W
a
t
e rT
re a
t
ed w i
t
h SC O L A
I X
4
-1 1
R
e su
l
t
s of S C
O L
A St
ab i l i
t
y
Stu
d
y
6 2
4
-12 S h
or
t
-T
er
m
O
x
i d
an
t
C
o n
su
m
p
t
io n
in
H
u
m
i
c
A
ci d So
l
u
t
io
n
T
r ea
t
ed w i
t
h SC 0 L A 4
6 5
4
-1 3
R
e su
l
t
s of Sh
o rt
-T
e rm
S
t
ud
y
of F
r e eC
h l
o rin e a
n
d T
ot
al O
xi d
an t
C
on
s um
p
t
i
on
a n
d
T
H
M
F
o rm
at
i
on
in
M
od
e
l T
es
t
S
ol
uti
o n6 7
A
-1
R
e su
l
t
s of
6
-v oh
M
I O X
U
n
i
t E
xp
e ri m
e nt
s7 9
A
-2
R
e s u
l
t
s of 12
-v o
h SA L
-I E
A
ck
n ow
l
ed g
em
e nt
sF i
r st
of
al l
,I w
o ul d l i k
et
ot
h
a nk
t
h
eE I
M
C O C
orp
or at
i
o nf
orp
rovi d i
ng fi
n an ci
al
s up p
ort
f
ort
h i
s r e s e arch
.S
e c o nd l y
,I w i
sh
t
o e xp
re s sm y g
rat
i
t
ud
et
oD
r.D i G i
a n o a nd D
rA i
t
k
e nf
o r se r vi
ng
o nm
y
M
a st
e r's c om m i
t t
e e.P
r of
o u nd
t
h
a nk
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ot
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r.Si
ng
e rf
o rh i
si
n si g h
t
a nd
a s si
st
a n c e, a nd
e sp
e ci
al l y
f
orh i
st
i
m
e.I w
o ul d
al
sol i k
et
o th
a nk D
r.B
r u c eT h
om p
s o n and J
o eT
r um m
of
t
h
eU
ni
v e rsi
t
y
of N
ew
M
e xi
c of
o rt
h
ei
rg
r a ci
o u sh
o sp i
t
ali
t
y d
u ri
ng
m
y
vi
si
t t
oM
I O X
-L
a nd
.
T h
a nk
s al
s ot
oD
a v eB
at t
i g
el l i
f
o rh i
s a n al
y t
i
c al
a s si
st
a n c e, a n
d f
or a n sw
e ri
ng
w
h
at
m
u st
h
av e s e em
ed l i k
e an e nd l
es sb
arr ag
e of
q
u e st
i
o n s.T h
a nk
s a r e al
s oi
n o rd
e rt
oM
a ri
aS
m
i
t
h
,G
r eg H
a r ri
ng
t
o n,M
a rk
W
h i
t
e, a nd J
ef f
T h
om
p
s o nf
o rt
h
ei
r c o nt
ri b
ut
i
o n st
ot
h i
sp
roj
e ct
F i
n al l y
,I
w
oul d l i k
et
o e xp
re s sb y d
eep
est
g
rat
i
t
ud
et
om y w i f
eK i m
,w
h
op
ut
up w i
t
h
m
e, and
c o ok
ed
a nd
cl
e a n ed f
a rm
oret
h
anh
e r sh
ar e,w h i l
eI
sw
e at
ed
aw
ay i
nt
h
el
ab
a nd
t
h
ec o
m p
ut
e r r o om f
o rt
h
ep
a st
y
e a r.M
i
ch
ael T
D
ow
d
C h
ap
t
e r1
-I
nt
r od
u ct
io n
C h lo r
i
n eh
a sb
e e n u s ed
a s adi
si
nf
e ct
a nt
a nd
a n o xi d
a nt
f
o rw
at
e r s up p
l i
e sf
o r o v e r10 0
y
e a r s a nd i
s st
i l l
t
he
m
o st
c om m
o nl y
us
ed d i
si
nfe c
t
a nt
i
nt
h
eU
.S
.(W
at
e rQ
u aU
t
y D
iv
i
s
i
o nD i
sin
f
e ct
i
o nC
om m i
t t
e e,19 9 2
)
.T h
e ap p
e al
o
f
chl
o
ri
n e,
h
ow
e v e r,i
s
di m in
i
s
h i
ng d
u et
ot
h
ef
o rm
ati
o n of
t
ri h
al
om
et
h
a n e s(
T H
M
s)
, a cl
a s s of h
al
og
e n at
ed d
i
si
nf
e cti
o nb y
-p
r od
u ct
s(
D B F
s)
f i
r st
di
s c o v e r ed i
nf i
ni
sh
ed d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e rb y R
o ok
(
1
9
7 4
)
.T H
M
sw
e r el
i
nk
ed
t
ot
h
ep
r a ct
i
c e of
w
at
e r ch l
ori
n
ati
o nb y
th
eN
at
i
o n al
O
rg
a ni
c sR
e c o n n ai
s s a n c eS
u r v ey
c o nd
u ct
ed b
y
t
h
eU
.S
.E
n vir
o
nm
e nt
al Pr
o t
e ct
i
o nA g
e n cy
(
U SE P A
)
i
n19 7 5
(
S
y
m
o n s et
al
.19 7 5
)
.T H
M
s
h
a v eb
e e nl i
nk
ed
t o
g
a st
r oi
nt
e st
i
n al c a n c e r a nd
u rin a r
y
t
r a ct
c a n c e r(
C l
a rk
et
al
.19 8 6
)
.T
H
M
s a r e c u r r e nt
l y
r e
g
ul
at
ed b
y
t
h
eU
S
E P
A
at
am
a xi
m
um
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
l
e v el
(M
C
L
)
of
0
.1
0 m
g
/
L
t
ot
al
t
ri h
al
om
et
h
a n e s(
T T H
M
s
)
b
a s ed
o
n a r u n ni
ng
a n n u al
a v e r ag
eo
f f
o u rq
ua
rt
e rl y
s
am p l
es
p
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
p l
a nt
(
U
.S
.E P A
,
1
9
7
9
)
.T h
e r e a r e s e v e r al
st
r at
eg
i
e sf
o
r co
nt
ro
l l i
ng T H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n .T
h
e s e st
r at
eg i
e sin c
l
ud
es o u r c e
w
at
e r c o nt
r ol
, a n
d
T
H
M
p
r e c u r s o r r em
o v al p
r o c e s s e s,i
.e.g
r a n ul
a r a ct
i
v at
ed
c a rb
o n(
G
A
C
)
ad
s o rp
t
i
o n a nd m
em b
r a n efi l
t
r at
i
o n.A
no t
h
e rT H
M
c o nt
r ol
st
r at
eg y
, ai
r st
ri
p p i
ng
,r e
m
o v e sT H
M
sf
r om
w
at
e r af
t
e rt
h
ey h
a v eb
e e nf
o rm
ed
.T h i
s r ep
o rt
ad d
r e s s e sy
et
a n ot
h
e rT H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n c o nt
r ol
st
r at
eg y
,t
h
e u s e of
al
t
e r n at
i
v ed i
si
nf
e ct
a nt
s/
o xi d
a nt
s.T w
o c om m
o nl
y
u s ed
a
l
t
e r n at
i
v ed i
s
i
nf
e ct
a nt
s/
o xi d
a nt
s a r e ch l
o
rin e
di
o xi de
(
C I O
2)
a nd
o z o n e(
O
3)
.B
ot
h
C I O
2 a nd O
3T h
ep
rim
a ry
ob
j
e ct
i
v e of
th is
st
ud
y w
a sto
a s s e s st
h
ef
o rm
at
i
o n of
T H
M
sb
y
"M
I OX
", a ne
l
e ctr o
l y
t
i
cm
i
x ed
o xi d
a nt
g
e n e r at
i
o
n sy
st
em
d
e v elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
eL
os
A l
am
o
sT
e ch
ni
c al A
s s o ci
ate
s
(
L A T
A
)
of A l b
uq
u e rq
u e,N
ew
M
e xi
c o .T h
eM
I
O X
sy
st
em p
r od
u c e s am
i
x ed
o xi d
a nt
s o
l
uti
o
nb
y
el
e ct
r ol
y
zi
ng
b
ri
n e a nd
s
ep
a r at
in
g
th
e r e s ul
t
in
g
p
r od
u ct
s.T h
e a no
di
c
p
ro
d
u ct
,t e r
m
ed
"
SC O L A
"(
s
olu
t
i
o n co
m
i
ng
of
f
L A
T
A
's
a n od
e)
,i
s a ci d i
c a nd i
sp
r e s um
ed
to
co
nt
ain
ch
l
o r
i
ne
,o
zo
n e, ch l
o rin e
d io
xi d
e,h
y
dr o
g
e np
e ro
xi de
, a nd p
o
s si b l y
s om
e r adi
c al
sp
e cie s
.T h
e c a t
h
o
d i
cp
ro
d
u ct
i
s a
m i l d b
a s et
h
at
c o nt
ai
n s s odi
um h
y
dr o x
i d
e a nd
h y
dr o
g
e n.T h
e a n od i
c a nd
c at
h
o
d i
cp
r od
u ct
s a r e s ep
a r at
ed w i
t
h i
nt
h
e el
e ctr o
l y
si
s c el l
.A
s e c o nd
a ry
ob
j
e ct
i
v e of
t
h
ei
n v e st
i g
at
io n
w
a st
o ch
a r a ct
e ri
z et
h
em i
x ed
o xi
d
a nt
str e a
m
,S C O
L
A
.T
h
ep
ri m
a ry
ob
j
e ct
iv e
w
a sm
et
b
y
t
r e ati
ng
a s e ri
e s of w
ate r s
w i
t
h
S
C O L
A
a nd
m
e asu r
in
g
T H
M
c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s a nd
r e si d
u al
o xi d
a nt
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o
n s u nde r a
s
et
of
c o nt
ro
l l
ed
t
r e at
m
e nt
c o
ndi
t
io
ns
.B
o t
h
m
od
el w
ate r s o
f
w
el l
-k
n
o
w
n che
m ic a
l
c om p
o s
i
t
io
n as
w
el l
a s s e v e ral
r ea
l
w
a t e
rs
f
ro
m l
o
c at
i
o n si
nt
h
eU
.S
. a nd C
a n ad
aw
e r e u s ed
.T h
e r e s ul
t
sw
e r e c om
p
a r ed
t
ot
h
o s e ob
t
ai
n ed
u s
i
ng
a n eq
ui
v al
e nt
am
o u nt
of N
aO C
l
.T h i
s st
ud y
al
s o e v al
u ate
d
t
h
e ef f
e ct
s of
t
ot
al
o rg
a ni
cc a r
b
o n(
T
O C
)
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n a nd p H
o nT H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o ni
nS C O
L A
-t
r e at
ed w
ate r s
C h
ap
t
e r2
-B
a ck
g
r o u nd
2
.1
T
H
M
F
o rm
at
i
on
an
d C
on t
r ol
2
.1
.1 T H
M
F
o
rm
at
i
o
nT
H
M
s a r e v ol
at
i l
e,h
al
og
e n at
ed
D
B
F
st
h
at
a r ef
o
rm
ed f
ro
m
t
h
e r e a cti
o n of
ch l
o ri
n
e a nd
b
r om i d
ew
i
t
h
n at
u r al
o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e r(
N O
M
)
t
h
at
i
sp
r e s e nt
i
n al l
w
at
e r s up p
l
i
e s.A
g
e n e r al
r
e
a ct
i
o
nt
h
at
il l
us t
r at
e sT H
M
f
o rm
ati
o
ni
s t
h
ef
ol l
ow
i
ng
:H O C l
+
B
r "+
N O
M
-—
>
T
H
M
s+
ot
h
e rh
al
og
e n at
ed D
B F
s(
1
)
M
o r es
p
e ci fi
c al l y
,T H
M
s a r ef
o rm
ed f
r om
s ub
sti
t
uti
o
n r e a ct
i
o n si
nw
h i
ch
t
h
r e e of
t
h
eh y d
ro
g
en
a
t
om
s
of
am
et
h
an
es t
r u ct
u r e a r e r ep l
a c ed
b
y
a ch
l
o
ri
n e o r ab
ro
m i
n e at o
m
(
s
e eF i g
u r e2
-1
)
.
?
F
o re x
am p
l
e :9
1
9
'
H
-
C
-C I
H
-C
-C I
'
C I
'B
r
X
X
=C I
o rB
rC h l
o r of
o rm
B
r om
od i
ch l
o r om
et
h
a n e(
T
ri
ch l
o r om
et h
a n e)
I
nt
h
e ab
s e n c e of b
r om
i
d
ei
o n, o nl y
ch l
o r of
o rm
(
C
H
C
I
3)
w i l l
b
ef
o
rm
ed
.W
h
e nb
r om
i d
ei
sp
r es
e nt
,i
t
c a nbe
o
xi di
z ed b y
ch l
o rin e
t o
hy p
ob
ro
m
o
us
a ci d
(
H O B
r)
,w
h i
ch i
nt
urn
w
i l l
re a c t
w
i
t
h
N O
M
t
of
o rm
t
h
eb
r om
i
n at
ed
sp
e ci
e sb
r om
of
o rm
(
C H
B
r s)
.T h
e a ct
i
o
no
f
b
ot
h
ch l
o ri
n e a nd
h y p
ob
r om
o u s a ci d l
e ads
t
ot
h
ef
o rm
at
io n
of
t
h
em
i
x ed br o
m
o-c
h l
o r o sp
e ci
e s,b
r om
odi
ch
lo r o
m
et
h
a n e(
C H B
rC l
2)
a nd di b
r om
o ch l
o
ro
m
et
h
a n e(
C H
B
r 2C l)
.P
a r am
et
e r st
h
at
i
nf l
u e n c et
h
el
e v el
of T H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o ni
n cl
ud
et
h
ef
ol l
ow i
ng
:
-p H
-
T
em p
e r at
u r e-
N
a
t
u r e a nd
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o
no
f N O
M
-
C
o nt
a ct t
i
m
e-
C h l
o rin e
d
o s e a nd
r e si d
u al
-
B
r o
m
i d
e c o nc
e nt
r at
i
o nT
H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o
ni
s
ab
a s e-c a
t
al
y
z ed
r e a ct
i
o nt
h
at
h
a s
b
e e ns
h
o
w
nt
oi
n c r e a s ew
i
t
h
i
n c r e a si
ng p
H
(
J
oh
n s o n a nd
J
e n s e n,1
9 8 6
)
.T
h
e n at
u r e of
t
h
eN
O
M
h
a s a si g
ni
f i
c an t
i
m p
a ct
o nt
h
el
e v el
of
T H
M
sf
o rm
ed i
n ch l
o ri
n at
ed w
at
e r s.W
o rk d
o n eb
y R
e ck h
ow
,Sin
g
e r, a nd
M
al
c ol
m
(
1
9 9 0
)
s
h
ow
ed
ag
o od
c o r r el
at
i
o nb
et
w
e e nT H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n a nd
t
h
ea
ct
i
v at
ed
a r om
at
i
c c o nt
e nt
of
N O
M
.H
ow
e v e r,t
h
eh y d
r op h i h
cf
r a ct
i
o nm
ay
al
s o c o nt
ri b
ut
e si g
ni f i
c a nt
l
y
t
oT H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n(
O
w
e n et
al
.,1
9 9 2
)
.T
o t
al O
rg
a ni
cC
a rb
o n(
T O C
)
a nd U V
-
2 5 4
ab
s o
rb
a n c e a r et
w
o s u r ro
g
a t
e sf
o rD B
P
p
r e c u r s o r st
h
at
h
a v eb
e e n r ep
o rt
ed
;
c o r r el
at
i
o n sb
et
w
e e nt
h
e s ep
a r am
et
e r s an
d
T H
M
T h
e r el
at
i
o n sh i p
sb
et
w
e e nt
h
e af
o r em
e nt
i
o n ed p
a r am
et
e r s a nd
T
H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o nh
a sb
e e ns
t
ud i
ed b y
s e v e r al
r e s e a r ch
e r si
n a n ef f
o rt t
od
e v el
op p
r ed i
ct
i
v em
od
el
s of T H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n .O
n es u c
h
m
o
d
el i
st
h
at
d
e v el
op
ed b
y
A m
y
et
al
.(
1
9 8 7
)
:T T H
M
=
0
.0 0 3 0 9
[ (
T
O C
)(
U V
-2 5 4
)]
°'*^ °(
C l
2)
" ^'^^
(
t
)
° ^ * ^(
T
)
' ° ^X
(
p H
-2
.6
)
0
^ ' ^
(
B
r +l
)
'' " ^ ^(
2
)
w h
e r eT
T
H
M
i
st
h
et
ot
al
t
ri h
al
om
et
h
a n e c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n(
um
ol/
L
)
,T O C i
st
h
et o t
al
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o nc o
n c e nt
ra t
i
o n(
m g/
L
)
,U
V
-2 5
4 i
s
t
h
e ab
so
rb
a
n c e at
2
5
4
nm
(
cm
"'
)
,C
I
2i
st
h
e ch
l
o ri
n ed
o s
e(
m
g
/
L
)
,t
i
st
i m
e(
h
o u r s)
,T i
st
em p
e r at
u r e(
°
C
)
, a nd B
ri
sb
ro
m i d
e c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n(
m
g
/ L
)
.2
1
.2
T H
M
C
o
nt
ro
l
Si
n c et
h
e r eg
ul
at
i
o
no
f
T H
M
s
b
y
t
h
eE P
A
i
n1
9 7 9
(
U
.S
.E
P A
,1
9 7 9
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