Unit 2 Bacteria Viruses (revised)

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BELLRINGER

**5 Minutes

1.) What is bacteria?

2.) What is a virus?

3.) What are some causes of bacteria?

4.) Give an example of how bacteria

spreads?

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• _{Question? What is this?}

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• _{Journal Question? What is this?}

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Unit 2:

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms

• _{8.L.1.1: Summarize the basic characteristics of viruses,}

bacteria, fungi and parasites relating to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease

• _{8.L.1.2: Explain the difference between epidemic and}

pandemic as it relates to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease.

 8.L.1 Understand the hazards caused by agents of

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Microbiology

• _{Microbiology: Science that studies extremely} small forms of life (such as bacteria and

viruses)

• Microbes: a microorganism

Bacteria Viruses Protists

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DOMAIN BACTERIA

Part I

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 Archaea: Unicellular microorganisms that is

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 Archaea: Unicellular microorganisms that is

genetically different from bacteria and eukaryotes.

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•

Yellowstone National Park

_Archaea:

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• _{Archaea also thrive in mud and they are}

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• _{Although Archaeans can live in extreme} environments, they are found just about everywhere on planet earth.

– _and_maybe_{other places in the solar system and}

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Bacteria

• _{Bacteriology is the study of bacteria} • _{Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular}

organisms containing DNA and ribosomes.

• _{Bacteria have ALL the characteristics of living} things.

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Bacterial Structure

• Basic structure of bacteria:

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 Domain Bacteria is composed of

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microorganisms that are much more common than Archaea and live almost anywhere.

There are more

Bacteria in your mouth

than there are people on

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 Prokaryotic (No nucleus) and no internal

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organelles.

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• _{Human Cell Frog Cell}

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• _{Human Cell Bacteria Cell}

Eukaryotic – Nucleus and membrane bound

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• _{Human Cell Bacteria Cell} Eukaryotic – Nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic Cell – Nucleoid,

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Which cell has a nucleus (Eukaryotic), and which is a bacteria (Prokaryotic).

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Which cell has a nucleus (Eukaryotic), and which is a bacteria (Prokaryotic).

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Cell with nucleus Cell without nucleus Eukaryotic

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Cell with nucleus Cell without nucleus Eukaryotic

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Cell with nucleus Cell without nucleus

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic (Bacteria)

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Cell with nucleus Cell without nucleus

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic (Bacteria)

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Bacterial Structure

• _{Bacteria have three distinct shapes:}

 spherical  (cocci)

 rod-shaped  (bacilli)

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 Types of Bacteria

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Note: Not every

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 Sphere (Round) Shaped: Cocci

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 Rod shaped: Bacilli

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 Spiral shaped: Spirilla

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Mus

cle

Mem

ory

. 

Cocc

_i



Bac

illi



Spiri

_lla

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Make the symbol.

• Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla, Mycoplasma.

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Make the symbol.

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Make the symbol.

• Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilli, Mycoplasma.

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Make the symbol.

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 Diplo = Pair

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 Diplo = Pair

Some diplococcus can

be encapsulated

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 Staphylo = Cluster

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 Strepto = Chain

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BELLRINGER

**7 Minutes

1.) What are the 3 different forms of bacterial structure? Sketch each one.

2.) What are the 3 different ways that bacteria are organized together?

3.) Give an example of how bacteria spreads? 4.) What is the difference between eukaryote & prokaryote?

5.)Define the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic?

ONCE BELLRINGER IS COMPLETE

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How Do Pathogenic Bacteria

Work?

 Bacteria produce disease in one of two

ways:

 Using cells for food: The bacteria break

down healthy cells for food, destroying tissues

 Releasing toxins: The bacteria produce

a toxin (poisonous protein) that is

released into the bloodstream where it

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Bacteria

 _{A rather vocal minority (less than 1%) of}

bacteria cause disease in humans, animals, and plants.

 _{Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases:}

 _{Food Poisoning} _{– Scarlet Fever}  _Tuberculosis _{– Whooping Cough}  _Cholera _{– Bacterial Meningitis}  _Syphilis _{– Pneumonia}

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Bacteria

 Bacteria have a variety of important uses:

 Help make interesting food _{(buttermilk, yogurt, cheese,} sauerkraut, pickles, and olives, etc…)

 Decompose organic matter _{(recycle nutrients from dead} organisms; break down sewage into simpler compounds)

 _{Nitrogen fixation}_{(chemically changes nitrogen gas, N}₂_, into ammonia, NH₃, so plants can make amino acids)

 Human health _{(bacteria on skin help prevent infection &} bacteria in gut helps digest food & make vitamins)

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Positives (+) Negatives (-)

-

--

What are some positive and negatives

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• _{Please record notes on the positives and}

negatives of bacteria.

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BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

1.) What is microbiology?

2.) What are the three types of bacteria? Sketch their shape.

3.) What are the 3 types of ways they can organize together? Sketch their shape.

4.) List 3 negative and positive things associated with bacteria.

5.) How does pathogenic bacteria produce disease? (2 ways)

6.) What is the difference between eukaryote & prokaryote?

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How do they get their energy?

 Autotrophic: can make their own food

using either energy from the sun or chemicals in the environment

 Heterotrophic: cannot make their own

food; get food by eating other organisms or the food made by other organisms

 Cell respiration: breaking down food to

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In Class Activity: Bacteria Reproduction You went to Applebee’s and you order an appetizer sampler. There is some leftover chicken tenders from

an earlier meal ordered at 12:00pm sitting on the counter, so the cook adds it to your plate and serves it

to you. You receive your order at 8:00pm.  The next day you realize that you have food poisoning.

 48 million people get food poisoning 128,000 get hospitalized

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In Class Activity: Bacteria Reproduction

 Bacteria reproduces best with

time, food, water/moisture and warmth.

 One bacterium splits every 20

minutes. Calculate and graph how many bacteria were

present on your meal after 8 hours.

 Final product must include: 1. a complete graph with

labeled X-axis and Y-axis

2. A table summarizing

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Viruses

 Virus-tiny nonliving things that can enter a

living cell and reproduce inside the cell

 Viruses are not living things because viruses are

not made of cells. Viruses also cannot make or use food. Viruses act like parasites.

 Viruses are “biological entities” containing

either DNA or RNA that require another cell to survive.

 Viruses seem to exist only to make more

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Viruses

 _{Viruses can cause disease in humans, animals, plants,}

and even bacteria!

 _{Viruses can cause a variety of diseases:}

 _{Common cold} _{– Polio}  _Ebola _{-- Smallpox}

 _{Hepatitis A, B & C} _{– Influenza}  _Herpes _{– Mumps}

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Parts of a Virus



Capsid/Protein Coat:

protects

the genetic material.



Inner core:

DNA or RNA genetic

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Viral Structure

 _{All viruses have the same basic structure:}

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Virus relationship

 Parasite: an organism that lives on or in a

host organism, causing it harm

 Host: an organism that supplies energy to a

virus or another organism

 **_{Almost all viruses kill the host cells in which they}

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How Do Viruses Work?

 _{In order to replicate and make copies of itself,}

viruses need a host cell. Any living cell can become a host cell (human, animal, plant, and even bacterial cells!)

 _{Without a host cell,}_viruses _{cannot function}

(ex. are harmless!)

 Although any cell can theoretically become a host

cell, specific viruses will only infect specific cells

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How Do Viruses Work?

 _Attach:_{The capsid of the virus binds to receptor}

proteins on the surface of a host cell, tricking the host cell into thinking it’s not a foreign invader.

 _Inject:_{The virus then injects its genetic material (DNA}

or RNA) into the host cell.

 _Assemble:_{The viral genes are expressed, turning the}

host cell into a virus-making factory.

 _Repeat:_{The host cell eventually bursts, releasing the}

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A virus’s genetic material takes over any of the

cell’s functions. It instructs the cell to produce the virus’s proteins and genetic material. These proteins & genetic material then assemble into new viruses

Active virus- the virus multiplies as soon it

enters the cell

Hidden virus- the virus may stay inactive for

years, when conditions are right, they can suddenly become active

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What is the difference

between an active and hidden

virus?

• The genetic material of a hidden virus can

“hide” inside of the cell.

• It is undetected or hidden so the cell can not

attack the virus!

• You can NEVER get rid of a hidden virus…

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Typhoid Mary

 Mary Mallone: Typhoid Mary

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Protection

 _{There are a few big ways to protect yourself}

against pathogens (disease causing agents)

 _Antibiotics_{(drugs to kill bacteria)}  _Antivirals_{(drugs to treat viruses)}

 _Vaccination_{(using your body’s own immune}

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Antibiotics

 Antibiotics- a chemical that kills bacteria without harming

a person

 Antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial

infections! Currently, no medications can cure viral infections.

 _Target_{specific structures}_{on bacteria to kill them.}

 _{First made from a fungus}_{(penicillin), now most are}

made artificially.

 _{Unfortunately,}_{antibiotic resistance}_{(where the antibiotic}

doesn’t kill the target bacteria anymore) is becoming a

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Antivirals

 Antivirals can only be used to treat certain viral

infections!

 Does not “kill” or disarm the virus permanently; only

shortens symptoms by 1-2 days.

 Usually only prescribed to patients with life threatening

symptoms or those that have a greater chance of

developing complications (because of their age or they have a high-risk medical condition).

 Just like antibiotics, there is evidence of antiviral

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Vaccination

 _Vaccine_-_{causes the body to produce chemicals that}

destroy certain viruses or bacteria

 _Vaccines_{can only be used to}_prevent_infections

(both viral and bacterial) from leading to disease.

 _{“Trick” your immune system to make}_antibodies_that

destroy foreign “bodies” or particles (such as

bacteria and viruses). Your body remembers how to make these antibodies when the real thing invades.

 _{Made from a}_weakened _virus_,_inactivated _virus_{, or}

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Vaccines of Today Measles Mumps Rubella Polio Flu

Chicken Pox*

HPV (Human Papilloma

Virus)*

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Important Note:

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Bacteria and your

Health

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Viruses, Bacteria, & Your

Health

Infectious Disease- an illness that passes

from one organism to another spread

through:

• Contact with an infected person • A contaminated object

• _{An infected animal}

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• _{Disease-causing viruses or bacteria infect a}

person by entering breaks in the skin.

• _{Viruses and bacteria can live in food, soil, &}

water and can be breathed in and swallowed

• _{Touching objects handled by an infected}

person can spread infectious diseases.

(ex. Drinking from the same cup spreads a cup)

• _{Animal bites can spread disease}

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• _{Why should you care about learning}

about infectious diseases?

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• _{Answer! 76+ million Americans contract a}

food borne illness each year.

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– _{Learning about them can help you when the} picture below becomes your home for a few days.

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– _{Learning about them can help you when the} picture below becomes your home for a few days.

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• _{Bacterial Food Poisoning}

– _{81 million cases a year.}

– _{20 of the many thousands of different bacteria} actually are the culprits.

– _{Symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, vomiting,} abdominal cramps, and dehydration.

– _{Salmonella, E.coli.}

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– _{20 of the many thousands of different bacteria} actually are the culprits.

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– _{20 of the many thousands of different bacteria}

actually are the culprits.

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– _{Symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, vomiting,}

abdominal cramps, and dehydration. – _{Salmonella, E.coli.}

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– _{Symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, vomiting,}

abdominal cramps, and dehydration.

– _Salmonella,_E.coli.

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 Bacterial food borne illness can be

prevented by….

 - - -

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 Controlling the initial number of bacteria

present.

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• _{Washing food before preparation and}

serving.

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• _{Where in a restaurant would you expect to}

find the most harmful bacteria?

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• _{Answer! Studies have found the lemon /}

limes have more harmful bacteria on them than even the restrooms.

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– _{Very rarely are the lemons washed before}

they end up in your drink or on your food.

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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What was just on this

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• _{Learning proper hygiene and hand}

washing.

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• _{Why do we turn off the faucet with the}

paper towel?

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• _{Do you think that this bathroom door handle}

is germ free?

-You’ve now washed your hands to just touch a handle that hundreds have touched.

-Most haven’t washed their hands.

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• _{Do you think that this bathroom door handle}

is germ free?

-You’ve now washed your hands to just touch a handle that hundreds have touched.

-Most haven’t washed their hands.

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 Penicillin: Antibiotic that destroys bacteria

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• _{Originally noticed by Ernest Duchesne, in 1896.}

– _{Penicillin was re-discovered by bacteriologist}

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• _Penicillin_{won’t kill a virus,}_{it only attacks}

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• _{Penicillin won’t kill a virus, it only attacks}

bacteria.

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How do they Reproduce?



Binary Fission

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 Binary Fission: The process by which a

bacterium multiplies by splitting in two.

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 In asexual reproduction, one individual

produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

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In-Class Activity 60 minutes**

Create flyers for a gallery of

“Most Wanted” (pathogenic bacteria).

All flyers must include:

 Provide a mugshot (picture) of the

bacterium

 Disease common name and symptoms  Treatments for the disease

 Scientific name of bacterium (you can

add humor to the name; be CREATIVE!)

 Indicate where it might be found (its

natural hangout)

 Specify it’s crime (ex. Poison suspect)  How the disease can be prevented

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BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

1.) What are Archaea? Where can they be found in the human body?

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BELLRINGER 12 minutes**

1.)What is microbiology?

2.) What is the difference between a eukaryote & prokaryote? 3.) Define the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic? 4.) What are the three types of bacteria & the 3 types of ways they can be organized? Sketch their shape.

5.) List 3 negative and positive things associated with bacteria. 6.) How does pathogenic bacteria produce disease? (2 ways)

7.) What is a virus? What are the two parts? Give 2 examples of viral infections/diseases.

8.) Explain how viruses work?

(164)

BELLRINGER 12 minutes**

1.) What are Archaea? Where in the human body are they found? 2.) What is microbiology?

3.) What are the three types of bacteria & the 3 types of ways they can be organized? Sketch their shape.

4.) List 3 negative and positive things associated with bacteria. 5.) How does pathogenic bacteria produce disease? (2 ways)

6.) What is a virus? What are the two parts? Give 2 examples of viral infections/diseases.

7.) Explain how viruses work?

8.) What is a hidden virus and a active virus? 9.) How are bacterial infections treated?

10.) How are viral infections treated or prevented?

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Types of Bacteria



Lactobacillus

acidophilus



Bacillus subtillis



Bififdobacteriu

animalis



Streptococcus

thermophilus



Lactobacillus

reuteri



Streptococcus

Pyogenes



Escherichia Coli



Vibrio Cholerae



Enteritis

Salmonella

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BELLRINGER 5 minutes**

1.) What are Archaea? 2.) What is microbiology? 3.) What is bacteria?

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BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

1.) What are Archaea? Where can they be found in the human body?

(168)

Bellringer 7 minutes**

Define at least 10 of the Unit 2 vocabulary words .

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Flu Attack Video 10 minutes**

1.) What is a virus?

2.) Name 2 ways in which people can contract a virus?

3.) How does a virus work?

4.) What are the 2 main parts of a virus? 5.) Name 2 viral infections/diseases.

Unit 2 Bacteria Viruses (revised)

BELLRINGER

**5 Minutes

1.) What is bacteria?

2.) What is a virus?

3.) What are some causes of bacteria?

4.) Give an example of how bacteria

spreads?

Unit 2:

Microbiology

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Part I

Yellowstone National Park

Bacteria

Bacterial Structure

There are more

Bacteria in your mouth

than there are people on

Bacterial Structure

Note: Not every

Mus

cle

Mem

ory

Cocc

i

Bac

illi

Spiri

lla

Some diplococcus can

be encapsulated

BELLRINGER

**7 Minutes

How Do Pathogenic Bacteria

Work?

Bacteria

Bacteria

BELLRINGER **10 minutes

How do they get their energy?

Viruses

Viruses

Parts of a Virus

Capsid/Protein Coat:

protects

the genetic material.

Inner core:

DNA or RNA genetic

Viral Structure

Virus relationship

How Do Viruses Work?

How Do Viruses Work?

What is the difference

between an active and hidden

virus?

Typhoid Mary

Protection

Antibiotics

Antivirals

Vaccination

Important Note:

Bacteria and your

Health

Viruses, Bacteria, & Your

Health

Infectious Disease- an illness that passes

from one organism to another spread

through:

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

What was just on this

How do they Reproduce?



Binary Fission

In-Class Activity **60 minutes

_i

_lla

BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

In-Class Activity 60 minutes**

BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

BELLRINGER 12 minutes**

BELLRINGER 12 minutes**

BELLRINGER 5 minutes**

BELLRINGER 10 minutes**

Bellringer 7 minutes**

Flu Attack Video 10 minutes**