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A B ST R A C T
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v al
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t
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4
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4
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C
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p
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t
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h D i f f
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p H 6 5
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t
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H
.4 2
4
.1 0
P
r of
il
e s of T H
M
4 F
orm
at
i
o nP
ot
e nt
i
al
sf
orP
r e-
O
zo n at
i
o nE
xp
e ri
m
e nt
s.4 4
4
.1 l A
T H
M
S p
eci
at
i
o ni
nR
aw
W
at
e r a nd F i l
t
ered
W
ate
rB
ef
ore a nd
A
f
t
e r2 0 0
jUg / L B
rom i de
S p i k
ei
nP
r e-O
z on at
i
o nE
xp
eri
m
ents
i
nW
h i
ch
O
zonati
o n a nd C
o ag
ul
at
i
o nw
ereC
ond
u cte
d
at
p H 6 5
4 5
4
.1 I B
T H
M
Sp
e ci
at
i
o ni
nR
aw
W
at
e r a nd F i l
t
e r ed
W
ate
rB
ef
o r e a nd A f
t
e r2 0 0
i
^g / L B
r om
i d
eS p ik
ei
nP
r e-O
z o n ati
o nE
xp
e ri
m
e nts
i
nW
h i
ch
O
z o n ati
on a nd C
o ag
ul
at
i
o nw
e r eC
ond
u ct
ed
at
A
m
b i
ent
p H
4 6
4
.1 2
P
r ofi l
e s of H A A 9 F
o rm
at
i
o nP
ot
e nt
i
al
sfo
rP
r e -O
z ona
t
i
o nN
um
b
erT i
t l
eP
ag
eN
um b
e r4
.1 3
H
A
A S
p
eci
at
i
o ni
nR
aw
and F i l
t
e red
W
at
e rB
ef
or e and A f
t
e r2 0 0
/
ig / L B
rom i d
eSp i k
ei
nP
re-O
z o nati
o nE
xp
e ri
m
e nt
si
nWh i
ch
O
z o n ati
o n a nd C
o ag
ul
at
i
o nw
e r eC
o nd
u ct
ed
at
A
m
b i
e nt
p H
.4 8
4
.1 4
T
u rb i d i
t y
P
rof
il
e sf
o rt
h
eT h
r eeI
nt
erm
ed i
at
e-
O
z o n at
i
o n
E
xp
eri
m
e nt
s.4 9
4
.1 5
C
om
p
ari
s o n of F il
t
e r ed
W
at
erT
u rb i d i
t
y
W
i
t
h D i f f
e r e nt
F i l
t
e rM
ed i
a.4 9
4
.1 6
T O C P
r of
il
esf
o rt
h
eI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e-
O
zo nat
i
o nE
xp
e rim
e nt
s5 0
4
.1 7
D O C P
r of
il
e sf
orth
eI
nt
erm
ed i
at
e-
O
zon at
i
o nE
xp
e ri m
e nt
s5 1
4
.1 8
P
r ofi l
e s of U V A b
so rb
an c e at
2 5 4
nm f
ort
h
eI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e -O
zo n a
t
i
o nE
xp
e ri
m
ent
s5 1
4
.1 9
B D O C P
rofi l
e sf
ort
h
eI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e-
O
zon at
i
o nE
xp
eri
m
ent
s5 2
4
.2 0
C
om
p
ar is o n of B D O C m F i l
t
e r ed
W
at
erW
it
h D i f f
e rent
F i l
t
e rM
ed i
a5 3
4
.2 1
P
r ofi l
es of
T
H
M
4
F
orm
at
i
o nP
ot
e nt
i
al
sf
orI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e-
O
zo n ati
o n
E
xp
e ri
m
ent
s5 5
4
.2 2
T H
M
S p
e ci
ati
o ni
nR
aw
a nd F i l
t
e r ed
W
at
e rB
ef
ore a nd A f
t
e r2 0 0
l
ug
/ L B
rom
i d
eS
p
i k
ei
nI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e-O
zo nat
i
o nE
xp
e ri
m
ent
s5 5
4
.2 3
P
r ofi l
es of H A A 9 F
o rm
ati
o nP
ot
enti
al
sf
o rI
nt
e rm
ed i
at
e-
O
z o n at
i
o nE
xp
e ri
m
e nt
s5 6
4
.2 4
H A A S p
eci
at
i
o ni
nR
aw
a nd F il
t
e r ed
W
at
erB
ef
ore a nd A f
t
er2 0 0
y
ug / L
B
r om i d
eS p i k
ei
nI
nt
erm
ed i
at
e-O
z o n ati
o nE
xp
eri m
e nt
s5 7
4
.2 5
R
el
at
i
on sh ip B
etw
e e nR
el
at
i
v eR
ed
uct
i
on of T H
M
4 F
orm
at
i
o nP
ot
ent
i
al
s a nd
R
el
ati
v eR
ed
uct
i
o n of U V A b
s o rb
a nce at
2 5 4
nm
5 8
4
.2 6
R
el
ati
o n sh ip B
etw
e enR
el
ati
v eR
ed
u cti
on of H A A 9 F
o rm
at
i
o nP
ot
ent
i
al
s a nd
R
el
ati
v eR
ed
u ct
i
o n of U V A b
s orb
a n ce at
2 5 4
nm
5 8
4
.2 7
R
el
ati
o n sh ip B
et
w
e e nC h
ang
ei
nU V A b
so rb
a nc e at
2 7 2
nm
a nd C h l
ori
n eC
o n s um p
t
i
o n6 3
4
.2 8
R
el
ati
o n sh ip B
et
w
e e nt
h
eF
o rm
at
i
o n of T H
M
4
a nd H A A 9
a nd
A U V 2 7 2
6 4
4
.2 9
R
el
ati
on sh i
p
B
et
w
e e nT H
M
4
a nd H A A 9 F
orm
ati
on , o nM
a s sB
asi
s6 5
4
.3 0
R
el
at
i
o n sh
ip B
et
w
e e nT H
M
4
a nd H A A 9 F
o rm
ati
o nN
um
b
e rT i
t
l
eP
ag
eN
um
b
e r4
.3 1
R
el
at
i
o n sh i
p
B
et
w
e enC H B
rC l
./ C H C l
j and B
rC U A A / C l
sA A
, o nM
ol
arB
asi
s.6 7
4
.3 2
R
el
at
io n sh i p B
et
w
e e nC H B
rC l
j/ C H C l
j a nd B
rC l A A / C U A A
, o nM
ol
a rL
I ST O F T A
B
L E S
N
um
b
erT i t le
P
a g eN
um
b
e r3
.1
T
r e at
m
e nt
T
rai
n sE
v al
u at
ed
1 7
3
.2
G
asC h
r om
at
og
rap h i
cC
o nd i
t
i
o n sf
o rT
H
M
A
n al y
si
s2 6
3
.3
G
a sC h
r om
at
og
r ap h i
cC
o nd i
t
i
o n sf
o rH A A A
n al y
si
s2 9
4
.1
I l l
u st
r at
i
v eSu
m
m
a ry
of E
xp
e ri
m
e nt
al D
at
a3 3
4
.2
O p
e r at
i
ng P
a r am
et
e r s a nd T
r e at
m
e nt
T
a rg
et
sf
o rt
h
eN i
n eP i l
ot
P l
a nt
O p
e r at
i
o n s3 5
4
.3
R
a wfW
at
e rQ
u ah
t
y
C
h
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c sf
o rt
h
eN
i
n eP i l
ot
-P l
a nt
E
xp
eri
m
e nt
s3 5
4
.4
S
im m
iary
of R
el
at
i
v eR
em
o v al E f f i
ci
e n ci
e sf
o rt
h
eN i
n eP i l
ot
-P l
a nt
O p
e r at
i
o n s6 0
4
.5
S
u nm
i a ry
of
O
v e r al l R
em
o v al E f fi
ci
e n ci
e sf
o rt
h
eN i
n eP i l
ot
-P l
a nt
C
H
A P T E
R
1
:
I N T
R O
D
U C
T I
O
N
D i
si
nf
e ct
io n of d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e rb y
ch l
ori
n ep
r od
u c es a num
b
e r of h
al
og
e n at
ed d i
si
nf
e cti
o nb
y
-p
rod
uct
s(
D B
F
s)
A
m
ong t
h
e s e,t
ri
h
al
om
et
h
anes(
T
H
M
s)
and h
al
o ac et i
c a ci
d
s(
H A A
s)
a r e th
ed
om
i
nant
sp
e ci
esf
o u nd i
nf i
ni
sh
ed w
at
e r(
R
o ok
,1 9 7 6;
Q
ui
m
b
y
, et
al
,1 9 8 0
;
K
r a s ne r, et
al
,1 9 8 9
;
S i
ng
er, et
al
,1 9 9 2
)
M
em b
e r s of
th
es etw
o cl
a s s e s of D B F
sh
av eb
e e ni d
ent
ifi
ed
a sp
o s si b l
eh
um
an carci
n og
en s(
N C I
,1 9 7 6
;
R
eg l
i, et
al
,1 9 9 2
)
B
e caus e of
th
eh
e al
th
ri
sk
sa s s oc
i
at
ed w i
th
th
em
,t
h
eU S E
nvi
r o nm
e nt
al P
r ot
e ct
i
o nA g
ency
(
U S E P A
)
b
eg
an r eg
ul
ati
ng
t
h
el
e vel
s of
t
h
e seD B F
si
nfi
ni
sh
ed d
ri
nk i
ng
w
at
erf
rom
a s e a rl
y
a s19 7 9
(
U S E P A
,1 9 7 9
)
T h
ec urren
t
r eg
ul
at
ed l
evel
s a r eg i
venb
y
St
ag
e1
of
t
h
eD i
si
nf
ect
a nt
s/ D i
si
nf
e cti
o nB
y
-P
rod
u ct
s(
D / D B F
)
R
ul
ew h i
ch
est
ab l i
sh
e sm
a xi m
um
co nt
am i
n a nt
l
ev el
s(M
C L
s)
f
o rt
ot
al
t
ri h
al
om
eth
ane s(
T H
M
4
)
and fi
v e of
th
eh
al
oac et
i
c a ci d
s(
H A A S
)
at
8 0
and 6 0
;Ug / L
, r esp
e cti
vel
y
(
U S E P A
,19 9 8
)
A
n um b
er of
re s e arch
e r s(
B
el l
a r, et
al
.,
1 9 7 4
;
R
o ok
,19 7 6
;
S
t
e v e n s, et
al
.,1 9 7 6
;
C h
ri
st
m
an et
al
,1 9 8 3
)
h
ave sh
ow
nt
h
at
n at
ur al
o rg
ani
cm
at
e ri
al
(
N O
M )
,w h i
ch i
sth
em
aj
orc o
m
p
o ne nt
of
t
ot
al
o rg
a ni
c c arb
o n(
T O C
)
i
n r aw
d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
er,i
st
h
ep
ri
n cip
al p
r ec u r s or of
D B F
s.K
a v a naug h
(
19 7 8
)
a nd
B
ab
c o ck
a nd S i
ng
er(
1 9 7 9
)
h
av e sh
ow
n co ag
ul
at
i
o nt
ob
e a ne
f f
e ct
i
vem
et
h
od
of N O
M
r em
o v al
B
a s ed
o nth
e s e a nd
ot
h
erfi
nd i
ng
s,E P A h
a s req
ui
r ed
t
h
ei m p l
em
e nt
at
i
o n of
e nh
a n c ed
coag
ul
at
i
o n—
d
efi
n ed
a sm
od i fi
ed
c o ag
ul
at
i
o nt
o at t
ai
ng
re at
erN O
M
r e
m
o v al
—
f
orth
et
r eat
m
e nt
of
surf
a c ew
at
e r(
U S E P A
,19 9 8
)
B
a s ed
o n raw w
at
er al k
ali
ni
t
y
a nd
T O C
co n c e nt
r at
i
on , a ut
i l i
t
y m
u st
a ch i
e v e a sp
e ci fi
cp
e r c e nt
r em
o v al
of N O
M
—u s
i
ng T O C
ast
h
es u r r o
g
at
e—
b
ef
or eth
ep
oi
nt
of
co nt
i
n u o u sd i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nI f
a uti l i
t
y
c a nnot
ach i
e v et
h
e n e c e s s a ry
T O C
rem
ov al b y
th i
sm
et
h
od
,i
t
canm
eet th
e e nh
a n c ed
c oag
ul
at
i
o n r eq
ui
r em
e nt
sb y p
erf
o rm i
ng
d i
m
i
ni
sh i
ng
r et
ur n "(
P O D R
)
c ri
t
eri
on .W
h i
t
e et al
(
1 9 9 7
)
h
a v e sh
ow
nt
h
at
w
at
ersw i
th
al
ow T O C
c o nt
e nt
a nd/
o r al
ow
sp
e ci fi
cU V
ab
s orb
ance(
S U V A
)
val
ue are not
am
enab l
e t oT O C
r em
ov al b
y
c o ag
ul
ati
onT
oi
n cre as eN O
M
r em
ov al
, ozo nat
i
o n and b i
ofi l
t
rat
i
o nh
aveb
e e n sug
g
e st
ed
t
o ai d
c o ag
ul
at
i
o n(
S
em m
e n s and
S
t
ap l
e s,1
9 8 6
;
M
i
l
t n e r, et
al
,19 9
2 ;
L
eC
o u rt
, et
al
,19 9
7
)
O
zo ne o xi d i
ze sN O
M
t
of
orm
org
ani
cb
y
-p
rod
u ct
st
h
at
a reb i
od
eg
r ad
ab l
e, and
th
eb i
od
eg
rad
ab i l i
t
y
h
a sb
eenq
u anti fi
ed
u si
ng
th
ep
a r am
et
e rb i
od
eg
r ad
ab l
ed i
s sol
ved
org
ani
c c a rb
o n(
B D O C
) (
S
e rvai
s, et
al
,19 8 7
;
J
or et
et
al
,19 8 8
)
.S
p
eit
el
et
al
(
1 9 9 3
)
and K
r a s n e r et
al
.(
19 9 3 b
)
f
o u nd
t
h
att
h
eB D O C
co nt
e nt c anb
ere
m
o v ed b
y
b i
ofi l
t
rat
i
o nO
z o n ati
o n al
s op
r o vi d
e sm i
cr ob i
al i
na ct
i
v ati
o n,th
e r eb
y
se rvi
ng
a s ana
l
t
ern
ati
v ep
ri m
ary d i
si
nf
e ct
a nt t
o ch l
ori
neH
en ce,t
h
e c om
b i
nati
o n of
c oag
ul
ati
o n ,o z o n at
i
o nan
d
b i
ofi l
t
rat
i
on c a nb
e an ef f
e ct
i
v ed
ri
nk i
ng
w
at
ert
r eat
m
ent
s ch
em
ef
rom
a num
b
e r of
s
t
a nd
p
oi
nt
s.H
ow
ev e r,w
at
e rt
re atm
e nt
w i
th
o z o n eh
as s om
ed
raw b
a ck
sO
z o ne canp
rod
u cei
t
s ow
nse
t
of D B
F
s, som
e of w h i
ch
a r ep
o s si b l
eh
um
an c a rci
n og
en s(
G l
a ze, et
al
,19 8 9
;
W
ei
nb
e rg
, et
al
,1 9 9 3
)
.S
p
e cifi
c al l y
,w h
e nb
r om i d
ei
sp
re s e nt
i
nt
h
ew
at
e r,b
rom
at
ei
sp
rod
u c ed
(
H
a ag
and
H
oi g
n e,1 9 8 3
;
v onG
ut
e n a nd H
oi g
ne,19 9 2
)
K
u r ok
aw
a et
al
(
1 9 8 6
)
f
o u nd b
rom
at
et
o c a u s eth
ef
o rm
ati
o n of
re nal
t
um
o r si
n rat
sA
se co nd
p
ot
ent
i
al
neg
ati
v e ef f
e ct
of
o z o n ati
oni
sth
ei
nc r e as ei
nb i
od
eg
r ad
ab i l i
t
y
of
th
e o xi d
at
i
o nb y
-p
r od
u ct
sT h
e rew
o ul d b
e c o ncern s of p
o s si b l
em
i
crob i
al
r e
g
r ow
t
h i
nth
ed i
st
ri b
uti
o n sy
st
em i
n c aseb i
ofi l
t
rat
i
on ca n n ot
ef f
e ct
i
vel
y
r em
o v et
h
eB D O C
c o n
t
e nt
(
S
o nth
eim
er,1 9 7 9
;
J
a n s s e n s, et
al
.,19 8 5
;
S p
ei
t
el
, et
al
.,19 9 3
;
K
r as n er, et
al
.,19 9 3 b
;
L
eC
o u rt
, et
al
,1 9 9 7
)
.T h
e r ew
e r et
w
o ob
j
e ct
i
ve st
ot
h i
s st
ud y
T h
efi
r st
ob
j
e cti
v ew
a st
o e v al
uat
et
h
ee
f f
e ct
i
vene ss of
se v e r al
p
i l
ot
-s c al
et
r e at
m
ent
op t
i
o nsi
nv ol
vi
ng
enh
a nced
c o ag
ul
at
i
o n,o zo nat
i
on ,a n
d b i
ofi l
t
r ati
o n of
a r aw
d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e r c o nt
ai
ni
ng
a r el
afi
v ely l
ow
T O C
c on c e nt
rafi
o n,h i g h
W
ate rC
om
p
a ny
's
W
h i
teR
i
ve rF i l
tr ati
onP l
a n ti
nI
nd i
anap
ol i
s,I N
T h
e v a ri
ab l
e si
nt
h
e tr e atm
ent
t
rai
ni
n cl
ud
ed
t
h
ep
oin
t
of
o z on at
i
onw i
t
h
re sp
ect t
o coag
ul
at
i
o n , ozon ed
o s e req
ui
r ed f
or v a ri
ou sd i
si
nf
e ct
i
o n ob
j
e ct
i
ve s, a nd p H
of
c oag
ul
at
i
o n and
o z o nat
i
o nW
i
t
h
t
h
ei
n c r e a si
ng i
nt
e r e st
i
nb
rom
o-s ub
st
i
t
ut
ed D B F
sd
uet
ot
h
ei
rp
ot
ent
i
al
ca r ci
n og
e ni
ci
t y
,t
h
e ef f
e cts of b
r om i d
e ad d i
t
i
on o nD B F
sp
eci
at
i
o nw
e re al
s oi
n vest
i g
ate
d
.T h
e ef f
e ct
i
v e nes s of
t
h
etr
e at
m
e nt t
rai
n sw
a s a s s e s s ed
b
a s ed
o nt
h
e r em
ov al
of p
ert
in
ent
w
at
e rq
u al i
t y p
a r am
et
e rsi
ncl
ud i
ng
tu r
b
i d i t y
, and T O C
,D O C
2
.1
:I
nt
r od
u ct
i
o nH i
st
o ri
cal l
y
, ch l
ori
n eh
a sb
e e n u s ed
t
o c o nt
r ol m i
cr ob i
al
c o nt
am i
n a nt
si
nd
ri
nk in
g w
at
e rI
t
i
s c o st
-e
f f
e ct
i
v e, r el i
ab
l
e, e a si l y q
u a nt
i f i
ed,
a nd p
r od
u c e s a re si d
u al w h i
ch
c o nt
ri b
ut
e st
oa
d d i
t
i
o n al d i
si
nf
e ct
i
o ni
nt
h
ed i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n sy
st
em
H
ow
e v e r,i
n ch l
ori
n
at
i
ng w
at
e r c o nt
ai
ni
ng
n a
t
ur al
o rg
a ni
cm
at
eri
al
(
N O
M )
,d i
sin
f
e ct
i
o nb y
-p
r odu c
t
s(
D B F
s)
, s om
e of w h i
ch h
a v eb
e e np
r o v e nt
ob
eh
e al
t
h ri
sk
s, a r ep
r od
u c ed
T h
e ob
j
e ct
i
v e s of
t
h i
s ch
ap
t
e r a r et
o r e vi
ew
ch
l
o ri
n at
i
o n a nd
s ub
s eq
u e nt
D B
F
f
o rm
at
i
o n,a n
d
t
o el
ab
o r at
e o nt
h
e ch
em i
st
ry
of N O
M
,t h
ep ri m
a ry D B F p
r e c u r s o r, a nd
t
r e at
m
e nt t
e ch
ni q
u e su s e
d f
o ri
t
s r em
o v al
T h
e s et
e ch
ni q
u e si
n cl
ud
e c o ag
ul
at
i
o n, ozo n at
i
o n, a nd b i
of i l
t
r at
i
o n2
.2
:C h l
o ri
n at
i
o n a nd D i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nb
y
-
P
r od
u ct
s(
D B F
s)
C h l
o ri
n at
i
oni
sg
e n e r al l y
c o nd
u ct
ed
u si
ng h y p
o ch l
o r o u s a ci d
(
H O C l
)
a nd h y p
o ch l
ori
t
e(
O C r
)
T h
e o v eral l
re act
i
o n of
ch l
ori
n ew i
t
h N O
M
c anbe s u
m
m
ari
zed
a sH O
C
I
a nd O C r
+
N O
M
►
H
al
og
e n at
ed
D B F
s(
2 1
)
V
ari
o u s st
ud i
e sh
a v e sh
ow
nt
rih
al
om
et
h
a n e s(
T H
M
s)
a nd h
al
o a c et
i
c a ci ds
(
H A A
s)
t
ob
et
h
et
w
om
aj
o r cl
a s s es of D B F
sp
r od
u c ed f
r om
ch l
o ri
n at
i
o n(
K
r a s n e r,1 9 8 9
;
S i
ng
e r,1 9 9 4
)
h
it
h
ea
b
s e n c e of b
r om
i d
e, ch l
o r of
o rm
a nd d i
- a nd
t
ri
ch l
o ro a c et
i
c a ci d
s a r et
h
ed
om
i
n a nt
sp
e ci
e sin
t
h
ei
r r e sp
e ct
i
v eD B F
cl
a s s e s(
C h ri
st
m
a n et
al
,1 9 8 3
;
R
e ck ho
w
a nd
S
i
ng
e r,1 9 8 4
)
O
t
h
e r cl
a s s e so
f D B F
sf
o rm
ed f
r om
ch l
o ri
n at
i
o ni
n cl
ud
eh
al
o a c et
o ni
t
ri l
e s,h
al
ok
et
o n e s,h
al
op
i
c ri
n s, cy
a n og
e nh
al i d
e s, a nd h
al
o al d
eh y d
e s(
C h ri
st
m
a n, et
al
,1 9 8 3
;
C
ol
em
a n et
al
,1 9 8 4
)
H
ow
e v e r,t
h
e s ei d
ent
i f i
ed
sp
e ci
e sd
o n ot
a c c o u nt
f
or al l
of
t
h
eh
al
og
e n at
ed D B F
sp
r od
u c ed f i
"o
m
ch l
o rin a
t
i
o nS in
g
e r(
1 9 9 3
)
in
d i
c at
e st
h
at
ap p
r o xi
m
at
el y 5 0
%
of
t
h
eh
al
og
e n at
ed D B F S
c om m
o nl y
f
o u nd i
nW
h
e nb
r om
i
d
ei
sp
r e s ent
i
n th
ew
at
e r,h y
p
och l
o r o u s a ci d
re actsw i
t
h b
r om i d
et
op
r od
u c eh y p
ob
r om
ous a ci d
(
H O B
r)
H
y p
ob
rom
ou s aci d i
s a ct
i
v e and,
t
og
et
h
e rw i
t
h H O C l
,w i l l
r eact
w i
t
h
N O
M
t
op
rod
u c em
i
x ed
b
r om
o-ch l
o r o s ub
st
i
t
ute
d
b y
-p
rod
uct
sT h
e ext
e nt
of
b
r om i
n es u
b
st
i
t
ut
i
o ni
sd
ep
end
ent
ont
h
e r a ti
o of
t
h
eb
rom id
e c o n c entr
at
i
o nto
t
h
e ap p l i
ed H O C l d
o s e.G
en e ral l y
,t
h
eh i g h
ert
h
e r at
i
o,t
h
el
a rg
e rt
h
e e xte
nt
of b
rom i
ne s ub
st
i
tu
t
i
on(
S i
ng
e r,1 9 9 3
)
S i
nc et
h
e ob
j
ect
i
ve s of
t
h i
sp
roj
e ct
a r ef
ocu sed
onT H
M
and H A A f
orm
at i
o n and
c o ntr o
l
,t
h
ed i
scu s si
o ni
nt
h i
s r ep
o rt
w i l l b
el i
m
i
te
d
t
ot
h
e s et
w
o cl
a s ses of D B P
sT h
eT H
M
a nd H A A
s
p
e ci
e sp
r od
u ced f
r om
ch l
o ri
n at
i
o n of w
at
e r conta
i
ni
ng N O
M
a nd
si g
ni f
i c a nt
am
ount
s of b
rom i d
ea r e :
T H
M
s:•
C h l
o r of
o rm
(
C H C I
3)
*
D
ib
rom
och l
o r om
et
h
an e(
C H B
r zC l
)
•
B
r om
od i
ch l
o r om
et
h
a n e(
C H B
rC
U
)
*
B
r om
of
o rm
(
C H B
r 3)H A A
s :•
M
o n o ch l
o r oac et
i
c a ci d
(
C l A A
)
*T
rib
rom
oa cet
i
c a ci d
(
B
r 3A A
)
"
M
o n ob
rom
o a cet
i
c a ci d
(
B
rA A
)
*B
r om
och l
oroa c et
i
c aci d
(
B
rC l A A
)
"
D i
ch l
or o a cet
i
c a ci d
(
C I
2A A
)
"
B
rom
od i
ch l
o r oa cet
i
c aci d
(
B
rC l
2A
A
)
•
D i b
r om
oa c et
i
c a ci d
(
B
r 2A A
)
*D
i
b
rom
och l
o ro ac et
i
c a ci d
(
B
r 2C l A
A
)
•
T
ri
ch l
or o a cet
i
c aci d
(
C I
3A A
)
T h
e r e a r e v a ri
o u sf
a ct
o r sg
o v e r ni
ng
t
h
ef
orm
at
i
o n of D B P
si
ncl
ud i
ng p H
, c o nt
act t
i
m
e,te
m
p
er atu r e
,N O
M
ch
a ra ct
eri
st
i
c s, ch l
ori
n ed
ose, and b
r om i d
e c on cen trat
i
o nE
x c ep t
f
ort
h
el
at t
e rt
w
of
acto
rsw h i
ch h
ave al
re ad y b
e e n ad d
r e s s ed i
nt
h
e ab
o v e s e ct
i
o n,t
h
e r em
ai
ni
ng f
a ct
orsa r e