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AB S T RAC T

ST EV E N R . N E B I K ER . Ev a l u a t

i

o n o f Wa t e r A l l o ca t i o n P o l

i

c

i

e s

i

n Ch

i

n a ' s Y e l l o w R

i

v e r Ba s

i

n

.

(

U nd er t he D

i

r e ct

i

o n o f D r . D O N A L D T , LA URI A

)

Th e go a l of t h

i

s s t u d y w a s t o e x am

i

n e t he c o n s e qu en c es of

su r f a c e - w a t e r a l l oc a t

i

o n p o l

i

c

i

e s

i

n t h e Ye l l o w R i v e r b a s

i

n . T h

i

s

go a l w as a c c o mp l

i

s h ed u s

i

n g a ma t he m at

i

c a l op t

i

m

i

z a t

i

o n m od e l

d e v e l op e d b y t he Wo r l d Ba nk . T h e f

i

r st o b

j

e c t

i

v e w a s t o a s s e s s t he

e c o n o m

i

c e f f

i

c

i

e n c y o f t h e u p p er l

i

m

i

t s o n t he u s e o f r

i

v e r w a t e r

f o r

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n a n d o t he r pu r pos e s a s e s t ab l i s he d b y t h e Ch i n e s e

g o v e r n me nt . T h e s e l

i

m

i

t s w e r e de t e r m

i

n ed t o be o v e r l y r e s t r

i

ct

i

ve

f o r s o m e r eg

i

o n s , r e su l t

i

n

g

i

n s

i

gn

i

f

i

c a nt e c o n o m

i

c l os s e s u n l e s s

r e v

i

s ed t o r e f l e c t t he o p t

i

ma l u s es of w a t e r . T he se c o n d o b

j

e c t

i

ve

was t o e x a m

i

n e t he e c o n o m

i

c

i

mp l

i

c a t

i

o ns of t he c u r r e n t ' f

i

r s t

c o m e , f

i

r s t s e r ve

' w

a t e r a l l o c a t i o n p o l

i

cy . R e s u l t s f r o m m od e l

s

i

m u l a t

i

o ns su g ge st t ha t w a t e r sh o u l d be r e a l l o c a t e d f r o m u ps t r e a m

r eg

i

o ns t o l o we r r e g

i

o n s

i

n t he bas

i

n

i

n o r d e r t o ma x

i

m

i

z e t h e

v a l u e ad ded f r o m w at e r u s e . T h e t h

i

r d ob

j

e c t

i

v e w as t o e s t

i

m at e

t h e e c o n o m

i

c c o ns equ e n c e s of r e qu

i

r

i

ng f a r m e r s t o pa y f e es ba se d o n

t h e m a r g

i

n a l c os t s of pr od u c

i

n g

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n w a t e r

i

n p l a c e o f

c u r r e n t f e es , w h

i

c h a r e mu ch l o w e r . Res u l t s

i

n d

i

c at e t ha t f a r me r

i

n c o me

i

n t he up pe r a nd mi d d l e r ea c h e s o f t h e r

i

v e r w o u l d d e c l

i

n e

su bs t a nt

i

al l y

i

f ma r g

i

n a l c os t pr

i

c

i

n g w e r e

i

n t r odu c ed , a nd t ha t

t h e g o v e r n m e nt ' s

g o a l o f r eg

i

o na l s e l f - s uf f

i

c

i

e n c

y

i

n f o od

p r odu ct

i

o n m

i

g h t b e

j

e op a r d

i

z e d . T he f o u r t h ob

j

ec t

i

v e w a s t o

e s

t

i

m a

t

e

t h

e e c o n o m

i

c a

l l y

e

f f

i

c

i

e n

t

w a

t

e r

p

r

i

c e s

t h

a

t

m u n

i

c

i

p

a

l

a n

d

(2)

o f c o ns u mp t i o n . Re su l t s sh o w t ha t cu r r ent f e e s sh o u l d m o r e t h a n

do ub l e t o r e f l e c t t he f o r ego n e e c o n om

i

c v a l u e t o o t h e r w a t e r us e s .

F u r t he r , a s w

i

t h h y dr o p o w e r , t he M & I s e c t o r w o u l d be n e f i t

s

i

gn

i

f

i

c a n t l y

i

f

i

r r

i

ga t o r s w er e r eq u

i

r ed t o p ay f e e s r e f l e ct

i

n g

(3)

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

C HAP T E R 1 I N T RO D U C T I O N

A . Mot i va t

i

o n 1

- 1

B . Go al a nd Ob

j

e c t

i

v es 1

- 2

C . Met hod o l o g y 1

- 4

D . C h ap t e r D e s c r

i

p t i o n s 1

- 5

C H A P T E R 2 BA C K G R O U N D

1 . W a t e r R e so u r c e s 2

- 1

2 . U s es 2

- 1

3 . Ec o n o m

i

c U s e s 2

- 2

4 . R e g

i

o na l De s c r

i

p t

i

o n 2

- 2

5 . Or ga n

i

z at i o n a l Re sp o n s

i

b

i

l

i

t i e s 2

- 6

6 . P r

i

c

i

ng 2

- 7

7 . Wa t e r A l l o c a t

i

o n Po l

i

cy 2

- 1 1

8 . Su p p l y an d D ema nd 2

- 1 1

9 . R a t

i

o n

i

ng 2- 1 4

1 0 . P l a n n i n g a nd Ma na g eme n t Ob

j

e c t

i

v e s 2- 14

1 1 . I n v e s t me nt P r ogr a m 2- 1 5

CH A PT ER 3 BA S I N L E V E L M O D E L

A . I n t r o du c t

i

o n 3

- 1

B . Ov e r v

i

e w 3

- 1

C . Ma

j

o r C o mp o n e nt s 3

- 9

C H A PTE R 4 S I MU LA T I ON RE SU LT S WI T H T H E B A S I N L EV E L MO DE L

A . I n t r o du c t i o n 4

- 1

B . Re s u l t s a n d An a l y s e s 4- 1

4 . 1 E c o n om i c Ef f

i

c

i

e n cy o f t h e Y R C C L i m i t s 4- 1

4 . 2 I m

p l i ca t i o ns o f El i m i n at

i

ng t he F C F S P o l i cy . . . 4 - 1 0

4 . 3 R o l e o f P r i c

i

n

g

i

n t he A l l o c a t

i

o n o f

Wa t e r f or I r r

i

ga t

i

o n 4- 1 8

4 . 4 R o l e o f P r

i

c

i

n

g

i

n t he A l l o c a t

i

o n o f

Wa t e r f or M& I Us e 4- 2 7

C HA PT ER 5 C O N C L U S I ONS AND RE COMM E NDA T I ON S

A . I nt r odu c t

i

o n 5- 1

B . Co n c l u s

i

o ns 5- 2

(4)

A P P E N D I C E S

A P P E N D I X A - Av e r a g e Co st Ve r s us Ma r g

i

n a l C o st Pr

i

c

i

ng A P PE ND I X B - P r ogr am L

i

s t i n g f o r t h e Ye a r - 2 0 1 0

B a s

i

n Le v e l Mo de l

REFE RENC E S

L I S T O F F I G U R E S

F o l l oi fs P age :

2 - 1 W at e r R e s o u r c e R eg

i

o n s 2- 3

2 - 2 P r opo s ed E xp a n s

i

o n o f I r r

i

g a t e d A r e a 2- 1 5

3 - 1 S ch e mat

i

c o f I n f l o w N ode s

i

n t he Ye l l o w R

i

v e r Ba s

i

n 3- 1

3 - 2 S c he m at

i

c o f I r r

i

ga t

i

o n Of f t a k e N o des

i

n t h e Ye l l o w

R

i

v e r Ba s

i

n 3- 1

L I ST O F T A B L ES

2 - 1 1 99 0 Wa t e r B a l a n c e U n de r Di f f e r e n t I n f l o w S c e na r i o s 2- 1 2

4 - 1 O

p t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd K ey Agr

i

c u l t u r a l I n d

i

c a t o r s

W

i

t h Y R C C L

i

m

i

t s I mp o s e d

i

n Y e ar 2 00 0 4- 2

4 - 2 Op t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd Ke

y

A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c a t o r s

W

i

t h o u t Y R C C L

i

m

i

t s I m po s ed

i

n Ye a r 20 00 4- 4

4 - 3 Op t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd K ey A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I n d

i

ca t o r s

W

i

t h Y R CC L

i

mi t s I mp o s e d

i

n Ye a r 2 01 0 4- 5

4 - 4 Op t

i

m a l A l l o c at

i

o ns a n d Key A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c at o r s

W

i

t h o ut Y R CC L

i

m

i

t s I mpo s ed

i

n Ye a r 2 0 1 0 4 - 7

4 - 5 Op t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd Key A gr

i

cu l t u r a l I nd

i

c a t o r s

W

i

t h t h e FC FS Po l

i

cy

i

n Ye a r 2 00 0 4- 10

4 - 6 Op t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd K ey A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c a t o r s

W

i

t ho ut t h e F C F S Po

l i

c

y

i

n Ye a r 2 0 0 0 4- 1 1

4 - 7 S u mma r y o f Ba s

i

n - W

i

d e I m pa c t o f F CFS P o l

i

c y

i

n Ye a r 2 0 0 0 4- 1 2

4- 8 O p t

i

m a l A l l o c

a t

i

o ns a nd Ke y A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c at o r s

(5)

4 - 9 O

p

t

i

m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd Key A g r

i

c u l t u r a l I n d

i

c a t o r s

Wi t ho ut t h e F C FS Po l i cy

i

n Y ea r 2 0 1 0 4- 1 4

4 - 1 0 S u m m a r y of Ba s i n - W

i

de I m

pa c t o f F C F S Po l i c y

i

n Ye a r 20 1 0 4- 1 5

4- 1 1 T o t a l Cr o

p I np u t Co s t s U nd e r C u r r e nt a n d

Ma r

g i

n a l C os t Pr

i

c

i

ng o f I r r

i

g a t

i

o n Wa t e r 4- 2 0

4- 1 2 O

p t

i

m a l A l l o c at

i

o n s a n d Ke y A gr

i

c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c a t o r s Un de r Cu r r e n t a nd Mar g

i

n a l Co st Pr i c

i

ng P o l

i

c i e s

i n Y e a r 2 0 0 0 4 - 2 1

4 - 1 3 R e g i o n a l Ec o n o m

i

c I mp a ct o f Ma r g

i

n a l C os t P r i c

i

n g

i

n Ye a r 20 0 0 4 - 2 1

4 - 1 4 Op t i m a l A l l o c a t

i

o n s a nd K e y Ag r i c u l t u r a l I nd

i

c a t o r s U n d e r C u r r e nt a nd M a r g i n a l C o st Pr i c

i

ng Po l i c i e s

i

n Ye a r 20 1 0 4

-2 3

4

-1 5 Re g

i

o n a l Ec o n om

i

c I mp a c t of Ma r g

i

n a l Co st Pr

i

c

i

ng

i

n Ye a r 20 1 0 4- 2 4

4- 1 6 T a r

g e t R eg

i

o n a l M&I De ma nd s

i

n Ye a r 2 0 00 4- 30

4- 1 7 M& I S h a d o w Pr

i

c e s Un de r Cu r r e nt Pr

i

c

i

n g o f

I r r

i

gat

i

o n Wa t e r

i

n Ye ar 2 0 0 0 4- 3 0

4- 1 8 M& I Sh a d o w Pr

i

c es Un de r Ma r

g

i

n a l C os t Pr

i

c i n g o f

I r r

i

gat

i

o n Wat e r

i

n Ye a r 2 0 0 0 4 - 3 3

4

-1 9 T a r

g

e t R eg

i

o n a l M&I De ma nd s

i

n Ye a r 2 0 1 0 4- 3

4

4

-2 0 M& I S h a d o w Pr

i

c e s Und e r Cu r r e nt Pr

i

c

i

n g o f

I r r

i

g at

i

o n Wat e r

i

n Ye a r 20 1 0 4 - 3 4

4

-2 1 M&I Sh a d o w Pr

i

c es U nd e r Ma r g i na l C os t P r i c i n g o f

I r r

i

g a t

i

o n W at e r

i

n Ye a r 2 0 1 0 4 - 3 5

4- 2 2 T o t a l Pr

i

c e s t h a t M& I Co n su m e r s Sh o u l d P a y t o

Ma

i

n t a

i

n Pr o

j

e ct e d Co n s u mp t

i

o ns

i

n Ye a r 2 0 0 0 4 - 3 6

4- 2 3 T o t a l Pr

i

c es t ha t M&I Co ns u me r s S h o u l d P a y t o

(6)

A C KNO W L E D G EMENT S

T h

i

s s t ud y w o u l d n ot h a v e b e e n po s s

i

b l e w

i

t h o u t t h e he l p o f

Mr . D a n i el G u na r a t nam o f t he Wo r l d Ba nk

, w ho

i

n t r od u c e d me t o t h e

c h a l l e ng e o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n ni ng a nd ma n a ge me nt

i

n Ch i n a .

I a m gr at e f u l t o Dr s . L a u r

i

a , Oku n , a nd Mo r ea u f o r s e r v

i

n g o n my

c o m mi t t e e , a n d f or t he co m me nt s t h ey p r o v

i

d e d

i

n t he p r e pa r a t

i

o n o f

t h

i

s r epo r t . I a m p a r t

i

c u l a r l y gr at e f u l t o D r . L a u r

i

a f o r h

i

s

gu

i

d a n c e a n d p e r s o na l i n t e r e s t du r

i

n g my s t u d i e s a t N o r t h C a r o l i n a .

I am

i

ndeb t e d t o t he D

i

G

i

a n o f a m

i

l y f o r t he

i

r w a r m t h , h o s p

i

t a l

i

t y ,

a n d e xqu

i

s

i

t e c u

i

s

i

n e .

I w o u l d l

i

k e t o a c k n ow l e d g e my c l o s e c o l l e agu e s at Ma l c o l m P

i

r n

i

e ,

pa r t

i

c u l a r l y D a v e H

i

l t e br a nd , f o r t he

i

r u n de r s t a n d

i

n g a n d

c o n s i de r at

i

o n du r

i

ng my a bs e n c e f r o m w o r k .

F

i

n a l l y , I w

i

sh t o t h a nk i t\y f at h e r , m ot he r , a nd b r ot h e r f o r t he

i

r

(7)

C H APT ER 1 - I NT R ODU CT I ON

A . MOT I V AT I ON

1 . 1 T h e Ye l l o w R

i

v e r ba s

i

n e n c o mpa s s es a n a r e a o f 7 52 , 000 ki n2

a n d h as a po pu l a t

i

o n o f o v e r 1 2 5 m

i

l l i o n . Th e Y e l l o w R

i

v e r , a t

n ea r l y 5 , 500 k m,

i

s t h e s e c o nd l o nge st r

i

v er i n Ch i n a .

1 . 2 A l t ho u g h t h e ba s

i

n

i

s w e l l e nd o w e d w

i

t h su r f a c e w a t er ,

t h e c om p e t

i

ng u s e s o f w at e r , po o r t

i

m

i

ng o f r u n of f , i n ad e qu at e

r es e r v o

i

r c apa c

i

t y , a nd a w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n p o l

i

cy o f '

f

i

r s t c o m e ,

f

i

r s t s e r v e '

(

FC F S

)

c o ns p

i

r e t o pr odu c e r e g

i

o na l s h o r t a g e s of

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n w at er

i

n t h e dr

i

e s t ye a r s . T he F C F S

p o l i cy , wh i ch

ap p l

i

e s t o " f

i

r s t "

i

n ge og r ap h

i

c a l l o c at

i

o n an d n o t n e c e s s a r

i

l y

f

i

r s t

i

n t

i

m e , pr o v

i

de s r eg

i

o n s

i

n t h e up pe r a n d m

i

d d l e po r t

i

o n s o f

t he bas

i

n w

i

t h f

i

r s t r

i

g h t s t o Ye l

l

ow R

i

v e r wa t e r ,

i

r r e sp e c t

i

v e o f

t he d e m a nd s

i

n t he m o r e pr odu c t

i

v e l o w e r r e a c h .

1 . 3 T he Ch

i

n e s e gov e r nme nt h a s p l a ns t o e x pa nd t he b a s

i

n ' s

a gr

i

c u l t u r a l b as e , pa r t

i

c u l a r l y

i

n t he up p e r a nd m

i

d d l e r e a c he s

wh e r e s e l f - s u f f

i

c

i

e n c y

i

n f o od p r odu c t

i

o n

i

s s t

i

l l n ot a r e a l

i

t y .

1 . 4 T he g o v e r n m e nt h a s de v e l o pe d a n

i

n v e s t m e nt pr o gr a m

e s t

i

m a t e d a t

$

1 0 . 5 B , m u ch o f wh

i

ch f o c u s e s o n e xp a ns

i

o n o f

i

r r

i

g a t e d a r e a . B e c a u s e t he Ch

i

n e s e a r e s e ek

i

n g f i n a n c

i

a l

(8)

i n 1 99 3 t o e x am

i

n e t h e e c o no m

i

c v i a b

i

l i t y o f t he p r o p os e d

i n v e s t m e nt s

i

n l i g h t o f w a t e r a v a

i

l a b i l i t y a nd Ch

i

n es e p l a n n

i

n g a nd

ma n a g e m e nt ob

j

e c t

i

v es .

1 . 5 Us

i

ng i t s o w n m a t he ma t

i

c a l m o de l , t h e W o r l d B a nk

p r o

j

e c t e d t ha t b y t h e t u r n o f t he c e nt u r y , t h e pr op os e d e x pa n s i o n

i

n

i

r r

i

g at e d ar e a w o u l

d

l e a d t o p r o n o u nc e d wa t e r sh o r t a g e s

i

n t he

l owe r r ea ch ba s e d o n

i

n f l o ws t ha t t he Ch

i

ne s e u s e f o r pr o

j

e c t

de s

i

g n a n d d e v e l opm e nt .

1 . 6 T o r at

i

o n f u t u r e wa t er u s e , t he Ye l l o w R

i

v e r C o n s e r v a n cy

C o mm i s s

i

o n

(

Y R C C

)

r e c e n t l y es t a b l

i

s hed up pe r l

i

m

i

t s o n r eg

i

o n a l

c o n s u mp t

i

o n o f Ye l l o w R

i

v e r w a t e r

i

n t he u p pe r a nd m

i

d d l e r ea ch e s .

T he l

i

m

i

t s a r e

i

nt e n ded t o m

i

n

i

m

i

z e w a t e r s ho r t a ge s t ha t a r i s e f r o m

f o l l ow

i

n g a po l

i

c y of FC F S . T h e l i m

i

t s

, ho we v e r , a r e

i

n c o n s i st e nt

w

i

t h t he w a t e r '

s e c o n o m

i

c v a l u e

i

n t h es e r e a c h es . T he

i

n c o n s

i

st e n c

i

e s o f t hes e l

i

m

i

t s p r o v

i

d ed t h e m o t

i

v at

i

o n f o r t h

i

s

s t u d y .

B . GOA L S A N D OB J E C T I V E S

1 . 7 Th e goa l of t h i s s t ud y i s t o e x a mi n e t h e c o ns e

qu e nc e s o f

a l t e r n at

i

v e wa t e r a l l o c at

i

o n po l i c

i

e s

i

n t h e Ye l l o w R

i

v e r ba s

i

n .

1 « 8 To m e et t h

i

s go a l

, t he f ol l o w

i

n g ob

j

e c t

i

ve s ha v e b ee n

d

e f

i

n ed :

(9)

-Ob

j

e c t

i

v e l

A l t h o ug h

i

t

i

s n ot k no w n wh e t he r t he y c a n b e e nf o r c ed , t h e

Y R C C h a s es t a b l i shed l

i

m

i

t s o n t he qu a n t

i

t i es o f w a t e r t ha t c an b e

us e d b y t h e d

i

f f e r e n t r e g

i

o n s

i

n t h e ba s

i

n . T he f

i

r s t o b

j

e c t

i

v e o f

t h

i

s s t u d y

i

s t o e x a m i n e t he e c o n o mi c

i

mpa ct o f t he Y R C C l i m i t s i f

t hey a r e e nf o r c e d .

Ob

j

e c t

i

v e 2

The F C F S p o l

i

cy a l l o ws t he up p e r a n d m

i

d d l e r e a c h es f i r s t

r

i

g h t s t o Y e l l ow R

i

v e r w a t e r ; as a r es u l t , i r r

i

g a t

i

o n de m a nds

i

n

t he m o r e pr odu c t i v e l o w e r r ea ch a r e n ot me t . Th i s po l

i

c y r e f l e ct s

t he g o v e r n m e n t '

s c o nc e r n f o r t h e

p

o o r e r f a r me r s

i

n t h e up p e r a n d

m

i

d d l e r e a c he s . T h e s e c o n d o b

j

ec t

i

v e o f t h

i

s st u d y

i

s t o e s t

i

m at e

t he e c o n o m

i

c c o ns equ e n c e s o f e l

i

m

i

n at

i

n g t h e FCFS p o l

i

cy .

O b

j

e c t

i

v e 3

I r r

i

g a t o r s a r e o n l y r e qu

i

r ed t o p a y a f r a c t i o n o f t h e m a r g i n a l

c os t o f p r odu c

i

n g

i

r r

i

g at

i

o n w at e r . T he

g o v e r n m e n t ha s p l a n s t o

i

m

p

o s e ma r g

i

n a l c o st p r

i

c

i

ng o n a l l

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n se r v

i

c e s . T h e t h

i

r d

ob

j

e c t

i

v e o f t h

i

s st u d y

i

s t o as s e s s t he e c o n o m

i

c

i

mp a c t o f p r

i

c

i

ng

i r r

i

g at

i

o n w at e r at

i

t s m a r g

i

n a l pr odu c t

i

o n co s t .

Ob

j

e c t

i

v e 4

Mu n

i

c

i

pa l a nd

i

ndus t r

i

a l

(

M &I

)

c o ns u m e r s a r e gua r a nt e e d w a t e r

t hr o u g h p h y s i c a l c o ns t r a i n t . Th e y a r e g e n e r a l l y r eq u i r e d t o pa y

t he ma r g

i

n a

l

c o s t o f w at e r p r odu c t

i

o n . Wat e r f e e s do n o t r e f l e ct

(10)

-t he o p po r t u n i t y c o s t o f d e p r i v i n g mo r e p r odu c t i v e u s e s o f w a t e r .

T h e f o u r t h o b

j

e ct

i

v e o f t h

i

s s t u d y

i

s t o e s t

i

ma t e t he op p o r t u n

i

t y

c o s t s t h at M & I c o n s u m e r s s ho u l d p a y t o ma

i

n t a

i

n t h e i r w at e r

e n t

i

t l em e nt s u n de r a po l

i

c y o f e c o n o m

i

c e f f

i

c

i

en c y .

C . ME T H O DO LO GY

1 . 9 A t t h e h e a r t o f a l l a n a l ys e s

i

n t h

i

s s t u d y

i

s t he Bas

i

n

L e v e l Mod e l

(

B LM

)

, a p l a n n i n g mo d e l de v e l o pe d b y t h e W o r l d B a n k .

I n o r d e r t o a cc o mp l

i

sh t h e o b

j

e c t i v e s a bov e , t he f o l l o w

i

ng

met h odo l o g y w a s u s e d :

Ob

j

e c t

i

v e 1 : T o e x am

i

n e t he e c o n o m

i

c e f f

i

c

i

e n c y o f t h e Y R C C

l

i

m

i

t s , t he m o d e l w a s s o l v ed w

i

t h a n d w

i

t ho u t t he u p pe r bo u n ds o n

r eg

i

o n a l wa t e r c o ns u mp t

i

o n

i

n t he u p p e r a nd m

i

d d l e r e a ch e s , ke ep i ng

a l l ot h e r p ar a me t e r s su c h a s f e e s a t t h e i r c u r r e nt l e v e l s .

Ob

j

e ct

i

v e 2 : T o e st

i

m at e t h e e c o n om

i

c i mp l

i

c a t i o ns o f e l

i

m

i

n a t

i

ng

t he F C F S p o l

i

cy , t h e m o de l w a s s o l v e d w

i

t h a nd w

i

t h out

i

t s t wo

-s t a

g

e op t

i

m

i

z a t

i

o n

p

r o c e du r e . T h

i

s pr o c ed u r e r e f l e ct s t h e

i

n t e n t

o f t h e F C F S p o l

i

cy b

y

f

i

r s t op t

i

m

i

z

i

ng w a t e r d e m a nd s

i

n t he up p e r

a nd m

i

d d l e r e a ch e s ; t he r e m a

i

n

i

ng su p p l y of Y e l l o w R

i

v e r w at e r

i

s

t he n o p t

i

m a l l y a l l o c a t e d t o t h e l o we r r e a c h .

O b

j

e c t

i

v e 3 : Mod e l p a r am e t e r s o n c r op

i

nput c os t w e r e r e v i s e d t o

i

n c l ude t h e ad d

i

t

i

o n a l c o st o f pr

i

c

i

ng

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n w at e r at

i

t s

(11)

-•

m a r g i na l c os t o f p r o d u c t i o n . T he m o de l w a s r e - s o l v e d w i t h t h e

r e v

i

s ed c r op

i

n pu t c os t s t o es t

i

ma t e t h e e c o n o m

i

c c o n s eq u e n c es o f

m a r g

i

n a l c os t pr

i

c

i

n g .

Ob

j

e c t

i

v e 4 : T o r e f l e c t c u r r e nt w a t e r a l l o c a t

i

o n p o l

i

cy , M & I

d em a nd s a r e s et a t s p e c

i

f

i

c t a r ge t va l u e s

i

n t h e m ode l . T h e m od e l

wa s r ef o r m u l at e d t o ha nd l e t h e s e de ma nds a s v a r

i

a b l e s r a t h e r t h a n

as c o ns t r a

i

nt s

(

v

i

z . a t t h e

i

r t a r g e t v a l u e s

)

, a nd t o

i

nt r odu c e t h e

v a r

i

a b l es

i

n t o t h e o b

j

e c t

i

v e f u nc t

i

o n t o p r o v

i

de f o r t he

i

r e c o n o m

i

c

ev a l u a t

i

o n . T he v a r

i

ab l es w e r e a s s

i

gn e d w e

i

g h t

i

ng f a c t o r s

r ep r e s e nt

i

n g t he pr

i

c es t hat M & I c o n su me r s s ho u l d pa y f o r t he w at e r

t h ey c u r r e n t l y r e c e

i

v e t h r o u g h p h y s

i

c a l c o n s t r a

i

n t . As s u c h

, t h ey

a r e r e f e r r ed t o a s sh a do w p r i c e s t o r ef l e c t t he f o r eg o n e e c o n om i c

v a l u e f r o m ot h e r u s e s . A n

i

t e r a t

i

v e p r o c e s s w a s r equ i r ed t o

d et e r m

i

n e t he sh a do w pr

i

c e s t ha t w o u l d c o v e r t h e o p p o r t u n

i

t y c os t s

a s s o c

i

at e d w i t h f ut u r e l e v e l s o f M&I c o ns u mp t

i

o n .

D . C H AP T E R D E S CR I P T I O NS

1 . 1 0 Ch ap t e r 2 p r o v

i

d e s ba c k g r o u nd

i

nf o r ma t

i

o n o n t h e Y e l l o w

R i v e r ba s

i

n ,

i

n c l u d

i

n g a de s c r

i

p t

i

o n o f t he g e ogr ap h i ca l r eg i o ns ,

wat e r r e s o u r c e s , c o mpe t

i

n g us es f o r Ye l l o w R

i

v e r w at e r , a nd

p r opo s ed

i

n v e s t me n t pr og r a m . Ch a p t er 3 pr o v

i

de s a det a

i

l e d

d e s c r

i

p t

i

o n o f t he Bas

i

n L e v e l M ode l . Chap t e r 4 c o n t a

i

n s t h e

r e s u l t s a n d a na l y s es o f t he m od e l i ng e x e r c

i

s e s u n de r t ak e n t o

(12)

c o n c l u s i o n s o f t he s t udy a n d ma k e s t e n t a t i v e r e c o mme n d a t i o n s ,

(13)

-C HAP T E R 2 - BAC K G R O UKD

2 . 1 T he Ye l l o w R

i

v e r b a s

i

n e n c ompa s s e s a n a r e a o f 7 5 2

, 0 00 k i n2

a nd ha s a p opu l a t

i

o n o f o v e r 1 25 m

i

l l

i

o n . E

i

g h t y p e r ce n t o f t he

p opu l a t

i

o n

i

s r u r a l a nd a gr

i

c u l t u r a l . T he Ye l l o w R

i

v er , a t n e a r l y

5 , 5 0 0 k m,

i

s s e c o nd o n l y t o t he Ya n g t z e R i v e r a s t h e l o nge s t r i v e r

i

n Ch

i

n a . The s e d

i

me n t c o n c e n t r a t

i

o n

i

n t h e Ye l l o w R

i

v e r

i

s t he

h

i

g he s t

i

n t he w o r l d , n i n e t

i

m e s t hat o f t h e N

i

l e R

i

v e r , w h i ch

i

s

s e c o n d h

i g

h e s t .

2 . 2 Wa t e r r e so u r c e s . N a t u r a l a n n u a l r u no f f av e r a g es 58 b i l l

i

o n

(

B

)

m 3 , h a l f o f wh

i

ch o c c u r s du r i n g t h e f l o od m o n t h s o f J u l y

t h r o u g h Se p t e mb e r .

2 . 3 Use s . Us e s o f Ye l l o w R

i

v e r w a t e r

i

n c l ud e

i

r r

i

g at

i

o n , s e d

i

m e nt

f l u s h

i

n g , m u n

i

c

i

p a l a nd

i

n du s t r

i

a l

(

M & I

)

s u p p l y , h y d r opo we r ,

i

c e

j

am c o nt r o l , a n d e s t u a r y p r ot e ct

i

o n . I r r

i

ga t

i

o n a c c o u nt s f o r 6 0

p e r c e nt o f a n n ua l w a t e r u s e . Sed

i

me nt f l us h

i

n g , w h

i

ch i s

u nd e r t a k e n t o c o nt r o l s e d

i

m e n t de po s

i

t

i

o n

i

n t h e r

i

v e r , a c c o u nt s

f o r 30 p e r c e nt o f w at e r u s e . F l u sh i n g

i

s ca r r

i

e d o u t t h r o u

g h wa t e r

r e l e a s e s f r o m r es e r v o

i

r s . M & I s up p l y

, wh

i

ch

i

n c l u de s w a t e r f o r

m u n

i

c

i

p a l

i

t

i

e s ,

i

ndu st r y , a n d t h e r u r a l pop u l a t

i

o n , a c c o u n t s f o r 5

p e r c e nt o f wa t e r u s e .

2 . 4 A l t ho ug h

i

t

i

s n o n - c o ns u mp t

i

v e , h y dr opo wer c a n be

c o n s

i

d

e r e

d

a u s e

b

e c a u s e

i

t

m a

y

d

e

p

r

i

v e o

t h

e r u s e s o

f

w at e r . I n

(14)

r e qu i r e d . Wa t e r a l l o c a t e d f o r st o r a g e m ay t a ke wa t e r a w a

y f r om

s u c h u s es a s

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n , wh

i

c h r e qu i r e s t hat s t o r age be r e du c e d a t

c e r t a i n t

i

m e s o f t h e y e a r i n o r d er t o s a t i s f y i r r i ga t i o n d e m a nd s .

I c e

j

a m c o n t r o l a n d e s t u a r y pr o t e c t

i

o n c a n a l s o be c o n s

i

de r ed u s es

i

n m u c h t h e s a m e w ay . I c e

j

am c o nt r o l r eq u i r e s t h at wa t e r b e

r e l e a s e d p r

i

o r t o t h e o ns e t o f w

i

nt e r

i

n o r de r t o e x pa n d t h e c r o s s

-s e ct

i

o na l a r e a o f t h e r

i

v e r ch a n n e l t o m

i

n

i

m

i

z e t h e p o t e n t

i

a l f o r

i

c e

j

a ms . O n c e w

i

n t e r s et s

i

n

, r e s e r v o

i

r s t o r a ge m u s t be k e p t l o w

t o s t o r e wa t e r t ha t w o u l d o t h e r wi s e c a u s e i c e f l o od i ng d o w n s t r e a m .

Es t u a r y pr o t e c t

i

o n r e qu

i

r e s t ha t a m

i

n

i

m um f l o w be ma i n t a

i

n e d

i

n

t h e l o w e r r e a c h t hr o ug h o ut t h e y e a r .

2 . 5 Ec o n om

i

c u s e s . T h e ma

i

n e c o n o m

i

c u s e s o f Y e l l o w R

i

v e r w a t e r

i

n c l ud e

i

r r

i

gat

i

o n a n d h y dr op o w e r ; u s e b y

i

ndu s t r y ha s l o w e r

e c o n o m

i

c v a l u e . I r r i g a t i o n c u r r e n t l y a c c o u nt s f o r a bo ut 8 0 p e r c e n t

of a n n u a l v a l u e a d ded f r o m t he u s e of Ye l l o w R

i

v e r w a t e r .

Hy dr op o w e r a c c o u n t s f o r a bo ut 2 0 pe r c e n t o f a n n u a l v a l u e ad de d

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 1 99 3

)

. V a l u e a d d e d f r om

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n

i

s equa l t o c r op

m a r k et s a l es l e s s c r o p

i

nput co s t s , o ne o f wh

i

c h

i

s w a t e r . I n

t e r ms of h y dr o po w e r , v a l u e a d d ed

i

s a s s u m ed t o b e t he d

i

f f e r e nc e

be t w e e n t he s e l l

i

n g pr

i

c e o f e l e c t r

i

c

i

t y l e s s

i

t s c os t o f

p r odu ct

i

o n t

i

mes t h e qu a nt

i

t

y

o f e l e c t r

i

c

i

t y c o ns u m ed

(

W o r l d Ba nk ,

1 9 93

)

.

2 . 6 Re

g i

o n a l de sc r

i p

t

i

o n . T he Ye l l o w R

i

v e r ba s

i

n c a n be

d i s a g gr eg a t e d b y r e a c h a n d b y r e g i o n . The up p e r r e a c h c o n s

i

s t s o f

(15)

-r e g

i

o n s 1 t hr o ug h 3 B ; t he m

i

d d l e r e ac h c o n s

i

s t s o f r eg

i

o n s 4

t h r o u g h 6 ; a nd t he l o w e r r e a c h c o ns

i

s t s o f r e g i o n s 7 A a nd 7 B . A

ma p o f t he ba s

i

n a nd

i

t s r e g

i

o ns

i

s pr e s e nt ed o n F

i

gu r e 2 - 1 .

Up pe r R e a c h

2 . 7 T he up p e r r e a c h e x t e nd s f r om t h e r i v e r so u r c e t o t h e

H ek o u zh e n ga g

i

n g st a t i o n

i

n I n n e r Mo ngo l

i

a . H

i

g h mo u n t a i ns a nd

d e ep g o r ge s

i

n r eg

i

o n s 1 a n d 2 em p t y

i

nt o t h e v a s t a n d f e r t

i

l e

N

i

n gx

i

a a nd I n n e r Mo n go l

i

a p l a

i

ns

i

n r e g

i

o n s 3 A a n d 3 B ,

r e s pe c t i v e l y . T he s e p l a i n s a r e t w o of Ch

i

n a '

s g r e a t no r t h w e s t e r n

gr a

i

n ba s

i

n s . T he v e r t i ca l dr op i n t h i s r ea c h e x c e ed s 3 0 0 0 m et e r s ,

m ak

i

n g t h e r ea c h

i

dea l f o r h y dr opo w e r g e ne r at

i

o n

(

Wo r l d Ba n k ,

1 9 9 3

)

. Fo u r po w e r p l a nt s e x

i

s t

i

n r e g i o n 2

(

L o ng

y

a n x i a

, L o o

j

a xi a ,

Ya n gu o x

i

a , a nd Bapa n x

i

a

)

a nd t w o a r e u nde r co n st r u ct i o n

(

L e e

j

a x i a

a nd Da x

i

a

)

. A n a d d

i

t

i

o n a l p o we r p l a n t

i

s l o c a t ed

i

n r e g i o n 3 A

(

Q i

ng t o n x

i

a

)

. W

i

t h t h e e x ce p t

i

o n of L o ng y a n x

i

a

, a m u l t

i

y e a r

st o r a g e r e s e r v o

i

r , t h e s e p o w e r p l a n t s a r e r u n - of - t h e - r

i

v e r

f a c

i

l

i

t

i

es , me a n

i

n g t h at t he y ha v e n o s t o r a ge ca p a b

i

l

i

t

i

e s a nd m u s t

r e l y o n r i v e r f l o w f o r

p

o w e r ge n e r a t

i

o n .

2 . 8 Ne a r l y 6 0 pe r c e nt o f t h e b a s

i

n '

s r u n o f f o r

i

g

i

n at e s

i

n

r eg

i

o n s 1 a n d 2 . D u e t o m

i

n

i

ma l p r e c

i

p i t a t

i

o n , r e g

i

o ns 3 A a nd 3 B

r el y he a v

i

l y o n

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n . I n t h es e l a t t e r r eg

i

o n s ,

i

r r

i

gat

i

o n

d e ma n d s a r e d

i

f f

i

c u l t a nd c o st l y t o m e et : d

i

st r

i

but

i

o n s y s t e m s a r e

p o o r , w at er l o s s es a r e h

i

g h

(

i

. e , t he c a n a l s a r e l e ak y a n d

(16)

-C h i

n

a :

Y

e

l l

o

w R i

v e r

B

a s

i

n

W

a

t

e r

R

e s o

u

r c e

R

e

g i

o n s

F I G

U

R

E 2

-

1

Bo u nda rl

Yel low Su

In n er M o n Plain

I

Basin

N in exu Plain

It %* • '

^

l l

Lo n g ya ngxla

To ng gu a n

W

ei P Jain

0

K

m

2

0 0 4 0 0

L

a

k

e s

R

e

g i

o n

B

o u n

d

a r

i

e s

C

a

t

c

h

m

e n

t B

o u n

d

a r

y

Oi l * Itm jp hai b* «'l » rfiuim i kf t 1>

4 Mt

<U Bu o fcI ,t oH • aiktuvajji ((M [tt a c oir rmtint ci i olr w*t iimn ai td it fot rfx

Gn M

p l h« Jan w n ui iu lHW n v*W o nd ll> « IxMNiJiwtM ih o wn oi lI fiiiituidon u tim pir 0iii h* pu/1ot jff WfNi f BiMtfeGrou p At t iffutJumMil Of t !(•

• Ivy uJ Ku m«o/

Reg io n s

I I

Re g io n I

I I

Reg io n I I

0

3

Re g io n l l l- A

[H

Re g io n l l l- B

Re g io n IV

Reg io n V- A Reg io n V- B

R

eg io n V I

(17)

i

n e

f

f

i

c

i

e nt

i

n t r a n s po r t

i

n g w at e r

)

, a nd

i

n

p

l a c e s ,

p

u mp s m u s t

o pe r a t e aga

i

n s t a h ea d of s e v e r a l hu nd r ed me t e r s

(

W o r l d B a nk ,

1 9 9 3

)

.

M

i

d d l e R e a c h

2 . 9 T h e m

i

d d l e r e a ch e x t e n d s f r o m He k o u zh e n t o Hu ay u a n k h o u

a nd r a nge s f r om 4 00 t o 2 0 0 0 me t e r s a bo v e s e a l e v e l . T h e w o r l d

'

s

l a r ge s t l o e s s

(

w

i

n d b l o w n s o

i

l

)

p l a t e a u

i

s l o c at e d i n r eg

i

o n 4 . T h e

p l a t e a u

i

s s u b

j

e c t t o s e v e r e s o

i

l e r os i o n . T h

i

s r eg

i

o n i s t h e

l a r ge s t c o nt r i but o r o f s e d

i

me nt t o t h e Y e l l o w R i v e r . D u r i ng f l o od

s e a so n , s ed

i

me n t l o a d

i

n g

i

n t o t he r

i

v e r av e r ag e s a b o ut 8 0 0 k g

/

m 3

(

i

. e , w at e r ha s a s o l

i

ds c o n c e n t r a t

i

o n o f 8 0 p e r c e n t

)

. A s a r e su l t

o f s e v e r e d egr a da t

i

o n of t h e l a nd t h r o u g h e r o s

i

o n , r e g

i

o n 4

c o nt a

i

ns s om e of t h e l o w e s t y

i

e l d i n g l a n d i n Ch i n a .

2 . 1 0 A l t h o u g h 25 p er c e nt o f t h e ba s

i

n

'

s r u n of f o r

i

g

i

n a t e s

i

n

t h e m

i

d d l e r ea ch , t h e h

i

g h v a r

i

ab

i

l

i

t y o f r u n o f f l e a d s t o f r equ e nt

d r o ug h t s , p a r t

i

c u l a r l y du r

i

n g t he r eg

i

o n '

s c r

i

t

i

c a l g r ow

i

n g pe r

i

od

(

Ma y t h r o u g h J u ne

)

. Co ns

i

d er a b l e a n n ua l v a r

i

a t

i

o n a l s o o c c u r s ,

w

i

t h s e v e r e d r o u g h t s o c c u r

i

n g o nc e ev e r y s e v e n y e a r s .

2 . 1 1 R eg

i

o n s 5A a nd 5 B e n c ompa s s t he Fe n R

i

v e r a nd We i R

i

v e r

v a l l e y s

(

s ub - b a

s

i

n s

)

, r e sp e c t

i

v e l y . P h y s

i

c a l c o ns t r a

i

n t s o n pu mp

c apa c

i

t y

i

n e a c h r e g

i

o n l

i

m

i

t t h e v o l u me o f w a t e r t h at c a n be

p

u mpe d f r o m t h e Ye l l ow R

i

v e r t o me e t

i

r r i g a t

i

o n n e eds , t hu s l e a d

i

ng

(18)

-t o sh o r t a ge s

i

n

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n w a t e r . L

i

m

i

t e d s t o r a g e c a pa c

i

t y

i

n Fe n

r e s e r v o

i

r

i

n r eg

i

o n 5 A do es l i t t l e t o r e l

i

e v e t h

i

s r eg i o n '

s

s ho r t a g e s .

2 . 1 2 T h e o n l y ma

j

o r p owe r p r odu c t

i

o n f a c

i

l

i

t y

i

n t he m

i

d d l e

r e a c h

i

s S a n m e n x

i

a r e s e r v o

i

r . T h

i

s r e s e r v o

i

r

i

s ope r at e d pr

i

ma r i l y

f o r f l o od c o n t r o l , t he r eb y l

i

m

i

t

i

n g

i

t s p o t e nt

i

a l f o r h y dr o po w e r

p r odu ct

i

o n . S a nme n x

i

a

i

s t h e m o s t do wns t r e am po w e r p l a n t i n t h e

Ye l l o w R

i

v e r b a s

i

n .

2 . 1 3 T h e m

i

d d l e r e a c h c o n t a i ns

i

mp o r t a n t u r ba n c e n t e r s a n d

i

n du s t r

i

a l a ct

i

v

i

t y . Mo s t o f t h e a c t

i

v

i

t y r e v o l v e s a r o u nd m

i

n

i

n g

o f n a t u r a l r es o u r c e s , pa r t

i

c u l a r l y c o a l . Co a l w a s h

i

n

g r e pr e s e nt s

a l a r ge

i

n du s t r

i

a l u s e o f Ye l l o w R

i

v e r w at e r . Ba s i n - w i de

, M & I

d e m a nd s a r e h

i

g he st

i

n t h

i

s r e a c h .

L o w e r R e ac h

2 . 1 4 T h e l o we r r e a ch e x t e nds f r o m Hu a

y

u a nk h o u t o t he Bo ha

i

S e a

a n d c o n s

i

s t s o f p r

i

ma r

i

l y a l l u v

i

a l p l a i n . R a

i

n f a l l i s s p o r a d i c bu t

su f f

i

c

i

e nt t o gr o w mos t c r op s a nd o b t a

i

n a d equa t e y

i

e l ds w

i

t ho ut

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 1 9 9 3

)

. I n ge n e r a l

, f a r m l a n d

i

n t h e l o w e r

r e ac h

i

s t h e h

i g

h e s t

y i

e l d

i

n

g

a nd m os t p r odu ct

i

v e

i

n t h e ba s

i

n .

I n c o m es o f f a r me r s

i

n t h

i

s r e ac h a r e t h e h

i

g h e s t

i

n t he ba s

i

n .

I r r

i

ga t

i

o n ha s e n a b l e d r eg

i

o n s 7 A a n d 7 B t o be r o u g h l y s e l f

-s u f f

i

c

i

e nt

i

n f o od pr odu c t

i

o n

(

4 0 0 k g pe r c a p

i

t a p e r ye a r

i

s t he

(19)

#

n a t i o n a l su b s i st e nc e s t a n da r d

)

. T h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t t o m a n y

r eg

i

o n s

i

n t he u p pe r a nd m

i

d d l e r e a ch es , w he r e gr a

i

n s

(

e . g , w he a t

a nd c o r n

)

m u s t s t

i

l l be i mpo r t ed f r om o t h e r pa r t s o f Ch i n a .

2 . 15 D e l i v e r y o f

i

r r i ga t

i

o n wa t e r f r o m t h e r

i

v e r t o t he f a r m

i s o f r o u g h l y t he s a m e ef f

i

c i e n c y i n t h e l o wer r e a ch a s i t i s i n

t h e up s t r e am r e a ch e s . O n- f a r m u s e a n d c r o p w a t e r a p p l

i

c at

i

o n

,

ho w e v e r ,

i

s mu c h m o r e e f f

i

c

i

e n t

i

n t he l owe r r e a c h . I n m a ny

u p s t r e a m r e g

i

o n s ,

i

r r i g a t

i

o n i s c ha r a c t e r

i

z e d b y sy s t e ma t i c

o v e r ap p l i ca t

i

o n o f w at e r t hr o u g h f l o od

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n a s op po s ed t o t he

c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l ed de l

i

v e r

i

e s o f i r r i ga t

i

o n wa t er t h a t a r e

pr o v

i

ded

i

n t h e l o w e r r e a c h t hr ou g h s ho r t f u r r o w s

(

W o r l d Ba nk ,

1 9 9 3

)

. A s f o r M & I us e

, w at e r c o n v e ya n c e

(

c a na l

)

e f f

i

c

i

e n c

i

e s

i

n

r eg

i

o ns 7 A a nd 7B a r e a bo ut 5 0 pe r c e nt h

i

g h e r t ha n

i

n t h e u p s t r e am

r e g

i

o n s . I n o t he r w o r d s , l os s e s t hr o u g h l ea k age a r e s

i

gn

i

f

i

c a nt l y

l owe r d o w n st r e a m t ha n ups t r eam .

2 . 16 F l o od

i

n g

i

s a m a

j

o r pr o b l e m i n t h e l o w e r r e a c h a nd

i

s

e x a c e r b at ed b y s e d

i

m e n t wh

i

c h

i

s

i

nt r odu c e d

i

n t o t he r

i

v e r

i

n t h e

m i d d l e r e a c h a nd u l t

i

m at e l y s e t t l e s

i

n t h e l ow e r r ea ch . F l o od

pr ot e c t

i

o n

i

s pr

i

m a r

i

l y a f f o r d ed b y d

i

k e s , w a t e r det e nt

i

o n ba s

i

n s ,

a nd s e d

i

me nt f l u s h

i

ng .

2 . 1 7 Or

g

a n

i

z at

i

o n al r e s

p

o n s

i

b

i

l i t i es . T he Mi n i st r

y o f W at e r

Re s o u r c e s

(

M WR

)

i

s r e s po n s

i

b l e f o r ba s

i

n - l e v e l p l a n n

i

n g . I t s l o c a l

a r m , t h e Ye l l o w R

i

v e r Co ns e r v a ncy Co m m

i

s s

i

o n

(

Y RC C

)

, c a r r

i

e s o ut

(20)

-r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s , d e v e l o p s pr o

j

e c t s , a nd pr o m o t e s w a t e r u s e

p o l

i

c i e s . I n a d d

i

t i o n ,

i

t p l a y s a c o o r d

i

na t i n g r o l e a m o n g t h e

r e g

i

o ns . R eg

i

o n s a r e s o me wh a t a ut o n o mo u s t o p l a n

, i n v e s t , a n d s et

p o l i c y , w h

i

ch

i

s s o m et

i

me s a t o d d s w

i

t h o ne a n ot h e r an d w

i

t h t h e

Y R C C . T he M i n

i

s t r y o f E n e r g y h a s

j

u r i sd

i

c t i o n o v e r a l l h y dr o

po we r

f a c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i ng s o me o f t h e r e s e r v o i r s

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 1 9 9 3

)

.

2 . 1 8 Pr

i

c

i

n g . P r

i

c

i

ng o f Ye l l o w R

i

v e r wa t e r

i

s b a s e d o n t he t y p e

o f us e

(

e . g

,

i

r r

i

gat

i

o n o r M & I

)

, m ea n s o f c on v ey a n c e

(

e . g

, b y

g r a v

i

t y o r b y pu mp i n g

)

, r e l

i

a b

i

l i t y , t

i

m

i

n g , a nd e qu i t y c o n c e r n s

(

Wo r l d Ba n k , 19 9 3

)

.

2 . 1 9 I n t he i r r

i

g a t

i

o n s e c t or

, t h e c o u n t y w at e r r es o u r c e

age n cy c o l l e c t s w a t e r f ee s t hat i n pr

i

n c i p l e c o v e r bo t h i t s o w n

c o st s a nd t h e

p

a

y

me n t s t o t h e r

i

v e r a dm

i

n

i

st r at

i

o n

(

t he w a t e r

w ho l e s a l e r a nd c o n v e y a n c e e nt i t y

)

f o r w a t e r r e ce

i

v e d a t t h e c o u nt y

b o r de r

(

W o r l d Ba nk , 19 9 3

)

. T h e r

i

v e r a dm

i

n

i

s t r a t

i

o n c o v e r s

i

t s o w n

c os t s a nd pa y s t h e a g e n c y w h

i

ch o pe r a t e s t he m a

i

n s u p p l y

f a c

i

l

i

t

i

e s - t h e r eg

i

o n a l w a t e r r e s o u r c e s bu r e a u o r t he Y R C C

(

W o r l d

Ba nk , 1 99 3

)

. I f b

i

l l

i

n

g s d o n ot c o v e r a l l c o s t s , t h e c o u nt y

g o v e r n m e nt

(

o r ,

i

n s o me c a s e s , t he r e g

i

o na l g ov e r n m e nt

)

m ak e s up

t h e d i f f e r e n c e o r t h e c o u nt y w a t e r r e s o u r c e a ge n c y g o es

i

n t o

a r r e a r s

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 19 93

)

.

2 . 2 0 Fa r m e r s a r e r equ

i

r e d t o pa y r oug h l y 0 . 3 c e nt s

/

m 3 ^

, wh

i

ch

^

Ba s ed o n t h e 1 9 9 4 e x ch a n

g

e r at e o f

$

1 = Yu a n 8 . 7

(21)

-a c c o r d

i

ng t o Wo r l d Ba nk e s t i mat e s i s abo u t o n e - f i f t h o f t h e

ma r g

i

n a l c os t o f p r odu c

i

ng

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n w at e r . ^

P r od u c t

i

o n c o n s i s t s

o f a n u mb e r o f s t eps

, i nc l ud i n g de s i l t a t

i

o n , p u mp i n g , a nd

c o n v e ya n c e . Fa r me r s a r e n ot r e qu

i

r e d t o p a y f o r t h e o p p o r t u n

i

t y

c o s t o f u s i ng w a t e r f o r i r r i ga t

i

o n

i

n s t e ad of f o r ot h e r u s e s .

2 . 2 1 F a r m e r s de pr

i

v e o t h e r s o f

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n w a t e r , t hu s

i

mpos

i

n g

a n op p o r t u n

i

t y c o s t eq u a l t o t h e n et r et u r n t o

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n . Th e n et

r et u r n t hr o u g h o u t t h e y ea r

i

s es t

i

m at e d a t 2 . 8 c e nt s

/

m 3 a nd a s h i g h

a s 5 . 7 c e nt s

/

m 3 du r

i

ng t he c r

i

t

i

c a l gr o w i n g pe r i o ds

(

W o r l d Ba nk ,

1 9 93

)

. Co ns u mp t

i

v e u s e o f w a t e r f o r

i

r r

i

gat i o n a l s o de n

i

e s w a t e r

f o r h y dr o po w e r , w h

i

ch h a s a n e s t

i

ma t e d n e t r e t u r n o f 0 . 1 t o 0 . 6

c e nt s

/

ro 3 , d e pe n d

i

ng o n l o c at

i

o n . T he f u r t h e r up st r e a m w at e r

i

s

d

i

ve r t e d f o r

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n , t h e g r e a t e r t h e f o r e go n e va l u e ad ded f r o m

h

y

dr o po w e r d o w n s t r e a m .

2 . 2 2 W a t e r f o r M&I u s e

i

s ge n e r a l l y pr

i

c e d at t h e m a r g

i

na l

c o st o f p r odu c t

i

o n

(

3 . 0 c e nt s

/

m 3 o n a v e r a ge

)

. The m a r g

i

n a l c o s t s

i n t h e ba s

i

n v a r y f r o m a bo ut 2 . 3 c e nt s

/

m 3 t o 3 . 7 c e n t s

/

m 3 a n d

r e f l e ct d

i

f f e r e nc e s

i

n t r e a t me nt a nd c o n v ey a n c e c o s t s . M & I

c o n su m e r s a r e n ot r e qu

i

r e d t o p a y f o r t he op po r t u n

i

t y c o s t o f t h e

l o st e c o n o m

i

c v a l u e f r o m

i

r r

i

gat

i

o n a nd h y dr op o w e r .

2 . 2 3 La r g e l

y

u n de r v a l u ed w a t e r f e e s f o r

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n a r e n ot

^

I t

i

s n ot k n own w het h e r w at e r f e es c o v e r t h e a v e r a ge c o s t s

o f w a

t

e r

p

r o

d

u c t

i

o n .

(22)

-u n

i

qu e t o t h e Ye l l o w R

i

v e r ba s

i

n o r t o C h

i

n a . I n su c h c o u nt r

i

e s a s

t h e U n

i

t e d S t a t e s a nd A u s t r a l

i

a ,

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n f e e s a r e o f t en a

f r a ct

i

o n o f t h e m a r g i na l a nd op po r t u n

i

t y c o s t s . F o r

i

ns t a n c e ,

w a t e r f e e s

i

n t he Ce n t r a l V a l l e y o f Ca l

i

f o r n

i

a a r e l e s s t h a n o n e

-t e nt h o f t h e m a r g

i

n a l c o s t a nd a bo u t o n e - f i f t

i

et h o f t h e

op po r t u n

i

t y c o st

(

Wo r l d B a nk , 1 9 9 3

)

. T he o n l y

p l a c e s w he r e

i

r r

i

g a t

i

o n f e es c o v e r m a r g

i

n a l c o s t a r e t h o s e

i

n Ca l

i

f o r n

i

a i n t he

Met r op o l i t a n D i s t r i c t a nd St a t e W at e r P r o

j

e c t s , w h

i

c h h a v e wa t e r

f o r M& I u s e o r f o r h

i

g h - v a l u ed c r o

p s

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 1 9 9 3

)

. I n a l l

c a s e s , w a t er f e es a r e s e t f a r be l o w t h e l e v e l a t w h

i

ch mar g i n a l

p l u s op po r t u n

i

t y c o s t s wo u l d b e c o v e r e d .

2 . 2 4 H i g h e r f e es f or Y e l l o w R i ve r w at e r w o u l d p r o m o t e m o r e

e f f i c

i

e nt w at e r u s e . F o r i ns t a n c e , ba s i n

- w i d e w a t e r

p r i c e s

i

n 1 9 8 7

w e r e h i g h e st i n r eg i o n 5A

(

0 . 5 c e n t s

/

m 3

)

; s

i

m

i

l ar l y , o n

- f a r m

d

i

s t r

i

bu t

i

o n e f f

i

c

i

e n c

i

es

(

i

. e

, t h e pe r c e nt ag e o f w a t e r t h at

r e a c h e s t h e c r o p s

)

w e r e a l s o h i g he s t

i

n t h

i

s r eg i o n

(

8 8 p e r c e n t

)

.

I n r eg

i

o n 3 B , wh e r e f e es a r e 0 . 2 ce n t s

/

m3 , o n

- f a r m e f f

i

c

i

e n c

i

e s a r e

o n l y 5 0 pe r c e n t . I n 1 9 9 1 , r eg

i

o n 7 B r a

i

s e d w at e r f e e s t o 0 . 8

c e nt s

/

m3 , a n d c r o p wa t e r u se w a s 3 5 0 m 3

/

m u

(

1 h a = 1 5 m u

)

. I n

r e g i o n 3A , w a t e r c ha r g e s a r e a bo ut 0 . 2 c e n t s

/

m 3

, a n d w a t e r u s e f o r

c r ops s

i

m

i

l a r t o t ho s e

i

n r eg

i

o n 7 B

i

s mo r e t ha n 1 , 1 0 0 m 3

/

m u . Mo s t

o f t he s e d

i

f f e r e n c e s

i

n wa t e r us e a r e du e t o f l o od

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n a s

op pos ed t o t he c a r e f u l l y c o nt r o l l e d de l

i

v e r

i

e s t h a t a r e ma de

i

n t h e

l owe r r ea ch . I n e f f

i

c i e nt u s e o f

i

r r i ga t i o n w a t e r c a n t hu s b e

d et e r r ed t hr o ug h h i g he r w a t e r f e e s . F u r t h e r , t h e pr i c e e l a s t

i

c

i

t y

(23)

-•

o f de m a n d f o r i r r i g at

i

o n w at e r

i

s e s t

i

ma t ed a t r o u gh l y - 1 . 0

, w h i c h

m e a n s t ha t c o n su mp t

i

o n w o u l d be e x p e c t e d t o f a l l sh a r p l y i f w a t e r

pr

i

c e s we r e

i

n c r e as ed

(

Wo r l d Ba nk , 19 9 3

)

.

2 . 25 T he r e a p p e a r s t o be c o ns

i

d e r a b l e s c op e f o r d e m a nd

ma na ge m e n t of t h e i r r

i

ga t

i

o n s e ct o r t h r o ug h w a t e r p r

i

c

i

ng

(

W o r l d

Ba nk , 1 9 9 3

)

. ^

H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e a n u mbe r of c o n c e r ns r ega r d

i

n g

t h e r o l e o f pr

i

c

i

ng a s a n e f f e c t

i

v e p o l

i

c

y

t o o l .

(

1

)

De s p

i

t e r e c e n t pr

i

c e r e f o r ms , s o m e r e g

i

o n s h a v e n o t

i

mp l e m e nt ed t he m , o r h av e k e p t f e e s be l ow m a nd at e d l e v e l s .

S up p l

i

e r s a r e o f t e n r e l u c t a nt t o bu r d e n f a r m e r s w

i

t h i n c r e as e s

i

n

wat e r f e e s , p a r t

i

c u l a r l y t he po o r e r f a r me r s

i

n t h e u p pe r a nd m

i

d d l e

r e a c he s

(

W o r l d B a nk , 1 9 9 3

)

. Fu r t h e r

, s o me r e g

i

o ns m a y w

i

s h t o

m a

i

n t a

i

n a r t

i

f

i

c

i

a l l y l o w p r

i

c e s

i

n o r de r t o pr e v e nt m

i

gr a t

i

o n o f

f a r m e r s t o t h e c

i

t i e s o r o t h e r p l a c e s o u t s i d e t he r e g i o n .

*

(

2

)

Fa r me r s ma y be a s ke d t o pa y f o r w a t e r t h at t h e y do n ot

r e c e

i

v e , p a y f o r s y s t e m o pe r a t

i

o n s a nd m a

i

nt e n a n c e t h at

i

s n e v e r

c a r r

i

e d o ut , o r

p

a

y

f o r pa s t po l

i

c y f a

i

l u r e s a nd a bu s es . I n

c e r t a

i

n r eg

i

o ns , r e v e n ue f r o m f e es ha s bee n d

i

v e r t e d t o c o v e r n o n

-w at e r r e l a t e d f

i

n a n c

i

a l s ho r t f a l l s . W

i

t ho ut

i

mpr o v e d w at e r s y st e m

^ N

o

i

nf o r m at

i

o n

i

s av a

i

l a b l e t o as s e s s t he v a l

i

d

i

t y o f t h

i

s

s t at e m e n t a s

i

t a p p l

i

e s t o t h e M & I s e c t o r . Th e pr i c e e l a s t

i

c

i

t y o f

de ma nd f o r M& I w at e r

i

s n ot kn o w n .

* O

v e r t h e p a s t 4 0 y e a r s , t he r e ha s be e n s i g n

i

f

i

c a nt

m

i

g r a t

i

o n f r o m r eg

i

o n s 2 a nd 3 A t o a r e a s o ut s

i

d e t h e ba s

i

n

(

Wo r l d

Ba n k , 1 99 3

)

.

(24)

-p e r f o r ma n c e , f a r m e r s a r e l i k e l y t o r e s

i

s t f e e h i k e s

(

W o r l d Ba nk ,

19 9 3

)

.

(

3

)

T h e p r a c t

i

c a l pr o b l e ms o f pr

i

c

i

n g f o r

i

r r

i

ga t

i

o n s e r v

i

c e s c a n

be gu

i

t e c o mp l e x a nd e xpe n s

i

v e . The be ne f

i

t s o f ma r g

i

n a l a nd

/

o r

op po r t u n

i

t y c os t pr

i

c

i

ng m a y be o v e r s h a do w e d b y t h e t r a n s a c t i o n

c o st s a s s o c

i

a t e d w

i

t h t h e

i

r

i

n t r od u c t

i

o n

(

W o r l d B a nk , 1 9 9 3

)

.

2 . 2 6 Wa t e r a l l oc at

i

o n po l

i

cy . Th e c u r r e n t w a t e r a l l o c a t

i

o n

po l

i

c

y

i

s ' f

i

r s t co me , f

i

r s t s e r v e '

(

F C F S

)

, wh

i

c h e n a b l e s s o m e

r eg

i

o ns t o d

i

v e r t a s m u c h w a t e r a s t h ey w a nt , r e g a r d l e s s o f wa t e r

n e ed s

i

n r e g i o ns do w n s t r e am . T h i s po l i cy ap p l i e s t o " f

i

r s t " i n

ge og r a p h

i

c a l l o ca t

i

o n a n d n o t n e c e s s a r

i

l y f

i

r st i n t

i

me . R e g

i

o n 1

i

s t h e mo s t up s t r e am r eg

i

o n a nd h a s f

i

r s t a c c e s s t o Ye l l o w R

i

v e r

wa t e r . R e g

i

o n 2 i s s e c o n d

i

n l

i

n e t o w

i

t h dr a w w a t e r f r o m t h e

r

i

v e r , r eg

i

o n 3 A

i

s t h

i

r d , a nd s o o n d o w n t h e r

i

v e r . Be ca us e o f

t he

i

r down s t r e a m l o c at

i

o n , r eg

i

o n s 7 A a nd 7 B a r e t he l a s t

i

n l

i

n e

t o r e c e

i

v e w a t e r . T he FC F S p o l

i

c y c u r r e nt l y e n a b l e s r eg

i

o ns 1

t hr o ug h 6 t o m e et t h e

i

r w a t e r d ema n d s ; r e ma

i

n

i

n g r

i

v e r w at e r

i

s

ad equ at e

i

n m os t

i

nf l o w y ea r s t o m e et t h e de ma n ds i n t he l owe r

r e ac h . Th

i

s p o l

i

cy h a s be e n a do p t e d o ut of c o n c e r n f o r t h e p o o r e r

f a r m e r s

i

n t h e up p e r a nd m

i

d d l e r e a ches .

2 . 2 7 S up p l

y

a n d de ma nd . T he c u r r e nt wa t e r ba l a n c e s e r v es a s t he

ba s

i

s f o r pr o

j

e c t

i

ng w a t e r s u p p l y a nd d e m a nd . Wa t e r u s e d a t a h a v e

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