A new way to understand the “force field analysis”
from Big Data analytics may be the future engine of the
smart cities development
Henri Dou, University Professor, Atelis (ESCEM)
[email protected] http://www.ciworldwide.org
In a special report of L’Usine Nouvelle (The New Factory), the smart cities and their global innovation are described.
These pin point the crucial role of the smart cities in the future development not only localy but also in the world.
In this presentation we are going to focus on some points different from the classical development of the infra-structures and commodities:
The crucial role of the individuals in the development of the smart cities.
Exracted from L’Usine Nouvelle – August 2014
All these cities compete on a national but also on a world basis.
What are the
forces of change
which move these cities ?The Lewin theory of change
Even if the Lewin theory has been developed years ago, this is a good way to understand what can be the role of the Big Data Analytics in the
development of the Smart Cities.
Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze
Unfreeze Change Refreeze Unfreeze Change Etc. time
Lewin theory (old)
Today the move is permanent and the refreeze shorten and almost disappear
Big Data are signals which mainly concern the Unfreezing part of the Kurt Lewin model
Let us concentrate on the first part of the Lewin theory
Understanding the conditions we may even say the “parameters”
which will be used to induce the change is called the:
“force field analysis”
Unfreeze
. What does that mean? It means that at some point
of the “comfortable” actual situation, some people eg.
decision makers for instance or groups of people involved in
innovation and creativeness will feel that
it is time to
move
. But, very often,
the levers and brakes of this situation
are not well perceived
Elements of the force field (among other)
Material elements Immaterial elements
Transportation Creative class Time to go to work Creative city Communication network Education
Water, energy supplies Interaction citizen - decision Urban development Entertainment
Cleanliness Art and Culture
Pollution Social security - pensions Most commonly linked to
Big Data analytics Hard Infrastructures This is not the object of This presentation
We will focus upon the: Smart cities development through the co-creation of a suitable environment by the citizens .
The Creative Class – Creative Economy
The
creative class
refers to various groups of people having a large
range of occupations, all of them being
“fully engaged in creative
process”.
This includes sectors such as science, education, healthcare,
engineering, research, legal sector, etc. (“The rise of the Creative Class”
R. Florida).
This aspect being seconded by the concept of
creative industries
which are industries dealing with the use of information and knowledge.
Howkins indicates as potential industries in this sector: advertising,
software, R&D, fashion, film, music, video-games, software ..The general
view of all these former concepts is that
“the industries of the twenty
first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge
through creativity and innovation”
(“The Creative Economy” J. Howkin)
The challenge: how to develop soft infrastructures to
facilitate the citizens co-creation?
A creative milieu is a place that contains the necessary requirements in terms of hard and
soft infrastructures
to generate a flow of ideas and inventions.A few ideas:
Develop the PaaS (Platform as a Service) for small companies and start-up
With its various application domains, the cloud provides new facilities enabling many types of companies, institutions research laboratories to be able to use today huge public computing facilities. Even in the very recent years this situation was inconceivable. We are as the same way where the development of IT (Internet networks, online hosts, Web 2.0 …) enable SME’s to have almost the same facilities as huge companies
Create smart applications for Smartphones
Enabling the citizens to interact with the decision makers. That means “government as a platform”, replacing the expertise of bureaucracy with a more “self-service” model that democratizes the real time exchange of information and services.
Encourage oriented micro-blogging and social networks
Comments on cities events, museum, cultural performances, etc.
Develop city’s open data
To be used by the citizen as a TTP (Tierce Third Party) in discussions
Comfort elderly life through sensors, captors, Internet links Develop the use of i-beacons , RFID Cheaps, Internet of things Etc.
Testing applications of Big Data Analytics
To avoid an erratic development of Big Data Analytics in cities there is a need to be able for the developers to use a common platform in view to benchmark applications and test them in real life context.
This is the
SmartSantander
The SmartSantander facility aims:
• To be a reference model for open real-world Internet of things
• A scalable , heterogeneous and trustable large scale real-world experimental facility
• A representative set of implemented use cases for experimental facility
• A large set of future Internet experimental and results
This set of commodities has been develop under the framework of the European community to enable institutions, laboratories, cities, companies to develop and test in real conditions Big Data Applications.
The name SmartSantander came from the Spanish city Santander. For more information see the full text of this presentation of this talk.
Smart cities are competing not only in their countries
but also in the World
In a research sponsored by Asset One Immobilienentwicklungs AG a table of Middle size European Smart Cities is given. They claimed that: “City-ranking have become a central instrument for assessing the attractiveness of urban regions over the last 20 years”.
What are the criteria used to make the city ranking?
All these criteria contribute to the development of a Smart City. You can see that many of them are related to Big Data, if the sensors, captors, citizen participations are correctly oriented. This means that Big Data Analytics must be used with care and that specialists to interpret the data are required.
Big Data Analytics needs not only machines but also human specialists.
Big Daya Analytics, Research, Education
Most of the research laboratories use the University computer facilities to work. This will be different with the big data analytics and an extensive use of the « cloud ». Based on a pay-per-use basis, it means that another way to allocate research fundings is necessary.
One of the best way will be to create partnerships between research laboratories and World size companies of Big Data Analytics.
In Education on the strict point of view of Big Data Analytics, four sets of knowledge are necessary:
• To be enable to clean and process the data (the better coherent they are the best is the result),
• To be able to feed these platform and create new development (there is a lack of competencies in the development of “codes” and initiative such as “codeacademy” or
School 42 in France, or various MOOCs are in this domain very promising
• To be able to interpret the data or to use various mathematical algorithms to view the data and interpret the result
Conclusion
If most of the applications of Big Data Analytics concern « hard infrastructures » a large part of the use of Big Data Analytics for the development of smart cities will be concerned by the « soft infrastructures » and more especially by those which will build an interfance between the citizens and the decisions makers.
Beyond the « hard structures », the Smart Cities involved inhabitants and this is the inhabitants which will develop smart industries, smart businesses and which will constitute the core of the Smart Cities Innovation.
The applications of Big Data Analytics are very large and many see the cities as the « Eldorado of the Big Data Analytics ». But to avoid erratic or even dangerous
developments there is a need to experiment, evalutate, benchmark the different types of applications and practices.
Because Smart Cities not only compete on a national plan, but are involved in a world wide competition, governments should engage various programs of research and education in this field.
Thank
You
For your
attention
