Fundamental Particles at CERN

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Fundamental Particles at CERN

European School of High-Energy Physics, Beatenberg, CH, Aug. 27, 2001

Luciano MAIANI

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

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CERN School 27/08/01

L. MAIANI. Fundamental Particles @ CERN 2

The cosmic rays spectrum

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AdA

VEP-1 CBX

ACO ADONE

CEA

SPEAR

VEPP-2 DORIS

PETRA

CESR VEPP-4

PEP

TRISTAN LEP SLC

HERA

LEP2

DCI

LHC

SppS

TEVATRON

ISR

LHC

RHIC

KEK-B PEP2

DAFNE BEPC

0.1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 10000 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 9 6 0 1 9 6 5 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0

e+e- pp or pp-bar per nucleon

y=0.3719e0.1898x y=15.97e0.1535x

Tevatron: P-Pbar, 1987 E

_equiv

≈0.5 10

⁶

GeV

LEP2: e

⁺

e

^-

, 1995

≈ same en. range as Tevatron LHC: P-P , 2006

E

_equiv

≈1.1•10

⁸

GeV

Development of Collider facilities

+ X-factories +Heavy Ions...

Equivalent energy in fixed target (P):

Cosmic rays

“knee”

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L. MAIANI. Fundamental Particles @ CERN 4 aéroport

Genève Atlas

1954 2000

CMS

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The twenty Member States of CERN

OBSERVERS:

•UNESCO

•EU

•Israel

•Turkey

SPECIAL OBSERVERS (for LHC):

•USA

•Japan

•Russia

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The LHC dipole n. 0001

Artist view of the LHC in the LEP Tunnel

Training Quenches at 1.8K

7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00

0 1 2 3 4 5

Quench Number

Magnetic Field at Quench B [Tesla]

HCMBB-A0001-01000001.T1 Ultimate Field = 9T Nominal Field = 8.34 Tesla

No quench

9 Tesla

Nominal LHC field

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Jan-04 Apr-04 Jul-04 Oct-04 Jan-05 Apr-05 Jul-05 Oct-05 Jan-06 Apr-06 Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07 Apr-07 Jul-07 Oct-07

Octant test 01/04

to 3 1 / 0 8

Last dipole delivered

3 1 / 0 3

Ring closed and cold

3 1 / 1 2

First beam 0 1 / 0 2

Physics run 7 months

L>2x10³³

0 1 / 0 8 2 8 / 0 2

Pilot run

01/04 to 30/04 Shutdown

3 months

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

Pb-Pb run 6 weeks

LHC commissioning schedule

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Summary

• What ’s next in Particle Physics

• Neutrino masses and oscillations

• CP violation

• Higgs boson search

• Supersymmetry, hints from muon g-2?

• Extra dimensions?

• Accelerators for the future

• CERN ’s SPL, nu-factory ?

• VLHC?

• CLIC

• Conclusions

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Mass spectrum of quarks and leptons

1.0E-04 1.0E-02 1.0E+00 1.0E+02 1.0E+04 1.0E+06 1.0E+08 1.0E+10 1.0E+12

0 1 2 3 4

nu-direct nu-oscill up-Quarks d-Quarks ch-Leptons

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

eV

direct limits to ν- masses

ν- masses from oscillations

Upper bounds to neutrino masses are taken from β - decay spectra;

estimates of ν _µ and ν _τ masses are from solar and

atmospheric neutrino

oscillations.

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K&SuperK discovery!!!

Neutrino mass &

oscillations

Long Base-Line ν beams:

K2K

Minos @ FermiLab CERN to Gran Sasso

Other oscillation signals:

- Solar ν ’s ( ≈ 10

^-4

eV

²

)

∆ m

² ₁₂

may be 10

^-1

- 10

^-2

∆ m

²₁₃

CP violation may be visible - LSND ( ≈ 1 eV

²

)(???)

m g

eV g GeV

GeV

2

2 2

3 2 2

15

1 6 10

2

200

10 = < > =

= ⋅

₋

< >

[ ]

. [ ( ) ( )]

φ

φ Λ

Λ

If m

₂

>> m

₁

, ∆ m

² ₂₁

≈ (m

₂

)

²

Pr ( ) (sin )sin ( . ( )

CERN neutrino beam to Gran Sasso

optimized for τ detection E

_ν

≈ 20 GeV

Civil works committed in spring 2000

Experimental proposals

OPERA approved Jan 2001 Commissioning:

Spring 2005

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CNGS tunnel layout

140 m

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CNGS excavations

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( average 90 % CL upper limit for a large number of experiments in the absence of a signal )

Sensitivity

Explore ν _µ → ν _τ in the region

indicated by

SuperKamiokande 5 years

3 years

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Direct CP violation

•2002(NA48/1) : (CP even, determines mixing part of CP odd K _L decay)

• neutral hyperon decays (3 10 ¹⁰ neutral kaon decays);

•2003 (NA48/2) : high statistics study of CP violating slope in (to O(10 _K

^±

_→ _π

^±

₊ _π

⁺

₊ _π

⁻

^-4 )).

K

_S

→ π

⁰

+ + e

⁺

e

⁻

2 0

Standard Theory

Martinelli & Ciuchini Moriond 2001

ε ’/ ε : - new (~final) result reported by NA48

- KTeV and NA48 now consistent

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Liquid Kr Cal

NA48 overview

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The allowed regions for ρ and η (contours at 68%, 95%) are compared with the

uncertainty bands (at 68% and 95%

probabilities) for | Vub| / | Vcb | , | ε

_K

| , ∆ m

d

and the limit on ∆ m

s

/ ∆ m

d

(dotted curve).

M. Ciuchini et al.

arXiv: hep- ph/ 0012308 v3

CP violating angles

sin(2 β ) = 0.692 ± 0.065

BaBar:

sin2 β = 0.590 ± 0.14 (stat) ± 0.05 (syst) Belle:

sin2 β = 0.99 ± 0.14 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst)

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High B

_{u, d, s, c}

, b-hadrons statistics @ LHC

~ 10

¹²

bb/year

Lepton, γ and Hadron P

_T

trigger + Vertex trigger

Decay time resolution (B

_s

: 40 fs) Particle ID ( π /K)

Mass resolution ( π

⁺

π

⁻

: 18 MeV)

B

_d

→ J/ ψ K

_S

Some decay channels for measuring four angles of the CKM triangles

B

_s

_{u, d}

→ Κ π

B

_d

→ D Κ

^∗0

B

_s

→ D

_s^m

Κ

^±

The LHCb Experiment

∝ V

_ts

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Blue-plot

c.l.) - 212GeV(95%

98 ⁵⁸₃₈

≤

= ⁺₋

H H

M M

c.l.) - 236GeV(95%

118 ⁶³₄₂

≤

= ⁺₋

H H

M

Electroweak results

M

@LEP and elsewhere

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LEP working group for Higgs boson searches, July 10, 2001 (cont’d)

NOV. 3, 2000

July 10, 2001

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July 10, 2001

Nov. 3, 2000

Hints of Higgs boson @115GeV persist ! Anyway: M _H > 114.1 GeV

Window for FermiLab

Hunting ground for the LHC

LEP working group for

Higgs boson searches,

(cont’d)

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Plot taken from Physics at Run II Workshop

TEVATRON RUNII

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LEP2

5σ

Easy region:

H → ZZ → 4 l

Most difficult region.

H → γγ , ttH → ttbb 5 σ in 2007 ?

10 fb

^-1

by Feb. 2007

F. Gianotti •a window for FermiLab

•then : the LHC

Note : m

_H

→ 1 TeV can be excluded at 95% C.L. in few months

H→ γγ

100 fb

^-1

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Measurement of the SM Higgs parameters at LHC:

mass to ~0.1%, width to ≤ 10%, rates ( σ x BR) to ~10%,

ratios of couplings (WWH, ZZH, ttH, bbH) to 10-20%

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Supersymmetry in the TeV range

• SUSY charges carry 1/2 spin (matter-forces unification)

• A bridge towards gravity

• TeV scale indicated by hierarchy problem

• Study of SUSY spectrum: deep in multi TeV region ...

} ,

{ ^Q _α ^Q _β = γ ^µ ^αβ ^P _µ +

Lightest SUSY

Particles may still

be around from

BIG-BANG

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Amaldi, de Boer, Furstenau

Ellis, Kelley, Nanopoulos;

Langacker, Luo

Dimopoulos, Raby, Wilczek Ibanez, GGR

MSSM

Large New Dimensions Unification at a TEV???

Dienes, Dudas, Ghergetta,

Unification Hints

Courtesy of

G. Ross, LEP fest

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J. Ellis, Lepton Photon Conf. 2001

Higgs boson masses in the

Minimal SUSY Model

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Expected reach of CMS for various SUSY particles &

Cosmological parameters

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D. Denegri

Dilepton

structures and mass

reconstruction

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∆ = (4.3±1.6) 10 ^-9 (2.6 σ )

LL

-.85???

Hadr. corr 69.2

improve error!

size not unlikely for SUSY !!! …but:

Brookhaven

Muon g-2, after Summer Conferences

(from James Miller, LP01 Rome 23-28 July 2001)

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& Barbieri, 1995

g-2, cont’d

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Muon g-2 in Minimal SUSY

J. Ellis, Lepton Photon Conf. 2001

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hep-ph 016204

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Extra space dimensions?

•Waves (and particles) of large wave length (small energy) simply do not fit in the curved dimension

•how small is R?

R

Kaluza & Klein 1930’s

Superstring theory not consistent in 4 dimensions Extra curved dimensions required

Scale? ≈ 1/M _Planck ?

« if a cat would disappear in Pasadena and reappear in

Erice, this would be an example of global cat conservation.

This is not the way cats are conserved » (R.P. Feynman)

.... in 4 dimensions

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Extra Dimensions at mm scale?

The universe viewed in the small:

quarks, leptons, and gauge fields are bound to a D-brane localised in an extra compact dimension.

Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (1998)

Giudice,

Rattazzi, Wells

e ⁺ e ^- → γ + Gravitons

D D Planck D

D Planck

D D

D

M M R M

r R r M

m m r

M m V m

2

2 2 1 1

2 2 1

) 1 (

) 1 ( ) (

1 )

(

=

₊ ₊

Gravity in 3+D dim.

M

_D

=1 TeV

R ≈ mm (D=2)

R ≈ fermi (D=6)

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Limits on mass scale M _D for n Extra Dimensions

R M

M

D

M

Pl D

= 1

n²

( ) _≈ 1mm for M

_D

≈ 1 TeV, D=2 recall:

LEP LHC

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1 billion people surfing the Web

How Much Data is Involved in LHC?

10

⁵

10

⁴

10

³

10

²

Level 1 Rate

(Hz)

High Level-1 Trigger

(1 MHz) High No. Channels

High Bandwidth (500 Gbit/s)

High Data Archive (PetaByte)

LHCB

KLOE

HERA-B

CDF II

CDF H1

ZEUS UA1

LEP

NA49

ALICE

Event Size (bytes) 10

⁴

10

⁵

10

⁶

ATLAS CMS

10

⁶

10

⁷

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CERN's Network in the World

267 institutes in Europe, 4603 users

208 institutes elsewhere, 1632 users

some points = several institutes

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Vision for the Grid

( from Dr. John Taylor)

System Users

Intelligent Interface

Middleware

Cluster Operating System

Supercomputing, High Throughput

Computing Networking Mass

Storage

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sin ² (2 θ ₁₃ ) ≈ 10 ^-2 - 10 ^-3

sin ² (2 θ ₁₃ ) ≈ 10 ^-4 - 10 ^-5 half way from

ν factory !

4. Further steps in neutrino oscillations

i) Superbeams

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Superconducting Proton Linac:

layout on the CERN site

Linac

Linac + klystron gallery + klystron gallery parallel to the fence of parallel to the fence of Meyrin

Meyrin site (Route site (Route Gregory)

Gregory)

• Economic trench excavation

• Geological advantages (tunnel on“molasse”, no underground water)

• Minimum impact on the environment (empty field)

• Simple connection to PS

& ISR via existing tunnels

• Use some of the old ISR infrastructure (electricity, cooling)

Proton energy: 2.2 GeV

Power on target: 4MW

Re-use of LEP sc cav.s

Almost pure ν

_µ

beam

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The SC cavities for β < 1

The β =0.7 4-cell prototype

CERN technique of Nb/Cu sputtering for β=0.7, β=0.8 cavities (352 MHz):

•lower material cost, large apertures, released tolerances, 4.5 °K operation with Q = 10

⁹

Bulk Nb or mixed technique for β=0.52 (one 100 kW tetrode per cavity)

0.1 1 10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Eacc [MV/m]

Q/10

9

0.8 single cell LEP 0.7 4-cells 0.8 5-cells

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CERN design of a Neutrino Factory

to Gran Sasso, 730 km

to very long distance Laboratory(≈3000km)

4MW on target

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P. Gruber Best long baseline is around 3000km

for CP violation + matter effects.

ii) Search for long-baseline detector laboratories

Svalbard

Pihäsalmi

search for possible underground sites (H. Wenninger et al )

Gran Canaria (Spain); Spitzbergen (Svalbard,Norway);

Center for underground physics Pihäsalmi(Finland)

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VLHC at CERN?

(Circ. = 240 Km)

study available for 100km tunnel

as well Exploratory study

shows prohibitive tunnel cost

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CLIC test facility n.3

• to demonstrate a novel concept of drive-beam generation

• to provide the nominal rf power to a few accelerating sections which in turn will operate with the nominal accelerating gradient.

• CTF3 will be a unique 30 GHz high-power rf source for the tests of all the rf components.

• CTF3 will evolve in a staged approach where construction phases alternate with beam test periods. The plan is to have CTF 3 fully exploited by 2005;

• May be able to decide on the viability of CLIC technology

around 2006-2007

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CLIC Test Facility 3

Housed in LEP Pre- Injector building

Construction 2001-2003

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6. Fitting CLIC at CERN ?

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Interaction region on

the Prevessin Site

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Strategy for the future

High Energy Frontier:

• LHC

• e ⁺ e ^- LC, E _tot <1 TeV e ⁺ e ^-

• LC, E _tot ≈ multiTeV (CLIC)

• VLHC

Flavour physics:

Neutrino superbeam Neutrino factory

• exploration of nearby “Beyond the Standard Model”

• Anom. Dim’s. up to 40-50 TeV

• The unexpected

}

Θ ₁₃ ; CP violation in lepton sector

}

•as soon as possible!

•complementary, necessary step (emittance…)

Further in the future:

Muon collider

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Fundamental Particles at CERN