2 MATTER

(1)

MATTER



MATTER IS WHAT THE UNIVERSE IS MATTER IS WHAT THE UNIVERSE IS

MADE OF. MATTER HAS PROPERTIES; MADE OF. MATTER HAS PROPERTIES; AND PROPERTIES DESCRIBE MATTER. AND PROPERTIES DESCRIBE MATTER.



(4) GENERAL PROPERTIES OF (4) GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

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2 2

MATTER



1) 1) MASSMASS: THE MOST IMPORTANT : THE MOST IMPORTANT

PROPERTY. THE MASS OF AN OBJECT PROPERTY. THE MASS OF AN OBJECT

(MATTER) IS ALWAYS CONSTANT. (MATTER) IS ALWAYS CONSTANT.

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(4)

4 4

MATTER



2) 2) WEIGHTWEIGHT: 2: 2NDND GENERAL PROPERTY _{GENERAL PROPERTY}

OF MATTER. WEIGHT IS NOT OF MATTER. WEIGHT IS NOT

CONSTANT. CONSTANT.



WEIGHT: THE AMOUNT OF FORCE WEIGHT: THE AMOUNT OF FORCE EARTHS GRAVITY EXERTS ON AN EARTHS GRAVITY EXERTS ON AN

OBJECT. OBJECT.

WEIGHT DEPENDS ON LOCATION AND WEIGHT DEPENDS ON LOCATION AND GRAVITY.

(5)

(6)

6 6

MATTER

GRAVITY: THE FORCE OF GRAVITY: THE FORCE OF

ATTRACTION BETWEEN OBJECTS. ATTRACTION BETWEEN OBJECTS.

> MASS > GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.> MASS > GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.



THE METRIC UNIT USED IS NEWTONS. THE METRIC UNIT USED IS NEWTONS. (N)

(N)



(POR) OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1Kg IS (POR) OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1Kg IS PULLED TO THE EARTH WITH A

PULLED TO THE EARTH WITH A FORCE OF 9.8(N) NEWTONS

FORCE OF 9.8(N) NEWTONS

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(8)

8 8

MATTER



3) 3) VOLUMEVOLUME: THE AMOUNT OF SPACE : THE AMOUNT OF SPACE AN OBJECT TAKES UP. REMEMBER AN OBJECT TAKES UP. REMEMBER

THE UNITS ARE LITERS OR Ml. THE UNITS ARE LITERS OR Ml.



4) 4) DENSITYDENSITY: THE FOURTH GENERAL : THE FOURTH GENERAL PROPERTY. D=M/V

(9)

MATTER



MATTER MADE OF THE SAME MATTER MADE OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE CAN EXIST IN

SUBSTANCE CAN EXIST IN

DIFFERENT STATES; THESE STATES DIFFERENT STATES; THESE STATES

ARE CALLED

ARE CALLED PHASES.PHASES.

1.

SOLIDSSOLIDS

2.

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

3.

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10 10

MATTER



TINY PARTICLES IN CONSTANT TINY PARTICLES IN CONSTANT MOTION MAKE UP ALL MATTER. MOTION MAKE UP ALL MATTER.



SOLIDS: DEFINITE SHAPE AND SOLIDS: DEFINITE SHAPE AND

DEFINITE VOLUME. DEFINITE VOLUME.



PARTICLES OF SOLIDS ARE HELD PARTICLES OF SOLIDS ARE HELD

CLOSE TOGETHER BY FORCES. THEY CLOSE TOGETHER BY FORCES. THEY LACK THE ENERGY TO MOVE OUT OF LACK THE ENERGY TO MOVE OUT OF POSITION & MOVE OVER OR AROUND POSITION & MOVE OVER OR AROUND

(11)

MATTER



LIQUIDS: NO DEFINITE SHAPE AND A LIQUIDS: NO DEFINITE SHAPE AND A DEFINITE VOLUME.

DEFINITE VOLUME.



GAS: NO DEFINITE SHAPE AND NO GAS: NO DEFINITE SHAPE AND NO DEFINITE VOLUME.

DEFINITE VOLUME.



PLASMA: GASLIKE MIXTURE OF PLASMA: GASLIKE MIXTURE OF

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGED

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12 12

MATTER



EVAPORATION: A LIQUID CHANGES EVAPORATION: A LIQUID CHANGES TO A GAS GRADUALLY AT TEMPS TO A GAS GRADUALLY AT TEMPS

BELOW THE BOILING POINT. BELOW THE BOILING POINT.



CONDENSATION: A GAS CHANGES TO CONDENSATION: A GAS CHANGES TO A LIQUID. GASES WILL CONDENSE

A LIQUID. GASES WILL CONDENSE WHEN COOLED.

(13)

(14)

14 14

MATTER

 OUR ATMOSPHERE OR AIR IS GAS. 78% OUR ATMOSPHERE OR AIR IS GAS. 78% NITROGEN 21% OXYGEN AND A TRACE

NITROGEN 21% OXYGEN AND A TRACE

AMOUNT OF ARGON.

 AIR EXERTS A FORCE CALLED PRESSURE.AIR EXERTS A FORCE CALLED PRESSURE.  PRESSURE IS THE AMOUNT OF FORCE PRESSURE IS THE AMOUNT OF FORCE

EXERTED PER UNIT OF AREA. IN OTHER

WORDS, THE AMOUNT OF FORCE EXERTED

BY A GAS DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF ITS

CONTAINER.

(15)

(16)

(17)

MATTER



THE PASCAL (Pa) IS THE SI UNIT FOR THE PASCAL (Pa) IS THE SI UNIT FOR PRESSURE. ONE PASCAL OF

PRESSURE. ONE PASCAL OF

PRESSURE IS A FORCE OF ONE PRESSURE IS A FORCE OF ONE

NEWTON PER SQUARE METER. NEWTON PER SQUARE METER.



THIS IS A SMALL PRESSURE UNIT, SO THIS IS A SMALL PRESSURE UNIT, SO MOST PRESSURES ARE GIVEN IN

MOST PRESSURES ARE GIVEN IN KILOPASCALS (kPa).

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18 18

MATTER



OUR ATMOSPHERE EXERTS OUR ATMOSPHERE EXERTS

PRESSURE ON EVERYTHING IN IT. PRESSURE ON EVERYTHING IN IT.

SEA LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE SEA LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

IS 101.3 kPa. THIS IS 100,000 IS 101.3 kPa. THIS IS 100,000

NEWTONS ON EVERY SQUARE METER NEWTONS ON EVERY SQUARE METER

(19)

MATTER



TROPOSPHERE IS THE LAYER OF THE TROPOSPHERE IS THE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE FROM EARTHS

ATMOSPHERE FROM EARTHS

SURFACE TO 16 KILOMETERS UP. SURFACE TO 16 KILOMETERS UP.

ABOUT 8 MILES. ABOUT 8 MILES.



REMEMBER THE COMPOSITION: REMEMBER THE COMPOSITION: NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ARGON AND NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ARGON AND

CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

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20 20

MATTER



ALL THE PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP ALL THE PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP THE TROPOSPHERE ARE MOVING THE TROPOSPHERE ARE MOVING

1600 KM/HR (800 MPH) AND COLLIDING 1600 KM/HR (800 MPH) AND COLLIDING

QUITE OFTEN…THIS IS WHAT QUITE OFTEN…THIS IS WHAT

CREATES THE AIR PRESSURE. CREATES THE AIR PRESSURE.



ABOVE THE TROPOSPHERE, LESS ABOVE THE TROPOSPHERE, LESS

PARTICLES, LESS COLLISIONS, LESS PARTICLES, LESS COLLISIONS, LESS

(21)

MATTER



GASES AND LIQUIDS HAVE THE GASES AND LIQUIDS HAVE THE ABILITY TO FLOW AND ARE BOTH ABILITY TO FLOW AND ARE BOTH

REFERRED TO AS

REFERRED TO AS FLUIDSFLUIDS..



ALL FLUIDS EXERT PRESSURE. ALL FLUIDS EXERT PRESSURE. PRESSURE IS THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE IS THE AMOUNT OF

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22 22

MATTER



ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLEARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE: THE : THE

BUOYANT FORCE ON AN OBJECT IN A BUOYANT FORCE ON AN OBJECT IN A

FLUID IS AN UPWARD FORCE EQUAL FLUID IS AN UPWARD FORCE EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE FLUID THAT TO THE WEIGHT OF THE FLUID THAT

THE OBJECT DISPLACES. (BRICK IN THE OBJECT DISPLACES. (BRICK IN

(23)

(24)

24 24

MATTER



PASCAL’S PRINCIPLEPASCAL’S PRINCIPLE: A CHANGE IN : A CHANGE IN PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN AN

PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN AN ENCLOSED FLUID WILL BE

ENCLOSED FLUID WILL BE

TRANSMITTED EQUALLY TO ALL TRANSMITTED EQUALLY TO ALL

PARTS OF THE FLUID. (CAR PARTS OF THE FLUID. (CAR

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(26)

26 26

MATTER



THREE MAJOR GAS LAWS:THREE MAJOR GAS LAWS:



BOYLESBOYLES LAW, CHARLES LAW, AND LAW, CHARLES LAW, AND GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW.

GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW.



THE GAS LAWS DESCRIBE WHY GASES THE GAS LAWS DESCRIBE WHY GASES BEHAVE THE WAY THEY DO BASED ON

BEHAVE THE WAY THEY DO BASED ON

THREE THINGS:

THREE THINGS: PRESSURE, TEMP, _{PRESSURE, TEMP,} AND

(27)

MATTER



BOYLES LAWBOYLES LAW: FOR A FIXED AMOUNT : FOR A FIXED AMOUNT OF GAS AT A CONSTANT TEMP. THE OF GAS AT A CONSTANT TEMP. THE

VOLUME OF THE GAS INCREASES AS VOLUME OF THE GAS INCREASES AS

ITS PRESSURE DECREASES. ITS PRESSURE DECREASES.



(THINK OF A BUBBLE THAT YOU LET (THINK OF A BUBBLE THAT YOU LET OUT OF YOUR MOUTH 10 m UNDER OUT OF YOUR MOUTH 10 m UNDER

WATER) THE BUBBLE GETS BIGGER WATER) THE BUBBLE GETS BIGGER

(28)

(29)

MATTER



CHARLES LAWCHARLES LAW: FOR A FIXED AMOUNT : FOR A FIXED AMOUNT OF GAS AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE, OF GAS AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE,

THE VOLUME OF THE GAS INCREASES THE VOLUME OF THE GAS INCREASES

AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES. AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES.



IF YOU HEAT A BALLON THE VOLUME IF YOU HEAT A BALLON THE VOLUME

INCREASES AND THE BALLOON POPS. INCREASES AND THE BALLOON POPS.

IF YOU COOL IT, THE VOLUME IF YOU COOL IT, THE VOLUME

DECREASES AND THE BALLOON DECREASES AND THE BALLOON

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(31)

MATTER



GAY-LUSSAC’S LAWGAY-LUSSAC’S LAW: THE PRESSURE : THE PRESSURE OF A GAS INCREASES AS THE

OF A GAS INCREASES AS THE

TEMPERATURE INCREASES IF THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES IF THE

VOLUME OF THE GAS DOESN’T VOLUME OF THE GAS DOESN’T

CHANGE. CHANGE.



EXP: A PRESSURIZED SPRAY CAN EXP: A PRESSURIZED SPRAY CAN WILL EXPLODE IF HEATED.

(32)

(33)

MATTER



PHYSICAL PROPERTYPHYSICAL PROPERTY: :

CHARACTERISITCS OF A SUBSTANCE CHARACTERISITCS OF A SUBSTANCE

THAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITHOUT THAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITHOUT

CHANGING THE SUBSTANCE. CHANGING THE SUBSTANCE.



EXAMPLES: COLOR, DENSITY, SHAPE, EXAMPLES: COLOR, DENSITY, SHAPE, SIZE, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, SIZE, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT,

(34)

(35)

MATTER



A CHANGE IN SIZE, SHAPE, PHASE, A CHANGE IN SIZE, SHAPE, PHASE, EVAPORATING, CONDENSING,

EVAPORATING, CONDENSING,

BOILING, OR FREEZING…ALL OF BOILING, OR FREEZING…ALL OF

THESE ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES. THE THESE ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES. THE IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE HASN’T IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE HASN’T

CHANGED. CHANGED.



CHEMICAL CHANGECHEMICAL CHANGE: A SUBSTANCE : A SUBSTANCE CHANGES INTO A COMPLETELY

CHANGES INTO A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SUBSTANCE.

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36 36

MATTER



LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION/

DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION/

CHEMICAL CHANGE, MATTER IS NOT CHEMICAL CHANGE, MATTER IS NOT

(37)

MATTER

 4 ₄CLASSIFICATIONSCLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON MAKE-UP. BASED ON MAKE-UP.

1.

1.MIXTURESMIXTURES 2.

2.SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS 3.

3.ELEMENTSELEMENTS 4.

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38 38

MATTER



ELEMENTELEMENT IS THE SIMPLEST PUREST IS THE SIMPLEST PUREST SUBSTANCE.

SUBSTANCE.



THE SMALLEST PART OF THE ELEMENT THE SMALLEST PART OF THE ELEMENT IS THE

IS THE ATOMATOM CALLED THE BASIC CALLED THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF MATTER.

BUILDING BLOCK OF MATTER.



COMPOUNDCOMPOUND:TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS :TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED.

(39)

MATTER

 MOLECULESMOLECULES: TWO OR MORE ATOMS : TWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY BONDED.

CHEMICALLY BONDED.

 COEFFICIENTSCOEFFICIENTS: LAW OF CONSERVATION : LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS AND THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF

OF MASS AND THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF

A SUBSTANCE.

 THE THE SUBSCRIPTSUBSCRIPT IS THE NUMBER OF IS THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF THE ELEMENT IN THE

(40)

(41)

MATTER



ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE GIVEN CHEMICAL SYMBOLS, A ARE GIVEN CHEMICAL SYMBOLS, A

LETTER OR PAIR OF LETTERS. C FOR LETTER OR PAIR OF LETTERS. C FOR

CARBON, Al FOR ALUMINUM, Cu FOR CARBON, Al FOR ALUMINUM, Cu FOR

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42 42

MATTER



THE ATOM IS THE BASIC BUILDING THE ATOM IS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF MATTER AND WAS

BLOCK OF MATTER AND WAS

CONSIDERED TO BE THE SMALLEST CONSIDERED TO BE THE SMALLEST

PART OF MATTER. PART OF MATTER.



THE ATOM CONSISTS OF A NUCLEUS THE ATOM CONSISTS OF A NUCLEUS

CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

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44 44

MATTER



PROTON HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE. PROTON HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE. THE NEUTRON HAS NO CHARGE.

THE NEUTRON HAS NO CHARGE.

THEY ARE ABOUT THE SAME SIZE. THEY ARE ABOUT THE SAME SIZE.

THE ELECTRON HAS A THE ELECTRON HAS A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND MUCH NEGATIVE CHARGE AND MUCH

SMALLER THAN THE PROTON AND SMALLER THAN THE PROTON AND

(45)

MATTER



ATOMIC NUMBERATOMIC NUMBER: THE NUMBER OF : THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE

ATOM. ATOM.



USUALLY AN ATOM HAS THE SAME USUALLY AN ATOM HAS THE SAME

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS. NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS.

(46)

(47)

MATTER



THE AREA OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF THE AREA OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM IS CALLED THE

THE ATOM IS CALLED THE ELECTRON ELECTRON CLOUD

CLOUD. THIS IS WHERE THE . THIS IS WHERE THE

ELECTRONS OF AN ATOM CAN BE ELECTRONS OF AN ATOM CAN BE

FOUND. THE SPACE/AREA THAT FOUND. THE SPACE/AREA THAT

MAKES UP THE ELECTRON CLOUD IS MAKES UP THE ELECTRON CLOUD IS

MUCH LARGER THAN THE NUCLEUS MUCH LARGER THAN THE NUCLEUS

(48)

48 48

MATTER



ELECTRONS ARE FOUND AT VARIOUS ELECTRONS ARE FOUND AT VARIOUS DISTANCES FROM THE NUCLEUS OF DISTANCES FROM THE NUCLEUS OF

THE ATOM. ELECTRONS CLOSEST TO THE ATOM. ELECTRONS CLOSEST TO

THE NUCLEUS ARE

THE NUCLEUS ARE LOW ENERGYLOW ENERGY

ELECTRONS. ELECTRONS FURTHER ELECTRONS. ELECTRONS FURTHER

AWAY FROM THE NUCLEUS OF THE AWAY FROM THE NUCLEUS OF THE

ATOM ARE CALLED

ATOM ARE CALLED HIGH ENERGYHIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS.

(49)

MATTER



THESE ENERGY DIFFERENCES ARE THESE ENERGY DIFFERENCES ARE REPRESENTED BY WHAT WE CALL REPRESENTED BY WHAT WE CALL

ENERGY LEVELS ENERGY LEVELS..



ENERGY LEVELS CAN ONLY HOLD A ENERGY LEVELS CAN ONLY HOLD A CERTAIN NUMBER OF ELECTRONS. CERTAIN NUMBER OF ELECTRONS.

SEVEN ENERGY LEVELS HAVE BEEN SEVEN ENERGY LEVELS HAVE BEEN

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50 50

MATTER



SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES THAT ARE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES THAT ARE SMALLER THAN PROTONS AND

SMALLER THAN PROTONS AND

NEUTRONS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED. NEUTRONS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED. WE CALL THESE PARTICLES QUARKS. WE CALL THESE PARTICLES QUARKS. SIX OR SO DIFFERENT QUARKS MAKE SIX OR SO DIFFERENT QUARKS MAKE

(51)

MATTER

MASS NUMBER_{MASS NUMBER}: THE SUM OF THE _{: THE SUM OF THE} NUMBER OF PROTONS AND

NUMBER OF PROTONS AND

NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE

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52 52

MATTER

 ISOTOPESISOTOPES: ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT : ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF

THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF

PROTONS AND DIFFERENT NUMBER OF

NEUTRONS.

(53)

(54)

(55)

MATTER

 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS WAS THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS WAS DEVELOPED BY A RUSSIAN CHEMIST BY

DEVELOPED BY A RUSSIAN CHEMIST BY

THE NAME OF DIMITRI MENDELEEV.

(56)

(57)

MATTER



THE PERIODIC TABLE HAS 18 THE PERIODIC TABLE HAS 18 VERTICAL COLUMNS CALLED VERTICAL COLUMNS CALLED

GROUPS.

GROUPS. ELEMENTS IN EACH GROUP ELEMENTS IN EACH GROUP HAVE SIMILAR PROPERTIES.

HAVE SIMILAR PROPERTIES.



THE PERIODIC TABLE HAS 7 THE PERIODIC TABLE HAS 7 HOROZONTAL ROWS CALLED HOROZONTAL ROWS CALLED

PERIODS.

(58)

(59)

MATTER



FOUR FORCES OCCUR IN THE ATOM FOUR FORCES OCCUR IN THE ATOM WHICH KEEPS IT INTACT.

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60 60

MATTER



1) 1) ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCEELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE: A : A FORCE OF ATTRACTION OR

FORCE OF ATTRACTION OR

REPULSION. PROTONS HAVE A REPULSION. PROTONS HAVE A

POSITIVE CHARGE. ELECTRONS HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE. ELECTRONS HAVE

A NEGATIVE CHARGE. A NEGATIVE CHARGE.



THIS FORCE KEEPS THE ELECTRONS THIS FORCE KEEPS THE ELECTRONS ORBITING THE NUCLEUS.

(61)

MATTER



2) THE 2) THE STRONG FORCESTRONG FORCE: THE : THE

GREATEST OF THE FOUR FORCES. GREATEST OF THE FOUR FORCES.



THIS FORCE OPPOSES THE THIS FORCE OPPOSES THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE.



IT HOLDS THE PROTONS INSIDE THE IT HOLDS THE PROTONS INSIDE THE NUCLEUS.

(62)

62 62

MATTER



3) THE 3) THE WEAK FORCEWEAK FORCE: THIS FORCE IS : THIS FORCE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RADIOACTIVE

RESPONSIBLE FOR RADIOACTIVE DECAY.

DECAY.



4) 4) GRAVITYGRAVITY: THE WEAKEST OF THE : THE WEAKEST OF THE FOUR FORCES. IT OCCURS INSIDE FOUR FORCES. IT OCCURS INSIDE

(63)

MATTER



MOLEMOLE: THE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE : THE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS AS MANY PARTICLES

THAT CONTAINS AS MANY PARTICLES

AS THERE ARE ATOMS IN EXACTLY 12

GRAMS OF CARBON-12.



AVOGADRO’S NUMBER:AVOGADRO’S NUMBER: THE EXACT THE EXACT NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN ONE MOLE

NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN ONE MOLE

OF A PURE SUBSTANCE.

(64)

(65)