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F i g
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a st
ew
at
e rt
r e atm
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p
l
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an
d
R
C
W
f
a ci l i
t
y
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p
o n e nt
c o n c e
n t
r at
i
o n5 5
F i
g
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:P
e r c e nt
sh i f
t
i
nPA R A
FA C
c om
p
o n e nt
d i
st
ri b
uti
o n56
F i
g
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:O
WA SA /U N C w
a st
ew
at
e rt
r e atm
e nt
p
l
a nt
a nd R C
W
f
a ci l i
t y
c om
p
o n e nt
c o n c e
n
t
r at
i
on
6 2
F i
g
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8
:O
WA SA
's
d i
st
ri b
ute
d R C
W
c om
p
o n e nt
c o n c e nt
r at
io n
6
4
F
i
g
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:F l
u o r e s c e n c e e x cit
ati
o n-em
i
s sio n
m
at
ri
c e s(
E
E
M
s)
f
o rt
ap
w
at
e r(
l
ef
t
)
a nd
R
C
W
(
ri
g
h
t
)
of O
W
A SA
6
5
F i
g
u r e3 0
:U V
ab
s o rb
an
c e sp
e ct
r um
of R C
W
d i l
ut
io
n
si
nt
oL G
W
6 7
F i
g
u r e3
1
:E
E
M
s of
R C
W
d i l
uti
o n si
nt
oL G
W
6 8
F i
g
u r e3
2
:A b
s o rb
an
c e sp
e ct
r um
sf
o rO
W
A SA R C
W
a nd
P
W
fo r
si m i l
a rT O C
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n .. ..6 9
F i
g
u r e3 3
:T
ot
al
am i
n o a ci d /
p
r ot
ei
n-l i k
e c om
p
o n e nt
c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s7
0
F i
g
u r e3
4
:P
e ak
T
-l i k
e a s af
u n ct
i
o n of
p
e ak
A
-l i k
e c om p
o n e nt
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s c o
m p
a r ed
t
op
e ak
T
a s af
u n ct
i
o n of p
e ak A f lu o r e s c e n c e
i
nt
e n sit
i
e s7
1
F i g
u r e3 5
:PA R A F A C m
od
el
e v al
u at
i
o nf
o r r ep
r e s e nt
at
i
v eO
WA SA R C
W
a nd P
W
7 3
A C
K
N O
W
L E D G E
M
E N T S
I
am
f
o r e v e rg
r ate
f
ul
f
o rt
h
ef i
n a n ci
al
s up p
o rt
f
r om
t
h
eC
o ry
L
ab
a nd
D
ep
a rtm
e nt
of
E
n vi
r o nm
en ta
l S
ci
e n c e s a nd E
ng
i
n e e ri
ng
at t
h
eU
ni
v e r si
t y
of N
o rt
h C
a r ol i
n a at
C h
ap
el
H
i l l
.A d d i
t
i
o n al fi
n a n ci
al
a s si
sta
n
c ew
a sg
r a ci
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y
r e c ei
v ed d
u ri
ng
at
w
om
o nt
h
s um
m
e r r e s e a r ch
e x ch
a ng
ei
nA
u st
r al i
at
h
r o ug
h
t
h
eU S N
at
i
o n al S
ci
e n c eF
o u nd
ati
o nE
a st
A
si
a an
d P
a ci fi
cS
um
m
e rI
n st
i
tu
t
e(
E A
P
SI
)
i
np
a rt
n e r sh i
p
w i
t
h
t
h
eA
u st
r al i
a nA
c ad
em
y
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ci
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o st
i
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i
t
ut
i
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u rt
i
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ni
v e r si
t
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, r e s e a r ch
g
r o up
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u rt
i
nW
at
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u al i
t
y
R
e s e a r ch C
e nt
e r an
d
a c c e s st
ot
h
ef
a ci l i
t
i
e s of
W
at
e rC
o rp
o r at
i
o n of
W
e st
e r nA
u st
r al i
a.I w
o ul d
al
s ol i k
et
op
e r s o n al l
y
a ck
n
ow l
ed
g
e a nd
t
h
an
k
al l
t
h
ef
ol l
ow i
ng
p
e op l
ef
o rth
ei
r a s si
sta n c e
i
n
m
ak i
ng
t
h i
s r e s e a r ch
p
r oj
e ct
a s u c c e s si
nf
ul f
il l m
e nt
of
t
h
eM
S E
n vi
r o nm
e nt
al E
ng i
n e e ri
ng d
eg
r e e at
t
h
eU
ni
v e r si
t
y
of
N
o rt
h
C
a r ol
i
n a at
C h
ap
el H i l l
:C
om
m
i
t t
e eM
em b
e r sD
r.R
o s eM
.C
o ry
,A d
vi
s o rD
r.P
h i l S i
ng
e rD
r.O
rl
a nd
oC
o r o n el
l
O
WA SA
M
i k
eW
ol f g
an
g
T
od d N
o rm
an
R
a ch
el
M
o n s ch
ei
nD
o ug
M
ul l
e nG
r ad
u ateSt
ud
e nt
sM
y l
ab
g
r o up
(
K
at
i
eH
a r r ol d
,G
e o rg
eD
a ng
,A
n
g
el
aW
an
g
)
R
y
a nK i
ng
sb
u ry
U
nd
e rg
r ad
u at
eS
t
ud
e nt
sL
a u r e nV i
s s e rA
sh l
ey
M
ui
C
u rt
i
nW
at
e rQ
u al i
t y
R
e s e a r ch C
e ntr e
(
f
a c ul
t
y
an
d
st
af f
)
D
r.C y
nt
h i
aJ
oU
D
r.K
at
h
ry
nL
i
ng
eD
rS
u z a nn
eM
cD
o n al d
D
eb
o r ah
L i
ew
M
i
ch
a el A l
e s s a nd
ri
n oA
n
d
r ew C h
a nF
am i l y
a nd F
ri
e nd
s
R
o s eP
ol
e r a,M
om
B
ob
P
ol
e r a,D
ad
R
ob P
ol
e r a,B
r ot
h
e rA l l m
y
e xt
e nd
ed
r el
at
i
v e s,w
o nd
e rf
ul f
ri
e nd
s, cl
a s sm
at
e s a nd m
e nt
o r sh
e r ei
nN C
a nd
el
s ew h
e r eC
H
A P T E R 1
:
I N T R O D U C T I
O
N
1
.1 T
H
E F
U
T
U R
E
O
F
WA
T E
R R
E
SO U R C
E
S
-
WA
T E
R
T
R
E
A
T
M
E
N
T
,
D I S T
R
I B
U T
I
O N
A N D R
E
C
L
A
M
A
T I
O N
A d
v e rs
e e n vir o n
m
e nt
al i m p
a ct
sfr
om
cl i m
at
e ch
a ng
e, u rb
a n sp
r aw l / l
a nd
u s e an
d p
op
ula
t
io n
g
r ow
t
h h
a v eb
e e np
r ed i
ct
ed
t
op
o s e si
g
ni f
i c an t
ch
al l
e ng
e st
o ut
i l i
t
i
e s a nd w
at
e r r e s o u r c em
a n ag
e r s,b
y
c au
si
n
g fr
e nd
st
h
at
h
a v en
ot
b
e en
p
r e vio u s
l
y
e xp
e ri
e n c ed
;
i
n clu
d i
ng
,d
e cl i
nin
g
g
r o u nd w
at
e rt
ab
l
ed
ep
t
h
s a nd
r e ch
a rg
e r at
e s, ch
an
g i
ng
s u rf
a c ew
at
e rdr a
i
n ag
e r at
e s,d
eg
r ad in
g
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
fr
om
c o n c e nt
r at
ed
n ut
ri
e nt
s/c o n
t
am i
n a nt
s a nd
u np
r ed i
ct
ab l
ep
r e ci
p
i
t
at
i
o n e v e nt
sl
e ad i
ng
t
om
aj
o rfl
o od i
ng
a nd d
r o ug
h
t
-l i k
e s
i
t
u at
io n s
(
J
a ck
s o n et
al
2 0 0 1
,B
at
e s et
al 2 0 0 8
)
.R
ap
i d l
y
d
eg
r ad i
ng
a nd
m
o r ev
a ri
ab l
e s ou
r c ew
at
e rq
u
an t
i
t
y
a nd
q
u al i
t
y
h
a s ad d
ed
ad d i
t
i
o n al
p
r e s s u r e s o nw
at
e r ut
i l i
t
i
e st
h
r o ug
h
ch
an
g
in
g
s o u r c ew
at
e r r e sp
o n s e st
o c o n v e nt
i
o n al
t
r e at
m
e nt
m
et
h
od
s.F
u rt
h
e rm
o r e, sh
o rt
ag
e s,i
n c o n sis
t
e n cie s a n
d
u n c e rt
ain
t
i
e s of
a v ai l
ab l
ew
at
e r r e s o u r c e sh
a v e ch
al l
e ng
ed
ut
i l i
t
i
e st
ofi
nd
al
t
e rn
at
i
v e s o u r c e s,le a
d in
g
t
ot
h
ed
e v el
op
m
e nt
of w
at
e r r e cl
am
at
i
o n sy
st
em
sw h
e r et
r e at
ed w
a st
ew
at
e ri
sd iv e r
t
ed f
o r no
n-p
ot
ab l
e ap p l i
c at
i
o n s,i
n cl
ud i
ng
i
r ri
g
at
i
o n an
d in
d
u st
ri
al
u s e, a nd w h
e r e adv a n c e
d
t
r e at
ed w
a st
ew
at
e ri
s u s ed f
o rin
d ir e c
t
an
d/
o rd ir e c
t
p
ot
ab l
e r e u s e,i
n
cl
ud in
g
i
nj
e ct
io
n
i
nt
og
r o u nd w
at
e r aq
ui f
e r s a nd d i
r e ct
fl
ow i
nt
od
ri
nk in
g
w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
p
l
a nt
s(
A
s a n o a nd
L
e vi
n e1
9 9 6
,E P
A
2
0 0 4
,Sh
a n n o n et
al 2 0 0 8
)
.W
i
t
h
t
h
ec
h
a ng i
ng
e n vir o n
m
e nt
a nd
t
h
ed
e v el
op m
e nt
of
s u ch w
at
e r r e us
e sy
st
em
s, am
o r e c om
p
r eh
e
n si
v e u nd
e r st
a nd in
g
of
s o u r c ew
at
e rq
u al i
t
y t
h
r o ug
h m
o r e ad
v a n c ed i
nfl
u e nt
w
at
e r ch
a r a ct
e ri
z at
io n
a nd
t
h
efa
t
e of
p
a rt
i
c ul
a rw
at
e rq
u al i
t
y p
a r am
et
e r sd
u rin
g
t
r e at
m
e nt
, st
o r ag
e a nd d i
st
ri
b
ut
i
o n,t
hr o u
g
h
m
o r e ad
v a n c ed m
o ni
t
o ri
ng
m
et
ri
c sw i l l b
ei m
p
e r at
iv e
f
o rw
at
e r ut
i l i
t
i
e st
om
ai
nt
ai
n s af
ep
o
t
ab l
ea n
d
n o n-p
ot
ab l
e(
r e cl
ai m
ed w
at
e r)
w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
a nd d i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n.T h
e s ec e
nt
r al i
z ed w
at
e r sy
st
em
s,i
n v olv
in
g
t
h
e e xt
e n si
v et
r e at
m
e nt
of d i
r e ct
w
a st
ew
at
e r ef fl
u
e nt s
a r eb
e c om i
ng m
o r ew i d
el
y
a c c ep
t
ed
a nd i
n c o rp
o r at
ed i
nt
of
ut
u r ew
at
e r r e s o u r c em
a n ag
em
e nt
p
la n s
(
e.g
.C
al i f
o r nia
,
F
lo r
i d
a,N
o rt
h C
a r ol i
n a a nd A
u st
r al i
a)
.H
ow
e v e r,
t
h
e u s e of
r e cl
ai m
ed
w
at
e rf
o rb
ot
h
n o n-p
ot
ab l
e a nd
p
ot
ab
l
e ap p l i
c at
i
o n s r ai
s e s a n um b
e r of
p
ol i
t
ic a
l,
e c o n om i
c al
,s o c
i
al
a nd
t
e ch
ni
c al is s u e s
f
o r sy
st
em
ap p
l i
c at
i
o n a nd
s u c c e s sft
al i m
p
le
m
e nt
at
i
o n .C
o up
le
d w i
t
h
c u r r e nt
w
at
e rm
a n ag
em
e nt
p
r a ct
i
c e s a nd
ch
a ng
i
ng
n at
u r al
s o u r c ew
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
(
l
ak
e s a nd
ri
v e r s)
,w
at
e r r e u s e a nd
t
h
e a s s o cia
t
ed
u n c e rt
ai
nt
ie s
ad d i
t
io n a
l l
y
st
r e s s c u r r e nt
i
s s u e sf
o r c o n v e nt
i
o n al
w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
a nd d i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n,p
a rt
i
c ula r
l
y
t
h
o s e a s s o ci
at
ed
w i
t
h
ag
i
ng
t
r e at
m
e nt
a nd
d i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n sy
st
em
i
nf
r a st
r u ct
u r e.F
u rt
h
e rm
o r e,
t
h
e s eis s u e s
r eq
ui
r e c a r efi
il
e x am i
n at
i
o n of
c u r r e nt
r eg
ul
at
o ry
r eq
ui
r em
e nt
s,h
e al
t
h
eff
e ct
s,p
r oj
e ct
m
a n ag
em
e nt
a nd
op
e r at
io n
, a nd
p
ub l i
cp
e r c ep
t
i
o ni
n o rd
e rt
om
od i f
y
a nd
ad
ap
t
n ew m
et
ri
c sf
o r a ch
a ng
in
g
d
em
a nd
(
A
s a n o a nd L
e vin e
1
9 9 6
,M
i l l
e r2 0 0 6
,C
r o ok
2 0 1 0
)
.M
aj
o rw
at
e r r eu
s e u n c e rt
ai
nt
ie s a
n
d
c o n c e r n s a r et
y p
ic a
l l
y
t
h
e r e s ul
t
of
t
h
el
a ck
of
r e s e a r ch
(
a nd f
i
m d
i
ng
)
, av
ai l
ab i l i
t
y
of in
f
o rm
at
i
o nfr
om
p
ri
o ri
n v e st
i
g
at
io n s
,t
h
ei
n ab i l i
t y
o r e a s et
o c o nd
u ct
c om
p
r eh
e n siv e
st
ud ie s
d
u et
o a n al
y t
i
c al m
et
h
od
s an
d
t
e ch
n
i q
u e s,a
n
d
t
h
ei
n e xp
e ri
e n c e an
d
n e c e s si
t
y
of w
at
e r r e s o u r c e a ug
m
e nt
at
i
o nw i
t
h w
at
e r r e u s e.I
n o rd
e rt
o ad d
r e s s s om
e of
t
h
et
e ch
n
i
c al
c om
p
l
e xi
t
i
e s a s s o ci
at
ed w i
t
h w
at
e r r e cl
am
at
i
o n a nd
r e u s e, e x
t
r ap
r e c a ut
i
o n sm
u st
b
e u nd
e rt
ak
e ni
n cl
ud i
ng
ad d i
t
io n a
l
r e s e a r ch
of
t
r e at
m
e nt
p
r o c e s s ef fi
ci
e n ci
e s an
d d i
st
ri b
ut
io n
sy
st
em m
o ni
t
o rin
g
in
b
ot
h
p
ot
ab l
e a nd
n o n-p
ot
ab l
ew
at
e r sy
st
em
s.2
I
C h
ap
t
e r1:
I
nt
r od
u ct
i
o nc o n
t
am i
n at
i
o n e v e nt
sh
a v e o c c u r r ed
, n ew
t
e ch
n
ol
og i
c al
ap p
li
c at
i
o n sl i
nk in
g
w
at
e rt
y p
e an
d w
at
e r ag
eto
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
a r en
e c e s s a ry
i
n u nd
e r st
a nd in
g
t
h
e eff
e ct
s of
ag
i
n
g
i
n
f
r a str u c
t
u r e o nw
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
,t
om
i
nim
i
z e ad
v e r s eh
e al
th
ri
sk
s an
d
e n s u r e s af
ed
rin
k i
ng
w
at
e rd i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n .T h
e s e ad d i
ti
o n al
t
hr e a
t
st
op
ub l i
ch
e alt
h
t
h
r o ugh w
at
e r r e u s em
e a s u r e sin c
l
ud in
g
b
ot
h p
ot
e nti
al
c r o s s c o nt
am i
n at
i
o n e v e nt
s a nd
am
o r e v uln e r a
b l
ed is
t
ri b
ut
ed w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
(
E PA 2 0 0 3
,E
PA 2 0 04
,E
PA
2
0 0 9
)
, c r e at
eth
e n e ed f
o rth
ed
e v elo
p
m
e nt
of
o n-
l i
n e, r e a
l
t
i m
ew
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
m
o nit
o ri
ng
sy
st
em
st
o e n s u r et
h
at
ut
i l it
i
e s a r e ad
eq
u atel
y
t
r a ck i
ng
a ch
a ng
in
g
w
at
e rq
u
al i
t
y
t
h
r o ug
h
o ut
t
r e at
m
e nt
, st
o r ag
e an
d
e xt
e n si
v ed i
str
i bu
t
io n
n et
w
o rk
s s u ch
th
at
,in
t
h
e c a s e of
c r o s s co
nt
am i
n at
i
o n e v e nt
s o r a r ap
i d l
y
d
eg
r ad in
g
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
,t
h
e uti l i
t
y
w i l l b
e al
e rt
ed
p
ri
o rt
o a ny
p
ot
e nt
i
al h
a rm f
ul
c o n s um
p t
i
o n of
p
o o rq
u al it
y
/
n o n-p
ot
ab l
ew
at
e r.Su c
h
m
e a s i u re s a r e c r u ci
al f
o r en
s u ri
ng
s afe
w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
an
d d i
st
ri b
ut
i
on
i
n
o rd
e rt
op
r ot
e ct
p
ub l i
ch
e al
t
h
a nd
p
r e s e rv
e c o nf
id
e n c ei
nw
at
e r ut
i l i
ti
e s1.
2
M
O N
I T
O R
I
N G
P
O
T
A B
L
E
W
A T
E
R
T
R E A
T
M
E
N
T A
N D D
I
S T
R
I B
U T I O N SY S
T E
M
S
C
o up l
ed w i
t
h
t
h
ed
y
n am
i
c al l
y
ch
a ng
in
g
e n vi
r o nm
e nt
,d
r a st
ic a
l l
y
ag
i
ng
i
nfr
a st
r u ct
u r e a nd
t
h
ea
d d it
i
o n of
n ew
e r,m
o r e c om
p
l
e xle v e
l
s of w
at
e r r e s ou
r c em
a n ag
em
e nt
(
t
h
r o ug h
w
at
e r r e u s e)
,h
a v e r e s ul
te
d i
n ch
a ng
i
ng
a nd d
eg
r ad in
g
i
nf lu e n
t/
s o u r c ew
at
e rq
u al
it
i
e sp
r e s e nt
in
g
ad d
i
t
io n a
l
c
h
al l
e ng
e sf
o rdr
i
nk i
ng w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
a nd d i
st
ri b
uti
o n.In
o rd
e rto
ad dr e
s
st
h
ei
m m
ed i
at
e ef fe c
t
s a nd
t
e ch
n
ic a
l
ch
al l
e ng
e s a s s o cia
t
ed w i
th w
at
e
r r e cl
am
ati
on
fo r
b
ot
h p
ot
ab l
e a nd
n
o n-p
ot
ab l
e ap p
l i
c at
i
o n s,t
r ad it
i
o n al
d
rin
k i
ng
w
ate r
tr e a
t
m
e nt
p
r o c e s s ef fi
ci
e n cy
an
d
m
o r ei
m
p
o rt
a ntl
y
t
h
efa
t
e of d i
str
i b
ut
ed w
ate r
q
u al i
t
y
n e ed
st
ob
eb
et t
e r u nd
e r sto o
d
.C
o nt
i
n u o u sl
y
ag
in
g
d
ri
nk in
g
w
at
e ri
nf
r a st
r u ct
u r e oft
e n r e s ult
si
n a ch
a ng
i
ng
a nd
r ap
i d l
y
d
eg
r ad in
g
d i
st
ri b
ut
ed
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
d
u et
o c o r r o si
o nf
r om
p
i p
em
at
e ria
l in
t
e r a ct
i
o n sw i
t
h b
u
l k
w
at
e r,in c r e a s e
d
m i
c r ob i
al
a ct
iv
i
t
y fr
om
d
e c r e a si
ng
d i
sin
f
e ct
a nt
r e si d
u al
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n
an
d
c o nt
i
n u o u sb i
of
il m
g
r ow
t
h
a nd
op
p
o rtu n
i
st
i
cd is
in
f
e ct
i
o nb
y p
r od
u ct
f
o rm
ati
o n(
B
el l
a r,L i
ch
t
e nb
e rg
a nd K
r o n e r19 7 4
;
R
o ok 19 7 7
;
L
eC h
e v al l i
e r,B
ab
c o ck
an
d L
e e19 8 7
;
R
e ck h
ow
a nd Si
ng
e r19 9 0
;
E d w
a rd
sa n
d Sp
r ag
u e2 0
0
1
)
;
ult
i m
at
el
y
c o st
in
g
ut
i l it
i
e sm
o r ein
op
e r at
io n s
a nd m
ai
nt
e n a n c ew h i l
ep
ot
e nt
i
al l
y
th
r e ate n
i
ng p
ub l ic
h
e al
t
h
.U
n c o nt
r ol l
ab l
e ch
em ic a
l
a nd b i
olo
g
i
c al i
nte r a c
t
i
o n s oft
e n o c c u rw i
th
i
nt
h
i
s c om
p l
e x n et
w
o rk
of
p
i
p
el i
n e s a nd
st
o r ag
ef
a ci l
i
t
i
e s r e s ul
t
in
g
i
n si
g
ni f
i c a nt
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y fr
a n sf
o rm
at
i
o n sb
oth
sp
at
ia
l l
y
a nd
t
em
p
o r al l
y
, s u ch
t
h
at
m
o ni
t
o ri
ng
dr
i
nk
i
ng
w
at
e rt
hr o u
g
h
o ut
t
r e atm
e nt
a nd d i
st
ri b
ut
i
o nh
a sb
e c om
e am
aj
o r r e s e a r ch
n e ed f
o rw
at
e r ut
i l i
t
i
e s.C
u r r e ntl
y
, ch
em ic a
l w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
p
a r am
et
e r sl i k
ep H
,ti i r
b i d i
t
y
, ch lo r
i
n e an
d
t
ot
al
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n(
T O C
)
a r e c om m
o nl
y
m
o nit
o r ed
o rm
od
ele
d d
u rin
g d
ri
nk i
ng
w
at
e rt
r e atm
e nt
a nd d i
str
i b
ut
io n
n et
w
o rk
s;
h
ow
e v e r,t
h
e r eis
w i d
e o v e rla
p
am
o ng t y p
i
c al
v al
u e st
h
r o ug
h
o ut
d i
str
i b
ut
i
o np
oin
t
s a nd i
n c o n si
st
e n ci
e sb
et
w
e e n v al
u e s a s afi m
ct
i
o n of d i
st
a n c efr
om
t
h
et
r e at
m
e nt p
l
a nt
(
T
ab l
e1
)
,m
ak i
ng i
t
n e a rl
y
i m p
o s si b l
et
o
d
et
e rm i
n ew
at
e r ag
e a s af
u n cti
o n of
r e si d
e n c et
i m
e a nd d i
sta n c e
fr
om
p
l
a nt
w i
t
h
st
an
d
a rd
ch
em ic a
l w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
p
a r am
et
e r s.A l
th
o ug
h
n ew
e rw
at
e rm
od
el
s(
e.g
.E PA N E
T
)
sh
ow
th
ep
ot
e nti
al f
o r e st
i m
at
in
g
a nd m
od
el in
g
p
ot
ab le
w
at
e r sy
st
em
s, op
t
ic a
l
p
r op
e rt
i
e s of w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
,p
a rt
ic u
l
a rl
y
fl
u o r e s c e n c e sp
e ctr o s c o
p y
sh
ow
m
o r ep
r om i
sin
g
alt
e r n at
iv e s
to
m
o r e c o n si
st
e nt
l
y
d
et
e ct
d i ff
e r e n c e si
nd i
st
ri b
ute
d w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
,p
ote n
t
ia
l l
y
al l
ow i
ng
f
o rm
o r e c om
p
r eh
e n si
v e an
d
t
h
e r ef
o r em
o r e c o nf
id
e nt
dr
i
nk in
g
w
at
e rd i
str
i b
ut
io n
sy
st
em m
o nit
o rin
g
th
r o ug
h i
n st
a nt
, o n-