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Volume-6, Issue-6, November-December 2016
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research
Page Number: 384-391
Toxicological Studies on Rohu (Labeo rohita) Fish: A Review
Kapil Kumar
Zoology Department, Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Rohu (Labeo rohita) is one of the important carps in India. It is chief dietry source of protein for a big population. Due to increasing pollution of our aquatic ecosystems, fish as well as human health is at risk. Fish serve as an important biomarker to monitor the toxicity of water bodies. In this review, the results of recent toxicological studies on rohu fish are summarized.
Keywords--- rohu fish, heavy metal toxicity, Labeo rohita
I.
INTRODUCTION
Fish are ecologically and economically important. They represent a group of vertebrates with diverse behavioral and reproductive strategies and play a significant role in the food chain as consumers (predators) and the consumed (prey). During their life cycle, most fish also feed on a broad range of items. Although fish may not always be the most sensitive aquatic organisms to chemical stressors, they certainly have a wide range of behaviors and habits that increase their potential for exposure to chemicals in different environmental matrices (e.g., dissolved, adsorbed, suspended, deposited). Both essential and harmful minerals and metals present in the environment can be absorbed into living organisms from the surrounding water, sediment and diet [1][2][3]. Studies have shown that different fish species accumulate metals at different rates and to different levels; that different metals accumulate differently within the same fish species; and also that one specific metal is accumulated at different levels in different tissues within one fish. The heavy metals, being conservative in nature have the maximum probability of biomagnification, when they are transferred to the human beings through the various members of different trophic levels in the food chain. Human beings are affected negatively as a result of their accumulation [4][5].
Therefore it is imperative to consider these factors when determining the consumer safety of fish with regards to metal content [6][7][8][9][10].
II.
ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY
METALS
It is important to note that not all metals are hazardous and toxic to fish and humans. They form part of a larger group of elements, some of which are essential to human health. These can therefore be classified as essential, non-essential or toxic. Essential elements which play a specific role in body metabolism include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). Non-essential elements are elements that have no known specific function in the body, but are also not considered toxic in any significant amount and, lastly, toxic elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are generally related to pollution and can have harmful effects on living organisms when exceeding certain concentrations. Some elements (e.g. Se) are essential in small quantities or up to certain concentrations above which they can have toxic effects [11][12][13][14].
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the predators and finally into the human beings resulting into onset of various types of disease syndromes [15][16][17].
M. sheikh conducted a study to determine the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cadmium and Chromium) in tissues (Gills and Liver) of the fish Labeo rohita from Nathsagar Dam, near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. The concentration of cadmium in sample water collected from site I was maximum 0.0078 mg/l, which is more than permissible limits for drinking water. The concentration of chromium in sample water is however less and the mean was 0.062 mg/l. The accumulation of cadmium in liver was found more (2.17 mg/kg) compared to gills (1.73 mg/kg). The maximum bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of cadmium was 314.49 in the liver and maximum BAF of cadmium was 240.28 in the gills. The concentration of chromium was found more (3.28 mg/kg) in liver compared to gills (2.81 mg/kg). The BAF of chromium was found maximum 57.59 in liver and 52.04 in gills. However, the accumulation of cadmium in gills of Labeo rohita was less than permissible limits, but its concentration in liver was slightly above the limits. Similarly, the accumulation of chromium in gills is less and in liver it is above the permissible limits [18].
In a study by Nazima Noor et.al., two lakes, Vengaiah lake (Lake A-Sewage polluted receiving discharge from storm water drain) and Yellamallappa Chetty lake (Lake B-Industrially polluted) situated near Krishnarajpuram-Hoskote taluk, Bangalore, Karnataka were selected for analysis of trace metals viz., arsenic, aluminium, cadmium, lead, mercury, iron, copper and zinc in water samples. Muscle and gill tissues of freshwater fish
Labeo rohita reared in these water bodies were analysed for bioaccumulation of trace metals. Hebbal fish farm was considered as a reference site (Control site) for water and fish samples. Trace metals were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and values were compared with those recommended by FAO/WHO in water and fish samples. Trace metals such as Al, As and Hg were detected in the water sampled from lake B which is attributed to the differences in the sources of pollutants. Fish tissues viz., muscle and gills sampled from Lake B exhibited high concentration of Al, Pb and Cd content showing a positive correlation with their concentration in water samples. The remaining metals as Cu, Zn and Fe were detected in water sampled from all water bodies and also in the fish tissues. Gills exhibited higher concentration of metals in fish from lake B [19].
Iron toxicity has also been shown to cause reduced growth rate in the Indian major carps like rohu and catla [20][21].
In a study conducted on Indus river fish, it has been shown that heavy metals accumulated in the order Fe>Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr>As in the body of Labeo rohita
and the tissues with the abundance were
liver>gills>skin>muscles. Overall metal burden was 10% higher in Wallago attu compared to Labeo rohita.
In Labeo rohita, no statistical differences (p<0.05) on a seasonal basis were observed for Cr, Fe, and Zn in muscles, Pb and Cr in liver, and Cu in skin tissues. Accumulation of Pb, Cr, and Zn was significantly higher in Gills, while Ni, Cu, and Fe accumulated at significantly higher levels in liver. Arsenic concentration was highest in skin. The accumulation of lead in spring and Ni concentration in autumn was significantly higher when metal concentrations were compared according to skin. Concentrations of all other metals were highest in winter in all tissues [22][23].
The highest mean concentrations of all studied metals were found in winter, followed by autumn and spring. The lowest metal concentrations were detected in summer. It has been reported that physiological activities affect the rate of metal bioavailability of aquatic environments in different seasons [24].
In another study, investigations on the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr and Zn) were carried out on three commercially important fishes namely Channa punctatus (murrel), Clarias
gariepinus (cat fish) and Labeo rohita (carp). The
accumulation was observed in tissues of muscles, liver, kidney, gills, and Integument. The results revealed that the Fe and Zn concentrations were the highest in all tissues analyzed, followed by Ni, Cu, Co, Mn and Cr in almost all the three species. In Labeo rohita the pattern of accumulation was Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Co > Mn. The highest value of Iron (Fe) was observed in kidney of both
Channa punctatus and Clarias gariepinus and in liver of
Labeo rohita. The values for Zn accumulations were observed to be highest in kidney, integument and liver of
L. rohita and low accumulation was seen in gills and muscles. Maximum accumulation of Copper was observed in the kidney. Cr is the least accumulated metal in all the tissues studied. Further, its maximum accumulation was in integument and least in gills, and no accumulation was observed in muscles. The authors observed that although muscles of all the three species accumulated least amount amongst all the tissues yet they are above the permissible limits recommended by FAO/ WHO and FEPA [25][26][27][28].
III.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
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Histopathological changes in vital tissues like gills, liver and kidney in the fish Labeo rohita exposed for 8 days to sublethal (5.2 mgl-1) and lethal concentration (25.09 mgl-1) of phenol were studied. The observed histopathological changes in the gills were epithelial hyperplasia with lamellar fusion, epithelial hypertrophy, edema, general necrosis, increased mucous production and degeneration of primary and secondary gill lamellae at sublethal (5.2 mg l
-1) and degenerated primary and secondary gill lamellae,
lamellar fusion and lamellar disorganization at lethal (25.09 mg l-1) concentration [29].
Liver plays an important role in protecting inner homeostasis in vertebrates. The highly dynamic nature of liver and its regulation in many metabolic and physiological processes make this organ a valuable model for study. In the liver, the changes include as: formation of number of vacuoles, enlargement of nuclei of some cells, enlarged sinusoids with numerous blood cells and atrophic areas at sublethal (5.2 mg l-1) concentration and nuclear and cytoplasmic degeneration and melanomacrophages aggregates at lethal (25.09 mg l-1) concentration. In case of kidney, the changes were: degeneration of proximal and distal convoluted tubule, vacuolation of renal interstitial tissue and deformation of the nuclear membrane of some cells at sublethal (5.2 mg l-1) and occlusion of tubular lumen, cloudy swelling degeneration and hyaline droplets degeneration at lethal (25.09 mg l-1) concentration.
In India, carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2-2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), a carbamate pesticide, has a wide range of applications in agriculture as systemic insecticide and nematicide with predominant contact and stomach action, in addition to its nature as cholinesterase inhibitor. It is used to control soil-dwelling and foliar-feeding insects (including wire worms, white grubs, millipedes, sumphylids, fruit flies, bean, seedflies, root flies, flea beetles, weevils, sciarid flies, aphids, thrips, etc.) and nematodes in vegetables, ornamentals, cereals, cash crops, etc.
The reduction in egg production may be due to carbofuran-induced degenerative changes in the ovaries. The histopathological studies of ovaries of L. rohita at the spawning phase treated with 0.15mg L-1 carbofuran for 28 days showed medium atresia, thickening of the ovarian wall, changes in shape of the follicles at the pre-spawning stage deformity in follicular structure, and degeneration of the follicular wall, ooplasm and connective tissue. The author also reported on small degenerations in the ooplasm; follicles lost their shape and were deformed, and increases in the interfollicular space of the ovary of L. rohita were observed at the post-spawning phase treated with 0.15mg L-1 carbofuran for 28 days. In the same study, the spawning phase showed maximum ovarian damage due to carbofuran exposure, while the pre-spawning phase was the next impaired stage. It seems that hormonal imbalance, especially at the levels of gonadotropin and estrogen, plays an important role [30].
IV.
HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES
Blood is a pathophysiological reflector of whole body and therefore blood parameters are important in diagnosing the functional status of the animal exposed to toxicants. Hematological analysis therefore can serve as a rapid and economical method for assessing the metal toxicity on fishes. Anemia is one of the most sensitive pathological situations developed as a result of metals poisoning.
Trace metals including both essential and non-essential elements have a particular significance in eco-toxicology, since they are highly persistent having potential to be toxic to living organisms. It has been reported that dissolved aluminium in water induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on the lymphocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Further, it has been reported that the stimulation of erythropoiesis or the disturbances that occurred in both metabolic and hemopoietic activities of fish exposed to sub lethal concentrations of aluminium are defense reaction against toxicity of aluminium [31][32].
In another study, changes in blood haematological parameters (Viz. WBC, RBC and Haematocrit) of the laboratory acclimatized fish Labeo rohita, exposed to different heavy metals mixture model were studied (Chandanshive et al). Erythrocyte count decreased significantly (p < 0.005) in the blood of fish exposed to almost all Heavy metal model mixture concentrations studied while alterations of haematocrit level depended on Heavy metal model mixture concentration. The highest concentration of Heavy metal model mixture (21.79%) induced a drop in haematocrit level meanwhile the level of haematocrit in blood of fish exposed to all lower Heavy metal model mixture concentrations was higher as compared to control. Erythrocyte count in the blood of Heavy metal model mixture-exposed fish was significantly lower as compared to control, even in fish exposed to the lowest concentration of Heavy metal model mixture (1.1%) [33].
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(5.47±0.54x103/mm3).The Haematocrit value decreases from control group of fishes to postmonsoon ones [34]. Heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, C and lead might alter the properties of erythrocyte membranes, rendering them more fragile and permeable, which probably resulted in cell swelling (indicated by an increase in haematocrit level), deformation and damage. This suggestion was confirmed in this study by alterations in haematocrit level which decreased only in fish exposed to a 21% solution of Heavy metal model mixture. The elevated leukocyte count determined in Heavy metal model mixture-exposed fish, as compared to the control, may indicate that Heavy metal model mixture induced a stress response in fish [35][36].
V.
EFFECTS ON BREEDING
Pesticides can threaten the survival of the fish species by reducing the rate of reproduction or increasing the mortality of juveniles. The effect of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, on the breeding performance of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) has been investigated by Adhikari et. al. Breeding of L. rohita was conducted after treatment with three sublethal concentrations, i.e. 0.06, 0.15 and 0.30 mg L-1 of carbofuran for 96 h. The investigation showed that the number of total eggs and total amount of eggs (litre per kg body weight) decreased significantly (p <0.01) at all concentrations of carbofuran in comparison to controls, while the reduction in fertilization percentage at all concentrations of carbofuran was not significantly different from controls. The reduction in hatching percentage, the expected number of hatchlings, and the expected number of hatched larvae were significantly (p <0.01) different between treated and control groups at all carbofuran concentrations. No significant differences for the 96 h survivability of hatched larvae were reported at all concentrations of carbofuran.
Production of fewer eggs by female rohu from insecticide-stressed populations could be due to the failure to develop normal increment in serum calcium. This may be the primary cause of the lower level of egg production in insecticide-exposed fish [37][38][39][40].
In another study by Ameer et al, growth responses in L.rohita were documented following metal stress. Growth performance of three age groups viz 60-, 90- and 120-day of two important cultureable indigenous fish species Thaila (Catla catla) and Rohu (Labeo rohita) was studied in glass aquaria under mix exposure of sub-lethal waterborne and dietary metals viz., Cu, Cd and Zn, keeping their control i.e. fish without metal exposure. This experimental trial was run for a period of 90 days at constant temperature (30o C), pH (7.0) and hardness (200 mgL-1). The treated fish were fed with a diet having 35% digestible protein, 2.90 kcal/g digestible energy and sub-lethal concentration of each metal. All three age groups of
both fish species showed statistically variable responses towards increase in wet weights, feed intake and feed conversion ratios under treated and control regimes against toxicity of metals. The 120-day treated fish revealed significantly better average weight gains than other two age groups. The control fish of both the species showed significantly higher weight gains than the treated fish. Three age groups of treated fish showed variable responses towards Cu, Cd and Zn stresses for their average feed intakes. The overall feed intake of control fish was significantly higher than that of treated fish. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) of both treated and control fish species varied significantly among various weeks of the experimental period and control fish exhibited significantly better FCR than the treated fish [41][42].
Metals are generally precipitated at alkaline pH in the form of insoluble oxides and carbonates. It has been proved that lethality increases as oxygen concentration decreases. Increase in temperature also increases toxicity due to depletion in dissolved oxygen, increase in energy demand causing rise in respiration rate in the organism, which leads to rapid assimilation of wastes. Effects of metals in fish include reduction of growth and reproductive capacity, swimming imbalance and inability to capture the prey. Bottom dwelling fishes are found to exhibit higher concentration of heavy metals than pelagic fishes. The increase in concentration of metals in fish could be mainly due to metal contaminated diet which comes from discharge of effluents into rivers from different industries and other sources in the form of particulates and solutions.
There is evidence that exposure of salmon to sublethal copper levels causes toxicity and results in the impairing osmoregulation and ion regulation in their gills with a loss of chemosensory function, which affects predator-avoidance behavior [43][44][45].
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
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away from the source of pollution as they have the ability of biological accumulation [46][47].
Metals in the aquatic environment, particularly in sediment can be bio-accumulated in fish tissues. Bioaccumulation of heavy metal in fish species is not only dependent on metal exposure and its environment, but also different physiological and biochemical activities through which a specific organism deals with metals. Hence, different organisms accumulate metals from the environment depending on their filtration rate, ingestion rate, gut fluid quality, as well as the detoxification strategies they adopt (e.g. storage in non-toxic form or elimination) [48].
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