diseases.pdf

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SOME COMMON DISEASES

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Types Of Diseases

1. Contagious Diseases :- Those diseases that spread through contact. For example :

Ringworm.

1. Non Contagious Diseases :- Those diseases that do not spread through contact. For

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How Diseases Spread?

1. Through food and water.

2. Through Spitting, Coughing & Sneezing.

3. Through Vectors.

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Cholera

•

Cholera is a severe

diarrheal

disease

caused by the bacterium

Vibrio

cholerae

.

•

The toxin released by the bacteria

•

The toxin released by the bacteria

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A perfectly healthy person can die of Cholera in 24 hours

The primary symptom of the disease

A young boy draws water from a river in Zimbabwe

is a massive diarrhea which lethally drains the

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Cholera is ‘caused’ by foul water

When cases of cholera

were found to be clustered around a certain well

in 18th century London, in 18th century London, it first became evident that some substance in the water must be

responsible for the illness

A young boy draws water from a river

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How Cholera vibrio infects the body

The cholera microorganisms are ingested by drinking contaminated water.

Several thousand microbes are necessary for the

are necessary for the disease to result.

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SYMPTOMS

• Watery diarrhea - usually severe but painless • Vomiting

• Rice-water stools • Muscle cramps • Muscle cramps • Cold skin

• Sunken eyes • Thirst

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Treatment Of Cholera

• Bed rest

• Tetracycline

• Sulphonamides • Electrolytes

• Electrolytes • Bed rest

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Preventive Measures

Purchasing food

1. Do not buy food from unlicensed food premises or illegal

hawkers.

2.Pay attention to hygienic condition of shops and the holding

temperature of food.

3.Buy only those shellfish which are fresh, with intact shell and

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• Tuberculosis is an air-bone disease that can spread

when someone coughs, sneezes, or when somebody literally talks. It usually affects the lungs but can be present anywhere in the body. Each year 2 billion people or one third the earths population dies from

TUBERCULOSIS

people or one third the earths population dies from tuberculosis.Tuberculosis can increase the infection if there is factors like poor air circulation or lack of

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How Does Tuberculosis Develop?

• There are two possible ways

a person can become sick with TB disease:

• The first applies to a person

who may have had been infected with TB but is

• The other way it TB

can develop, happens much more quickly. Sometimes when a

person first breathes in the TB germs, the

infected with TB but is perfectly healthy. The person can get infected

again if they have a another disease such as HIV or

cancer or they may get infected if they use

drugs/alcohol.

the TB germs, the body is unable to

protect itself against the disease. The germs then develop into

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SYMPTOMS

• feeling weak or sick all the time

• coughs that will not go away

• weight loss/loss of appetite • weight loss/loss of appetite

• fever/night sweats

• chest pain

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Who Gets Tuberculosis?

Anyone can get tuberculosis. Some people are at higher risks than others. The people who have more of a

chance getting TB are:

• People who share same breathing space

• Poor people/homeless people

• Prisoners

• Alcoholics or Drug users

• People with medical conditions (cancer, diabetes)

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Is Tuberculosis Curable?

• Fifty years ago, there was no cure or drugs for

tuberculosis. If someone is given the wrong treatment, it would have been better if they weren’t given a treatment at all.

• Many countries use Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

(BCG) vaccine as part of their TB control

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TYPHOID

• Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a

common worldwide illness, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium salmonella typhi. The bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall. The the bacterium salmonella typhi. The bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall. The organism is a short bacillus that is motile due to its peritrichous flagella. The bacterium

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SYMPTOMS

•

Light Fever that drops in the

morning.

•

Intestine bleeding

•

The patient feels weak, chilly and

•

The patient feels weak, chilly and

tired.

•

Headache

,

backache

,

diarrhea

,

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TREATMENT

• Oral rehydration therapy (ORT).

• Antibiotics, such as ampicellin,

chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin and

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PREVENTION

• Typhoid vaccine gives temporary protection. • Avoid contamined water.

• Good Hygiene.

• Boil drinking water • Boil drinking water

• Sterilize drinking water

• Neat and Clean environment.

• Keep flies away by the use of proper insect

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COMMON COLD

Common Cold (also known as nasopharyngitis,

acute viral rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, or a cold) is a viral disease of the upper respiratory

system. Common symptoms include a cough, sore throat, runny nose, and fever. There is currently

throat, runny nose, and fever. There is currently no known treatment that shortens the duration; however, symptoms usually resolve

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SYMPTOMS

• Cough

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TREATMENT

• Aspirin and acetaminophen can be found in

many cold remedies.

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PREVENTION

• The best prevention is staying away from

people who are infected.

• Alcohol-based hand sanitizers provide very • Alcohol-based hand sanitizers provide very

little protection against upper respiratory infections, especially among children.

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CHICKEN POX

• Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness that is common

in children, particularly those under age 12.

• It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) also

known as human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3).

• Infections is characterized by a fever and itchy, red

spots usually appearing on the chest and stomach first, spots usually appearing on the chest and stomach first, then appearing in crops over the entire body.

• The red spots turn into small blisters that dry up and

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Varicella (Chickenpox) View Table

Chickenpox on the hand. Notice the simultaneous occurrence of lesions in different stages of development.

Chickenpox in an infant. Notice the rose-colored macules,

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Variola (Smallpox) View Table

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Symptoms Of Chicken Pox

•A rash that usually begins on the body and face and

later often spreads to the scalp and limbs.

•The rash is often itchy.

•It begins as small red spots which develop into blisters

in a couple of hours.

•After one or two days, the blisters turn into scabs.

•New blisters may appear after three to six days.

•The number of blisters differs greatly from one person

to another.

•The infected person may run a temperature.

•These symptoms are mild in young children.

•Chickenpox lasts 7 to 10 days in children and longer in

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Treatments

• Most cases of chickenpox can be managed at home.

Chickenpox rash tends to be extremely itchy. Several

treatments can be used at home to help a child feel better.

• You can give cool-water baths every 3-4 hours, adding baking

soda to the water to calm itching.

• Trimming fingernails can help prevent infection from

scratching the blisters. If you have a small infant with scratching the blisters. If you have a small infant with

chickenpox, cover the child's hands with mittens to minimize scratching.

• Avoid any foods that are spicy, hot, or acidic (for instance,

orange juice).

• Keep children at home from school and daycare until all

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Treating Chicken Pox with Folk

Medicine

valerian aloe vera garlic

lemon

ginger St. John’s Wort

calendula

lantana

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Treating Chicken Pox with Scientific

Medicine

Tylenol

Claritin

Calamine Lotion

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Poliomyelitis (Polio)

• Poliovirus

• Transmitted by ingestion

• Initial symptoms: Sore throat and nausea • Initial symptoms: Sore throat and nausea

• Virus slowly moves to the CNS

• Destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in <1% of

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Can it cause paralyzes?

• Paralytic disease occurs 0.1% to 1% of those who

become infected with the polio virus.

• Paralysis of the respiratory muscles or from cardiac

arrest if the neurons in the medulla oblongata are destroyed.

destroyed.

• Patients have some or full recovery from paralysis

usually apparent with proximally 6 months

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Treatment

• Bed rest with close monitoring of respiratory

and cardiovascular functioning is essential during the acute stage of poliomyelitis along with fever control and pain relievers for

with fever control and pain relievers for muscle spasms.

• Mechanical ventilation, respiratory therapy

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Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

• Polio vaccine first appeared to be licensed in the

United States in 1955.

• Advantages:

• Ease to administration

• Good local mucosal immunity

• Disadvantage:

• Strict cold shipping & storage requirements

• Multiple doses are required to achieve high humeral

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Vaccine (continuation)

• Babies are given 4 doses through out their infancy.

• Adolescents and adults should get vaccinated as

well. Adolescents younger than 18 should receive the routine four doses.

the routine four doses.

• You should get it if you travel outside places where

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Leprosy

• Also called Hansen’s disease

• Caused by Mycobacterium leprae

• Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C.

• Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells • Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells

• Transmission requires prolonged contact with an

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Leprosy Lesions

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Leprosy Lesions

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What is Leprosy?

• Leprosy is an infectious disease that attacks

the nervous system

• Leprosy is caused by a type of bacteria called

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What can leprosy do to people?

• Leprosy attacks the cooler areas of the body

• Leprosy destroys neurons in these areas, taking feeling away

from them

• Leprosy also causes cartilage in those areas to get absorbed

back into the body, causing fingers, toes, ears and noses to back into the body, causing fingers, toes, ears and noses to disappear

• Leprosy also causes large bumps in the skin that do not feel

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What are the types of leprosy?

• Lepromatous: damages respiration, eyes, and

skin

• Tuberculoid: affects nerves in fingers and toes,

and surrounding skin and surrounding skin

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What are the signs and symptoms?

Large bumps on the skin that do not feel pain Large bumps on the skin that do not heal for

weeks or months Muscle weakness Muscle weakness

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How can you avoid getting leprosy?

• To avoid Contracting leprosy, avoid close

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Is there a cure?

• Yes! Leprosy is curable with MDT (multidrug

therapy)

• Treatments include taking Dapsone and

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Rabies

• Caused by the

rabies virus

• Transmitted by

animal bite

• Furious rabies:

Animals are

• Furious rabies:

Animals are restless then highly excitable

• Paralytic rabies:

Animals seem unaware of surroundings

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Symptoms of Rabies

• Abnormal Postures & Thoughts • Aggressiveness

• Confusion

• Difficulty in Speaking • Excessive Movements

• Extreme Sensitivity to bright lights, sounds, touch • Fatigue

• Fever • Fever

• Headache

• Increased Production of Saliva • Irritability

• Loss of Appetite

• Muscle Aches and Spasms • Nausea

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Pathology of Rabies Infection

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Treatment Of Rabies

• Tetanus Injection: At the hospital the doctor will

first clean the wound thoroughly and make sure that your child's tetanus immunizations are

current.

• Wound care: The wounds should be cleaned with

mild soap and a virus-killing cleanser mild soap and a virus-killing cleanser

• Human Rabies Immune Globulin: A one-time

injection of human rabies immune globulin

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Prevention

• Animals with rabies might be aggressive and

vicious, or tired and weak so don't approach stray animals.

• Don't let pets roam

• Remind kids that they should never touch or feed

stray cats or dogs wandering in the neighborhood stray cats or dogs wandering in the neighborhood or elsewhere.

• Report any stray animals to your local health

authorities or animal-control officer.

• Vaccinate your pet. Rabies vaccines are available

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by a

eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium_{. It is}

widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas (22 countries), Asia, and Africa. After a period of between two weeks and several months

a period of between two weeks and several months

(occasionally years) spent in the liver, the malaria parasites start to multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever, and headache. In severe cases the

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Some Symptoms

• Fever

• Chills

• Sweats

• Headache

• Body aches

• Vomiting

• Mild anemia

• Mild jaundice

• Larger-than-normal liver

• Quicker breather

• Low red blood cell count

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Treatment and Prevention

• Different medicine is needed for different types of malaria. • Important to know where the malarial zones are as shown on

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• Important to know where malaria was picked up: malaria from Africa might be resistant to medicine that malaria from South America is not.

• Primaquine is the standard medicine for malaria in the liver • Chloroquine is medicine for malaria in blood.

• Some types of malaria are chloroquine resistant, so quinine is used.

• Use bug spray and mosquito nets to avoid being bitten. • Prophylaxis (prevention) and Malarone are used to reduce

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