An Emerging World Power

An Emerging World Power

The Causes of Imperialism

•

The US began to consider the benefits of imperialism=

where stronger nations extend their political military

and economic control over weaker territories.

•

Economic Benefits:

– _{new raw materials and natural resources}

– _{Possession of colonies gave nations an edge in the} competition for global resources.

– _{The US had a surplus of goods to sell}

• _{Farmers needed new markets}

Imperialist stress military strength

• _{Alfred T. Mahan officer in the US navy played a key role in} transforming America into a naval power.

• _{He pushed for the US to set up foreign bases where American} ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies.

• _{US started building new steel plated steam powered} battleships such as the USS Maine.

Imperialists believe in National Superiority

• _{Social Darwinism: life consists of competitive struggles in which}

only the fittest survive.

– _{Certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined}

to rule over inferior people.

– Americans believed that God had granted them the right and responsibility to settle the frontier.

– _{Manifest Destiny to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean.}

– _{Josiah Strong argued that Americans had a responsibility to spread their}

values to take care and convert others to Christianity.

America’s First steps toward World Power

• _{Growth in the Pacific:}

– _{Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of ships into Tokyo Bay}

Japan.

– _{The Japanese called the ships “Giant dragons puffing smoke”.}

– _{Perry had negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with}

America.

– _{In 1867 the US took possession of the Midway Islands.}

– _{Treaties in 1875 and 1887 increased trade with Hawaiian Islands}

•

Seward Purchases Alaska:

– _{In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska} from Russia for $7.2 million.

– _{Nicknamed “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox”.}

– _{This almost doubled the country’s size and the land turned} out to be rich in timber, oil and natural resources.

•

US Influence in Latin America

– _{Secretary of State James Blaine sponsored the First} International Pan-American Conference in 11889.

– _{Benefits of economic cooperation with 17 Latin-American} countries.

The US acquires Hawaii

•

Since 1790’s the US had always stopped in Hawaii

on their way to East Asia.

–

Established Christian churches and schools.

–

Established sugar cane plantations.

–

American planters convinced the King Kalakaua to

Issues of Annexation

•

Planters power and problems:

– _{US tariff law imposed duties making sugar more} expensive

– _{Queen Liliuokalani resented the increasing power of the} white planters and dissolved the constitution.

– _{In 1893 the US Marines helped rebels seize power and} create a new government led by wealthy planters.

•

Hawaii was to be annexed but Pres. Cleveland

refused to sign it, apologizing for the “flagrant

wrong” by the military and white planters.

Sect. 2

The Spanish - American War

• _{Causes of the War}

– Spain only controlled Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba.

– Americans had invested $50 million in sugar cane plantations in Cuba.

– The Cubans frequently tried to rebel against Spain.

– In 1895 Joe Marti called for a “Free Cuba” from Spanish Rule.

– The Spanish General Valeriano Weyler planned to cut off all food and water form the rebels.

• _{The Spanish destroyed American Property.}

• _{Americans favored Cubans and wanted to help them in}

their struggle to be free from the Spain.

• _{The Yellow Press Inflames Opinion}

– Newspapers heightened the public’s dislike of the Spanish government

– _{Their publications were called the Yellow Press because of a}

comic-strip character called the Yellow Kid.

– _{The newspapers used sensational headlines and pictures to}

President McKinley’s Response

•

Warned the Spanish to make peace or the US would

take “whatever steps necessary”.

•

McKinley ordered the battleship the USS Maine to

Havana to protect US American citizens.

•

Feb. 1898 the Journal published a private letter from the

Spanish Ambassador to Washington DC calling Pres.

McKinley “a weak and stupid politician”.

•

The Battleship the USS Maine Blows Up –

– _{266 of the 350 officers and crew are killed.}

– _{The Newspapers called for war}

– _{Investigation showed that the ship hit a mine}

•

Nation goes to war:

– _{War fever grips the nation.}

– _{Citizens respond with “Remember the Maine”}

– _{Spain offers to make some concessions but it is too late.} – _{April 11, 1898 McKinley asks Congress for authority to use}

force against Spain to end the fighting in Cuba

– _{Congress agrees to four resolutions of war}

American Troops Battle the Spanish

•

War in the Philippines: Commodore George

Dewey was able to defeat the Spanish Navy.

•

The Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, defeated

the Spanish army on land.

US forces win in Cuba

• _{American troops landed in Cuba capturing Guantanamo Bay.}

• _{General Shafter's army was made up of National Guard,} regular army, African American 9th _{& 10}th _{units, and the}

Rough Riders.

• _{Roosevelt and his men gained fame for the role they played} in the battles for Kettle and San Juan Hills.

• _{Problems with our troops:}

– _{Deplorable conditions.}

– _{Poorly trained and supplied.}

Effects of the War

•

After San Juan Hill the US Naval forces were able to

destroy the Spanish fleet.

•

Almost 3,000 American’s died, only 380 died in

combat the other 2,600 died from disease such as

malaria or yellow fever.

•

Treaty of Paris signed by Spain and the US officially

ended the war.

Growth or no growth

• _{Imperialist believed that we were right in taking the Philippines.}

– _{McKinley believed that we needed to educate and uplift and civilize the Filipinos} – _{We also need the area as a stepping stone to China}

• _{Anti-imperialists (William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain) condemned}

imperialism as a crime and attacked it as “open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our government”

• _{The US Senate signed the treaty ending the war}

• _{1900 William Jennings Bryan ran against McKinley for President.}

– _{McKinley selected Teddy Roosevelt - Hero of San Juan Hill - as his vice president}

• _{As a result of the Spanish-American War the US had an empire and new}

Sect.3 The United States and East Asia

• _Filipinos:

– _{Leader was Emilio Aguinaldo led insurrection against the US when we decided}

to maintain possession of the Philippines.

• _{Guerrilla Warfare:}

– _{a form of nontraditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters to}

attack behind American lines.

– _{US soldiers put civilians into overcrowded concentration camps}

– _{1901 Aguinaldo was captured and the war ended}

– _{US had 5,000 deaths, the Filipinos had 200,000}

• _{1901 William Howard Taft became the governor of the} Philippines.

• _{He censored the press, placed dissidents in jail.}

• _{He extended limited self-rule.}

• _{Ordered construction of schools, roads, and bridges.}

• _{June 1916 Congress passed the Jones Act which pledged that the} Philippines would gain their independence.

The US pursues interests in China

• _{China 1899 – political and economic turmoil}

• _{Spheres of Influence – Britain, France, Germany and Russia}

all took a part of China for their ports and markets.

• _{Japan also took a section.}

• _{The US did not have a zone – thus limiting US economic}

trade.

• _{US Secretary of State John Hay sent a note to the other}

Boxer Rebellion

• _{Chinese secret society “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” = Boxers.}

• _{They trained in the martial arts, practiced traditional Chinese culture.}

• _{They grew to resent the presence of the foreign countries, converting Chinese to}

Christianity, and referred to them as “foreign devils”.

• _{May 1900 the Boxers killed foreign missionaries and took over the diplomat’s district}

in Beijing.

• _{European, American and Japanese troops were sent in to quash the Boxer Rebellion.}

• _{European and US troops were able to put down the rebellion and then made the}

Chinese gov. pay to repay the damages of war.

Open Door Policy

•

Secretary of State Hay sent a 2

note to the

Europeans stating that the US did not want colonies

in China but to preserve Chinese territorial and

administrative entity.

•

We only wanted free trade.

•

The US used the money from the indemnity money

Tensions between America and Japan

• _{Japan wanted part of China as well.}

• _{They were upset that the Russians were occupying}

Manchuria.

• _{Japan attacks Russia causing more than 100,000}

casualties.

• _{Roosevelt settles the Russo-Japanese War}

Post China and Japan Conflict

•

Anti-Asian sentiment on the west coast caused the

San Francisco School Board to ban Japanese Chinese

and Korean children from attending public schools

with white children.

•

Roosevelt was not happy with their decision, and

faced with outrage from Japan he arranged a

“Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan in which the

school board ended the segregation and Japan

The Great White Fleet

•

Roosevelt promoted our military preparedness

to protect our interests in Asia.

•

The President obtained a new force of navy

ships known as the Great White Fleet.

Sect.4 The United States and Latin America

• _{US Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba}

• _{Foraker Act – established a civil government in Puerto Rico}

– _{President of the US would appoint a governor and part of the} legislature.

– _{Created a legal problem called “Insular Cases” in which the}

Supreme Court would determine the rights of the Puerto Ricans. – _{Court ruled that Puerto Ricans did not have the same rights as US}

Citizens.

• _{Jones-Shafroth Act:}

US establishes Cuban Protectorate

•

Platt Amendment:

–

Restricted the rights of Cubans

–

Brought them under more control of the US

–

They were not allowed to sign a treaty with

another country without getting approval from the

US first.

–

Required Cuba to lease naval bases to the US

–

Granted the US the right to intervene to preserve

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Theory

•

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”

•

America needed to carry a big stick to make sure

there was a “balance of power” in imperialism.

•

He believed it was the US responsibility to civilize

or uplift weaker nations.

America builds the Panama Canal

• _{US bought the rights to the Canal from the French for $40}

million.

• _{Since Columbia controlled Panama the US had to get}

permission from them to continue the digging.

• _{When Columbia refused Roosevelt sent the US Warships in to}

support a Panamanian revolt against Columbia.

• _{When the Panamanians were given their freedom they signed}

Growing Presence in the Caribbean

• _{Panama Canal took 10 years to build, over 35,000 workers,}

is 50 miles long. The US controlled the canal until 1999 when it was returned to the Panamanian people.

• _{Important access from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans for}

trade routes

• _{It cut 8,000 miles off a trip from the west coast to the east}

Roosevelt Corollary

• _{The US would assume role of police power.}

• _{Restoring order and depriving other creditors of the excuse}

to intervene in Latin America.

• _{Keeping the Western hemisphere free form European}

Intervention.

• _{Latin American countries did not like the idea that the US}

would be a police power.

• _{Augusto Sandino led an army against the US Marines in}

President Taft

• _{The next president – Taft – continued Roosevelt's plan}

but added that we would help out financially instead of militarily.

• _{Often referred to as Dollar Diplomacy – they would help}

with poverty, and social disorder

• _{“substituting dollars for bullets”}

• _Example:

• _{Nicaragua: first he used financial aide to help. The}

President Wilson 1912

•

Moral Diplomacy

–

The US would not “take” any more land

–

The US would promote human rights, national

integrity and opportunity

–

Equality and honor

•

All though he promoted moral diplomacy

he was forced to send in US troops when

our investments were in jeopardy.

–

1915 Haiti becomes under our control until

Wilson and the Mexican Revolution

 Wilson did not favor Imperialism

 1884-1911 Mexico’s president was Porfirio Diaz

encouraged foreign investment in Mexico to help his country develop.

 In 1911 a revolution erupted and Francisco Madero, who

supported democracy came to power.

 Army officers overthrew Madero and placed General

Victoriano Huerta in power.

 Wilson refused to recognize the new government.

 Wilson permitted Americans to arm other political factions within

Wilson Sends troops into Mexico

 American sailors visiting Tampico were arrested

Wilson used the refusal to apologize to overthrow Huerta and sent Marines to capture the city of Veracruz.

 Wilson accepted international mediation and Venustiano

Carranza became Mexico’s president

 Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas into New Mexico that

killed Americans.

 Wilson sent General Pershing in with 10,000 troops across

the border to find and capture Villa.

 Wilson’s failed policy over Mexico damaged US foreign