Index

Index

A AFGHANISTAN, War Crimes,

48

AGGRESSION, see CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; WAR CRIMES

AffiCRAFf, HAGUE CONVENTION FOR 1HE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF (1970),24

AffiSP ACE, Straits, 267

ALAND ISLANDS, Demilitarized, 503

ALAND ISLANDS STRAIT, Right of Passage, 278-79 ANGOLA, Economic Sanctions, 463,466

ANTARCTICA, Demilitarized, 503 ARGENTINA, Strait of Magellan, 276-77 ARMED CONFLICT

See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches

Bosnia, see INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Definition, 121

International/lnternal Distinction, 52 See also under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf

Naval Warfare, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS Regional,391

Rwanda, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA

ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT, Nuclear Weapons, 65, 318-19 See also NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS; WEAPONS

ARUSHA TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA

ATTORNEY GENERAL 1.1. EICHMANN (1962), 20, 22 See also JURISDICTION; UNIVERSALITY; WAR CRIMES AVIATION

See also INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Overflight; MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space

Hijacking, 24-25

Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 442 B

BALTIC STRAITS, Right of Passage, 277-78 BIBLE, Law of Armed Conflict, 145-46

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1972),319,370 BOSNIA

See also INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; YUGOSLAVIA .

Law of Armed Conflict,

48,

BOUNDARIES, Argentina·Chile, 276

The Law of Armed Conflict: Into the Next Millennium

Michael N. Schmitt & Leslie C. Green (Editors)

BUSINESS PRACTICES, Corporations, 10-15

C CANADA, Straits, 270-71

CATHOLIC CHURCH, Law of Anned Conflict, 150-51,295

CELESTIAL BODIES, Demilitarized, 503

See also MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space

CHEMICALANDBACIERIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROTOCOL, GENEVA (1925), 188, 371

CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1993), 191-92,211-12,219,319,370-71

Economic Sanctions, 459

CHILD, CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE, Protocol Additional on the recruiunent and participation of children in hostilities, 48, 55

CHILDREN, Combatants, 48, 54, 55

CHILE, Strait of Magellan, 276-77

CHINA, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 147 CHIVALRY, LAW OF, 151-52

CIVIL WAR, THE (U.S.) See also LIEBER CODE

Stockton, Charles H., xx-xxii, 157

Weapons, 302

CIVILIANS, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Non-State Actors; GENEVA CONVENTIONS

(1949), Civilian Persons; GENOCIDE; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; Civilians; WAR CRIMES; Civilian Actors; WEAPONS, Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians)

CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION International Humanitarian Law, 132-34 Law of Armed Conflict, 143,367

United Nations Claims Commission, 134

United Nations Compensation Commission, 375

CLAUSEWITZ, 141, 165

COLD WAR, 120

COLOMBIA, Antipersonnel Mines, 54

COLONIALISM, 120

Pre-World War I, 2-3

Spain, 299

COMBATANTS

Children, see CHILDREN, Combatants

Civilians, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; Non-State Actors; WAR CRIMES; Civilian Actors Crirninal Groups, 58

Definition, 405

Guerrillas, 54, 405

Hors de combat, 41, 44 Mental Health, 51

Mercenaries, 26,57,171

Multinational Forces, 60

Private Security Companies, 57-58

Supranational Forces, 61-62

COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, 204, 266,

404

COMMERCE AND mADE, Japan, 3-4

COMMlTI'EE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 123

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS, CONVENTION ON CERTAIN (1981), 51, 129-30, 342-43

See also WEAPONS

Protocol I (1980) (X-Rays), 189

Protocol II (1996) (Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices), 50,

no,

Protocol III (1980) (Incendiary Weapons), 189

Protocol IV (1995) (Blinding Laser Weapons),

no,

CRIMES AGAINSTHUMANITI

See also GENOCIDE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; REsPONSIBILITY, Individuals; WAR CRIMES

Civilians, see This Heading, Non-State Actors Defenses, 106-11

Definition, 113

Development of Offense, 47,122

Discriminatory Intent, 100-01,331

Geneva Conventions (1949), 172

Genocide, see This Heading, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Rwanda

Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal Distinction

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 98-102, 170, 330-31

International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 26

International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations oflnternational Humanitarian Law in Rwanda, 327

Non-State Actors, 101

See also WAR CRIMES, Civilian Actors Rape, 327, 332

Remedies, see under INDIVIDUALS Single Acts, 99-100

Terrorism, see TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity CRIMES AGAINST PEACE, 26,142

See also WAR CRIMES

CRUSADES, Law of Armed Conflict, 153

CULTURAL PROPERTI, Protection of, 344

CULTURAL RELATIONS, 9-10

D

DARDANELLES, Right of Passage, 264, 275

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, THE (1776) (U.S.), 300

DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS

Seealso NORTHATLANTICTREAn ORGANIZATION; SELF-DEFENSE; WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION

Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62, 369 DENMARK, Baltic Straits, 277-78

DEVELOPMENT, Non-Governmental Organizations, 235, 240

DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 369

E

ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS), Economic Sanctions, 458

EL SALVADOR, Revolution, xxx

ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 173-74, 188, 190, 204-05

ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES, CONVENTION ON TIlE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTIlER HOSTILE USE OF (1977), 188 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Court of Justice, 62, 125

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 65, 366 EXTRADITION, 23

FINLAND, Aland Islands Strait, 278-79 FORCE, USE OF, see USE OF FORCE FRANCE, Nuclear Weapons, 8-9

GENEVA CONVENTION (1906), 159

F

G

GENEVA CONVENTION FOR TIlE AMELIORATION OF mE WOUNDED IN ARMIES IN TIlE FIELD (1864), 159,303,340

GENEVA CONVENTION ON mE CONTINENTAL SHELF (1958),436

GENEVA CONVENTION ON TIlE TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE (1958),266,269,431,433

GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1929), 122,159,307,315

GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), 20-21, 23, 27,45-46,62-63,80-83,91-92, 123, 129, 131,159,169,172,188,293,306,328-30,361

Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (First Convention), 339

Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (Second Convention), 339 Prisoners of War (Third Convention), 28, 316, 405

Civilian Persons (Fourth Convention), 89, 339

Additional Protocol I (Victims ofInternationalArmed Conflicts) (1977),53-54.57.93,146, 153,157,168,172,199,202-04,308,317-18,342,370,403

Additional Protocol II (Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts) (1977),48,52-55, 93,95, Ill, 123, 126-27, 168, 172,327,342,361

GENOCIDE

See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA

Definition, 332

GENOCIDE CONVENTION (1948),5,47,122,361 GENTILl, Law of Anned Conflict, 156

GERMAN WAR BOOK (1915),165-66,171 GERMANY, Straits, 266, 271-72

GIDBON, Law of Anned Conflict, 148

GIDRALTAR, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 277 GRAVE BREACHES

Rape, 332

See also under WAR CRIMES

GREECE, ANCIENT, Law of Anned Conflict, 149, 294 GROTIUS, Law of Anned Conflict, 155,295,429,436

H

HAGUE CONVENTIONS, xliii, 41, 122, 187,293

Convention II (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1899),167,339,343 Convention N (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1907),167,339,405 Convention XIII (1907),271

HAITI,EcononUcSanctions,463

HERZEGOVINA, see BOSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

HIGH SEAS

See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit; LAw OF THE SEA, High Seas, Straits Deep Seabed Mining, 505-10

Freedom of the High Seas, 505-09 Military Purposes, 501-10 HIJACKING, see under AVIATION HORMUZ, STRAIT OF, 265, 270 HUDSON, MANLEY, xiii HUMAN RIGHTS

See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; GENOCIDE; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; INDIVIDUALS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; International Humanitarian Law, 333

Investigations, 367-69 MinOrities, 122

Non Bis In Idem (Freedom from Double Jeopardy), 28-29 Non-Governmental Organizations, 238-40

Nuclear Weapons, 216

Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies Reporting Violations, 246-50 Self-Determination, 122, 124

HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION, 121,369

See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Human Rights

I

INDIVIDUALS

See also CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION; COMBATANTS; CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; HUMAN RIGHTS; JURISDICTION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Civilians; WAR CRIMES; WEAPONS, Indiscriminate

Collective Rights, see HUMAN RIGHTS, Self-Detennination Command Responsibility, 104-06, 112, 485

Defenses, see under CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; WAR CRIMES Remedies, 123-28, 366

Responsibility, 91,102-11,122,169-70,331,375

See also This Heading, Command Responsibility; WEAPONS, Individual Responsibility Stateless Persons, 99

Subjects ofIntemationallaw, 120, 126 Terrorists, see TERRORISM

INFORMATION, Military Operations, 394-96

INTERNAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT, InternationaVlnternal Distinction

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA), Economic Sanctions, 459 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), 270

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC), 49,50,53,55-56,60, 62,65-66,123,129,154,159,173, 197,237-38,241,247, 293,303-04,315-18,339-44,

403

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (IC]) Advisory Opinion on Namibia, 373

Advisory Opinion on The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 65, 96, 173-76, 185-86,193-94,205,212-21,308-09,373

Ozse concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 373

Corfu Channel Case, 265,373,507

Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolMali) Case, 373 law of Armed Conflict, 372

Nicaragua v. United States, 83-84, 86-92,328,373,507-08 U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case, 373

INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966) Optional Protocol (1966), 123

Right of Self-Determination, 124

INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966), Right of Self-Determination, 124, 239

INTERNATIONAL CRIMES, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: WAR CRIMES

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) Creation, 313-14,325-33,371

Ju~diction,46-47,56,63, 131, 193,332

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Creation, 484

Indictments, 79,325,484

Jurisdiction,27,29, 77,82,92-93,98-99, 173

law of Armed Conflict, 77-114, 170, 192,365,376-80 Production of Documents, 484-95

INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; LAw OF ARMED CON FLIer; WAR CRIMES

Definition, 293

Evolution, 120-26,293-309,328,337-53 Human Rights law, 333

Non-Governmental Organizations, 337-53 Protecting Powers, 314-18, 364

INTERNATIONAL LAW Customary, 96-97 Education, xxi-xxii, 313 Enforcement, 359-84 Sources, 135, 163-64

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) , 270

INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRffiUNAL AT NUREMBERG, 26, 50, 98, 100, 123, 143,167,169,365,483,506

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Economic Sanctions, 458-59 INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA, 436, 443

INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA, 48, 63, 77, 173, 239, 325-26,365,380

IRAN, Strait of Hormuz, 265, 270 IRAQ

Claims and Compensation, 375 Economic Sanctions, 471 War Crimes, 48, 360, 374-76

ISLAM, law of Armed Conflict, 150-51,296

JAPAN, Commerce and Trade, 3-4 JUDICIAL PROCEDURE

International Ctiminal Court, 483-95

J

International Ctiminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 78 Production of Documents, 484-95

JURISDICTION

See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; INTERNATlONALCRIMINAL COURT; INTERNA TlONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches; UNIVERSALITY

NationallInternational, 123, 127, 132

Passive Personality (Nationality of Victim) , 18, 26 Prescribe/Adjudicate/Enforce,30-32

Primacy of International Tribunals over National Courts, 27-28 Protective Principle, 18, 22

Territoriality, 17-18, 26

K

KELLOGG.BRIAND AGREEMENT, see PARIS, PACT OF (i92S)

KELSEN, HANS, xiii-xiv RIEL CANAL, 264

L

LANDMINES, CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF (1997), 130, 192, 210,219, 320, 348-50,372.

LANDMINES, see WEAPONS, Mines (Land)

LAW ENFORCEMENT Counterdrug Operations, 448 Maritime, 440-48

Posse Comitatus Act (U.S.), 448

U.S. Coast Guard, 448

LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT

See also ARMED CONFLICT; GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949) ; WAR CruMES; WEAPONS Civil War, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II

Civilians (Discrimination), 54, 56,99,199-202,341,399-400,403 Combatants, see COMBATANTS

Compensation, see CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION

Crimes against Humanity, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y Customary International Law, 192-93

Education, 313

Enforcement!Implementation, 359-84

Environment, see ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict Grave Breaches, see under WAR CRIMES

History, 40-41,141-76,293-309 Human Rights, 47-49

See also HUMAN RIGHTS

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 77-114, 192

International!Internal Distinction, 52-57, 62, 81-86, 92-94, 98-102, 126, 193, 219, 265, 329,403,485

See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol I, Additional Protocol II Legitimate Targets, 127, 190, 403-{)5

Mercenaries, 26,57, 171 Military Necessity, 163

Naval Warfare, xvii-lxii, 263-80

Perfidy, 127, 190,202-04

Prisoners of War, 28,55,166,300,316-17 Proportionality, 43, 215, 218

Protected Persons, 86-92, 152-53 Reprisals, Ill, 370-71

See also under SANCfIONS Right of Overflight, 267, 505-06 Right of Transit, 264-79, 505-06 Stateless Persons, 99

Weapons, see WEAPONS

LAW OF LAND WARFARE, THE (U.S. 1956), 163 LAW OF THE SEA

Archipelagic Waters, 433-34 COnnguous Zone, 434-35

Deep Seabed, see HIGH SEAS, Deep Seabed Mining Exclusive Economic Zone, 273, 432, 435-36 High Seas, 436-37, 501-10

Hot Pursuit, 437-38

Maritime Exclusion Zones, 505 Pollution, see POLLtITION Right ofInnocent Passage, 273

Right of Overflight, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf Right of Transit, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf Straits, 269-73

See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit

See also UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAw OF THE SEA TerritorialSea,431-33

Warships, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit

LAW OF THE SEA, CONVENTION ON, see UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAw OF THE SEA

LAW OF WAR, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf LffiERIA, Economic Sanctions, 463

LffiYA, Economic Sanctions, 463

LffiBER CODE, xiii, xlii, xlvi, 41,157-58,187,303-04,343

LONDON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS OF THE EUROPEAN AXIS (1945), 26

LONDON, DECLARATION OF, CONCERNING THE LAW OF NAVAL WAR (1909), xiii,lv

M

MAGELLAN, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 276-77 MANU, CODE OF (INDIA), Law of Armed Conflict, 296 MARMARA SEA, Right of Passage, 275

MARTENS CLAUSE, 66, 168, 174, 176,210, 220,343 See also HAGUE CONVENTIONS, Convention II MEnECINS SANS FRONTIERES, 238

METIIODS OF WARFARE, see WEAPONS MIDDLE AGES, Law of Armed Conflict, 40, 154

MILITARY OPERATIONS Demilitarized Areas, 503

High Seas, 501-10

Humanitarian, 392

See also HUMANITARIAN PROTECfION; UNITED NATIONS, Armed Forces, Peacekeeping Forces

Information Systems, 394-96

Naval Warfare, 263-80, 501-10

Operation Deliberate Force (Former Yugoslavia), 378

Operation EI Dorado Canyon (Libya), 402

Outer Space, 399, 503

Weapons Systems, 396-99

See also WEAPONS

MONTENEGRO, see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

MONTREAL OZONE PROTOCOL, Economic Sanctions, 459

MONTREUX CONVENTION (1936),264,275

MOORE, JOHN BASSETT, xiii, xlii, xliii, xlvii

MULTINATIONAL FORCES, Law of Armed Conflict, 60

MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES, see DEFENSE AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

NATIONAL SECURITY Straits, 267

United States, 392-94

NATURAL LAW, 297-98

N

NAVAL WAR CODE (1900), Development, xli.xlviii, 119

NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, xiii, 164

Stockton, Charles H., xxxi-lxii NEUTRALITY

International Committee of the Red Cross, 247

International Humanitarian Law, 128-29

Maritime, see This Heading, Straits Non.GovernmentalOrganizations, 246-50

Straits, 263, 267-79

NICARAGUA tI. UNITED STATES, see under INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE NON.GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

See also INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Accountability, 251-53

Armed Conflicts, 65-66, 233-56

Development, 235-36, 337-53

Human Rights, 238-39, 246-50

Human Rights Watch, 344-48

International Humanitarian Law, 333,337-53

Ml!decins sans Frontieres, 238 Medical, 237-38, 245-46, 341 Neutrality, 246-50

Refugees and Displaced Persons, 238,340-41 Relief, 236-37, 242-45, 341

Safety ofNGO Workers, 372

NON.INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, IntemationaVIntemal Distinction

NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS Conventional Weapons, 51, 56, 392 High-Technology Weapons, 391 Nuclear (Non-Proliferation Treaty), 221

NORm ATLANTIC TREATI ORGANIZATION, 59,60,378 NORm KOREA, Nuclear Weapons, 8

NUREMBERG TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TruBUNALAT NUREMBERG

o

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) , Economic Sanctions, 458 ORGANIZATION ON SECURITI AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

Development Assistance, 240 Human Dimension, 124

OUTER SPACE, see under MILITARY OPERATIONS

P

PANAMA CANAL, 263-64

PARIS, DECLARATION OF (1856), xliv, lx, 159 PARIS, PACT OF (1928), 143,321

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648),402---PEACEKEEPING,52

Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62 United Nations, 312-13, 378 PICTET,}EAN,297-98 POLLUTION, Maritime, 438-40 POPULATION,5-6

PRISONERS OF WAR, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf

PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF mE UNITED NATIONS, CONVENTION ON (1946),131

PROTECTED PERSONS, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf

PROTECTING POWERS, see under INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

R

RAPE, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Rape; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches RED CRESCENT, 56, 66

REPRISALS, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; SANCTIONS REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, Economic Sanctions, 466

RESPONSIBILITY

See also INDIVIDUALS, Responsibility; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT; WAR CRIMES States, 86-87, 125, 132,169,376

RHODESIA, SOUTHERN, Economic Sanctions, 471 ROME, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 149,296 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., Chemical Weapons, 164 ROUSSEAU, JEAN.JACQUES, Law of Armed Conflict, 300-301 RWANDA

See also INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA

Economic Sanctions, 463

s

SAN REMO MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO ARMED CONFLICTS, 203, 271-72, 507-08

SANCTIONS

Against Individuals, 369

Arms Control and Disarmament, 319-20 Economic, 455-77

Humanitarian Limits, 473-74, 476 Reprisal, 111, 370

United Nations, 459-69 SELF.DEFENSE, 144,402,442

Necessity, 218 Proportionality, 218 Straits, 272-73 Weapons, 189

SELF.DETERMINATION, see under HUMAN RIGHTS

SERBIA, see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SHAKESPEARE, Law of Armed Conflict, 147-48

SHIPPING Neutral, 265

Use of Force against Civilian Vessels, 440-48 SIERRA LEONE, Economic Sanctions, 463 SOMALIA

Economic Sanctions, 463 United Nations, 59, 239, 361

SOUTH AFRICA, Economic Sanctions, 471 SOVEREIGNTY, 121

See also CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION; JURISDICTION

SPAIN

ST. PETERSBURG, DECLARATION OF (1868),159,187,190,197,302,343,409 STATELESS PERSONS, 99

STOCKTON, CHARLES R., xiii, 119, 136 Biography, xvii-lxii

STRAITS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit SlnDAN,EcononrlcSanctions,463

SUEZ CANAL, 264

SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 61-62 SWEDEN, Aland Islands Strait, 278-79

T

TALLEYRAND, Law of Anned Conflict, 301 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Television, 6 TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity, 113, 331 THE IA W AND USAGES OF WAR AT SEA, xiii TORTURE CONVENTION (1984),124

TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAW OF, Breach, 144 TURKEY, Straits, 264

UNITED KINGDOM Chenrlcal Weapons, 211

Law of Anned Conflict, 162,371-80 UNITED NATIONS

Anned Forces, 59-60, 311-13, 379 Claims COmnUssion, 134

u

Comnrlssion on Human Rights, 48, 63, 132 Compensation Comnrlssion (1991),375

Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 344 High COmnUssioner for Refugees, 238, 378

Human Rights Comnrlttee, 216, 239

Implementation Force (Fonner Yugoslavia), 379 International Police Task Force (IPTF) , 379 Peacekeeping Forces, 312-13, 378

Transitional Adnrlnistration for Eastern Slavonia, 379

UNITED NATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL, CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF (1994),26,130,372

UNITED NATIONS CHARTER Crimes against Peace, 144 Right ofSelf-Deternrlnation, 124 Use of Force, 59

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (1982), 266-67, 269, 273,275-79,429-44,501-10

Nicaragua, see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Nicaragua v. United States UNIVERSALITI, 17-32

Aircraft Hijacking, 24-25 Crimes against Humanity, 98-102 Piracy, 19

War Crimes, 17-32,46 USE OF FORCE

See also ARMED CONFLICf; AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS; HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS; SANCTIONS; SELF-DEFENSE; WEAPONS

History, 1-15

Law Enforcement, 440-48 United Nations, 59-62 USS VINCENNES, 51, 267

v

V A TIEL, Law of Armed Conflict, 156-57, 301

W

WAR CRIMES

See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; INTERNATIONAL CRiMINAL COURT; INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL AT NUREMBERG; INTERNATIONAL CRiMINAL TRiBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA; RESPONSIBILITI, Individuals Allied-State-Actors, 19-20

Bosnia,48,63,239,360,374 Civilian Actors, 19

Defenses, 105,106-11,491 Definition, 21, 92-97

Grave Breaches, 20-21, 27, 46,63,80-92,123,172,328-29,332,485

Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal Distinction

Iraq, 48, 360, 374

Jurisdiction over the Person, see UNIVERSALITI Neutral-State-Actors, 19-20

Prohibited Weapons, see WEAPONS, Prohibited Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies Reporting, 378

WARFARE, LAW OF, see WEAPONS

WARFARE, ME1HODS OF, see MILITARY OPERATIONS; WEAPONS WARSHIPS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit WEAPONS

Acousric, 398

Chenrlcal, 164, 166, 188, 191,211-12,302,319-20,340,343 Collateral Damage (to Civilian Objects), 204-05, 398 See also ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict

Conventional, see CONVENTION ON CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Electromagnetic-Pulse, 43, 221,398

History, 186-89 Incendiary, 48, 220

Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians), 191, 194, 199-202,406,505 Individual Responsibility, 171,219-20

Infonnation Systems, 394-98

International/lnternal Armed Conflict Distinction, 219 Lasers, 43, 48, 64, 130, 207-08, 250, 320-21, 344-47 Microtechnology, 398

Microwaves, 43,398

Mines (Land), 49, 54, 66, 130, 208-11, 320, 344, 348-53, 372 Mines (Sea), 265-66, 505-07

Miniaturized Munitions Technology, 397 Nonlethal, 44, 398, 406

Nonproliferation, see NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS Nuclear, 48, 65,173-76,213-16,308-09,318-19,342

See also INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion Precision-Guided Munitions (Smart Weapons), 7-9,379,407 Prohibited, 43,64, 127, 159, 166, 185-<'37, 194-99,206-12,302,409 Proportionality, see This Heading, Collateral Damage, Indiscriminate Space-Based,44

Technology, 42-43

Unnecessary Suffering, see WEAPONS, Prohibited

WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU), Law of Armed Conflict, 61-62 WILSON, GEORGE GRAFTON, xiii

WOMEN, Law of Armed Conflict, 152-53 WOOLSEY, THOMAS, xiii, xliii WORLD WAR 1,2

Stockton, Charles H., lvi-Ix WORLD WAR II, 7-<'3, 47-48,50, 112

War Crimes, 19

See also International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg

Y

YOM KIPPUR WAR (1973), 277

YUGOSLAVIA, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF, 80 Economic Sanctions, 472