Database of Observations of the Internal Waves
in the World Ocean
A. S. Epifanova, A. V. Rybin, T. E. Moiseenko,
O. E. Kurkina, A. A. Kurkin*, D. Yu. Tyugin
Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia *[email protected]
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to describe the permanently updated public database containing the information on observations of the internal waves, as well as the scientific sources on the corresponding themes. The observations are based on the data obtained by remote sensing and direct contact measurements in various areas of the World Ocean and in the inland basins (lakes, water reservoirs).
Methods and Results. The data from 503 literature sources on the observations of internal waves are structured. The structure, format, volume and current content of the database are considered; the stored information is analyzed. Described is the process of adding and viewing the records using the IGWAtlas web application (the online project for working with the database of the observations of internal waves in the oceans and for public access to observations and sources that has an intuitive user interface). Geographical distribution of the recorded observations and their dependence on a season are illustrated. The examples of images of various types of records containing in the database, as well as their distribution according to the types of observations are given. The considered in the paper database is integrated into the IGWResearch software package intended for numerical simulation of propagation and transformation of the internal waves in the World Ocean.
Conclusions. The database contains the materials for 1972–2018 on 2296 recorded manifestations of the internal waves, which correspond to 2465 images, namely device records, satellite images, graphs, maps and tables. The database scope includes geographic information systems, statistical analysis, knowledge bases and web-services for the tasks of the World Ocean research.
Key words: internal waves, database, the World Ocean, IGWAtlas, IGWResearch, the Black Sea.
Acknowledgment: the represented results are obtained within the framework of realizing the state tasks (No. 5.4568.2017/6.7 and No. 5.1246.2017/4.6) in the sphere of scientific activities and at financial support of the grant of the President of Russian Federation aimed at state support of scientific research of the leading scientific schools of Russian Federation ST-2685.2018.5. Integration of the database on the internal waves is carried out within the framework of the Russian Scientific Foundation, project No. 17-71-10101.
For citation: Epifanova, A.S., Rybin, A.V., Moiseenko, T.E., Kurkina, O.E., Kurkin, A.A. and Tyugin, D.Yu., 2019. Database of Observations of the Internal Waves in the World Ocean. Physical Oceanography, [e-journal] 26(4), pp.350-356. doi:10.22449/1573-160X-2019-4-350-356
DOI: 10.22449/1573-160X-2019-4-350-356
© 2019, A. S. Epifanova, A. V. Rybin, T. E. Moiseenko, O. E. Kurkina, A. A. Kurkin, D. Yu. Tyugin © 2019, Physical Oceanography
Introduction
underwater parts of hydraulic structures (oil platforms, protective and mooring
facilities, navigation locks, ship elevators, etc). It directly affects the human
economic activities on the shelf. All of the above confirms the fact that internal
waves are the relevant object of research.
Registration of marine internal waves is associated with great difficulties,
therefore, despite the fact that it has been performed since the middle of the last
century, a limited number of observations have been recorded in various water
areas. Until now, there is the only catalog, containing satellite images of internal
waves, an
Atlas of Internal Solitary-like Waves and their Properties Waves
[1],
published in 2004. The greatest number of observations is contained in papers
devoted to areas of the ocean with a high probability of generating internal waves,
depending on the intensity of factors such as the power of the barotropic tide and
significant bottom slopes [2].
The present paper describes the structure, format and content of a database of
observations of internal waves in the oceans, obtained by remote sensing and direct
contact measurements in different areas of the oceans, as well as in inland waters
(lakes, water reservoirs).
The Database Structure and Format
The database of observations of internal waves in the oceans, has 1.9 GB
volume. It is based on the MySQL database management system (DBMS). This is
a free relational DBMS that allows several users to access the database
simultaneously and centrally store it on the server (Fig. 1).
F i g. 1. Database scheme of internal waves in the World Ocean
Adding New Records to the Internal Wave Database and Their View
The database is integrated into the web application
Internal Gravity Waves
Atlas
(IGWAtlas) (https://lmnad.nntu.ru/ru/ru/igwatlas/). The Atlas of Internal
A new record can be added in the following way: at first, the bibliographic
data of the literary source containing information on the manifestations of internal
waves in the World Ocean are entered in the appropriate fields of the IGWAtlas
application. Then the information about the observations described in the source is
added. In the absence of coordinates, they can be restored from the published
image and manually marked on the map.
An example of an IGWAtlas application web page with the image of
the geographical location of the registration of internal waves and an indication of
the literature describing these waves is shown in Fig. 2.
F i g. 2. An example of a web page with visualization of observations of internal waves
Analysis of the Content of the Database of Internal Waves
The created database was originally based on materials from the Atlas of
Internal Solitary-like Waves, containing 275 sources and a text description with
graphic illustrations of more than 300 examples for 54 different areas of the World
Ocean [1]. They are supplemented by information from the following sources:
publications in leading Russian and foreign peer-reviewed scientific journals,
materials of scientific seminars and conferences, dissertation works, as well as
personal communications data. Currently, the base contains 2,296 observations
from 503 references, covering the period 1972–2018. Their geographical
distribution is shown in Fig. 3.
The largest number of observations recorded in the South China Sea, Yellow
and Sea of Japan (441), on the North America and Mexico coasts (297), in
the Strait of Gibraltar and on the Iberian Coast (134), in the White Sea (71) and in
the Black Sea (59).
F i g. 3. Geographical distribution of the recorded observations of internal waves in the World Ocean
The Black Sea deserves special attention. It is rich in natural resources.
There are the largest ports of southern Russia, important hydraulic structures.
The communications of international and federal importance are also located in the
coastal zone. Therefore, there is no doubt that the study of wave processes in
the Black Sea [3–6] is of extremely important ecological, economic and
economical importance. The seasonal variability in the number of observations of
internal waves in the Black Sea is as follows: in the summer period – 52, in
the autumn and spring – 3 each and in the winter – 1 (Fig. 4,
b
).
Except the coordinates, the registration dates of internal waves and data on
literary sources, the database contains the following information (types of
observations): records from recording devices [7, 9, 10], satellite images [8, 11],
several types of graphs [12] , drawings and profiles of stratification parameters,
maps [13, 16], showing the observation areas and tables [17, 18] of the parameters
of internal waves in different areas of the World Ocean (Fig. 5).
The database is organized in such a way that several types of observations can
correspond to each record. The database stores 2,465 different images, including 59
of them across the Black Sea. Quantitative characteristics of the types of
observations are shown in Fig. 6.
F i g. 4. Seasonal variability of a number of observations of internal waves: in the World Ocean – а,
F i g. 5. Types of observations of internal waves: a – recording from the devices; b – graph [7]; c – satellite image; d – map [8]
F i g. 6. Distribution of the records by the types of observations in the World Ocean – a and in the Black Sea – b
Practical Significance
The created database is integrated into the
Internal Gravity Waves Research
(
IGWResearch
) software package for modeling internal waves in the World Ocean.
This software complex was developed in a Research Laboratory of Modeling of
Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical
University n. a. R.E. Alekseev.
In
IGWResearch
computational blocks and algorithms for working with
To initialize numerical models, density data obtained from open sources using
the
equation
of
seawater
state
based
on
the
WOA13
(https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/) and GDEM [19] hydrological atlases
are used. The ETOPO1 bathymetry atlas (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/)
is used to define the coastline. Details of this complex can be found in [20–22].
Conclusion
The database containing extensive information about the observations of
internal waves in the World Ocean was created. It includes 2,296 observations
from 503 references for the period 1972–2018. It provides the quick search of data
on the confirmed cases of registration of internal waves, described in domestic and
foreign literature. The database is of interest for researchers in the field of ecology,
hydrobiology, water engineering and oil production. Works on its filling and
improving its structure are constantly carried out.
REFERENCES
1. Jackson, C.R., 2004. An Atlas of Internal Solitary-Like Waves and Their Properties.
Ale-xandria, USA: Global Ocean Associates, 560 p. Available at: https://www.internalwaveatlas.com/Atlas2_index.html [Accessed: 3February 2019].
2. Miropol'sky, Yu.Z., 2001. Dynamics of Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean. Springer: Dordrecht, 406 p.
3. Goryachkin, Yu.N., 2018. Upwelling nearby the Crimea Western Coast. Physical Oceanography, [e-journal] 25(5), pp. 368-379. doi:10.22449/1573-160X-2018-5-368-379 4. Bazykina, A.Yu. and Dotsenko, S.F., 2016. Propagation of Tsunami-like Surface Long Waves
in the Bays of a Variable Depth. Physical Oceanography, [e-journal] (4), pp. 3-11. doi:10.22449/1573-160X-2016-4-3-11
5. Aleskerovа, A.A., Kubryakov, A.A., Goryachkin, Yu.N. and Stanichny, S.V., 2017. Propagation of Waters from the Kerch Strait in the Black Sea. Physical Oceanography, [e-journal] (6), pp. 47-57. doi:10.22449/1573-160X-2017-6-47-57
6. Yurovskaya, M.V., Kudryavtsev, V.N., Chapron, B. and Dulov, V.A., 2014. Interpretation of Black Sea Optical Satellite Images in Sun Glitter Area. Morskoy Gidrofizicheskiy Zhurnal, (4), pp. 68-82 (in Russian).
7. Serebryany, A.N. and Khymchenko, E.E., 2014. Observations of Internal Waves at Caucasian and Crimean Shelves of the Black Sea in Summer 2013. Sovremennye Problemy Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli iz Kosmosa, 11(3), pp. 88-104 (in Russian).
8. Lavrova, O. and Mityagina, M., 2017. Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas. Remote Sensing, [e-journal] 9(9), 892. doi:10.3390/rs9090892
9. Zimin, A.V., Romanenkov, D.A., Rodionov, A.A., Zhegulin, G.V. and Rodionov, M.A., 2014. Expedition Studies of the Short-Period Variability of Hydrophysical Fields in the White Sea in August 2013. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika, 7(1), pp. 85-91 (in Russian). 10. Masunaga, E., Homma, H., Yamazaki, H., Fringer, O.B., Nagai, T., Kitade, Y. and Okayasu,
A., 2015. Mixing and Sediment Resuspension Associated with Internal Bores in a Shallow Bay. Continental Shelf Research, [e-journal] 110, pp. 85-99. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2015.09.022 11. Zimin, A.V., Romanenkov, D.A., Kozlov, I.E., Chapron, B., Rodionov, A.A., Atadjanova,
O.A., Myasoedov, A.G. and Collard, F., 2014. Short-Period Internal Waves in the White Sea: Operational Remote Sensing Experiment in Summer 2012. Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, (3), pp. 41-55. doi:10.7868/S0205961414030087 (in Russian).
12. Kudryavtsev, V., Kozlov, I., Chapron, B. and Johannessen, J.A., 2014. Quad-Polarization SAR Features of Ocean Currents. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, [e-journal] 119(9), pp. 6046-6065. doi:10.1002/2014jc010173
13. Zimin, A.V., Kozlov, I.E., Atadzhanova, O.A. and Chapron, B., 2015. Complex Monitoring of Short-Period Internal Waves in the White Sea. Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, (5), pp. 51-61. doi:10.7868/S0205961415030148 (in Russian).
14. Morozov, E.G., Kozlov, I.E., Shchuka, S.A. and Frey, D.I., 2017. Internal Tide in the Kara Gates Strait. Oceanology, [e-journal] 57(1), pp. 8-18. doi:10.1134/S0001437017010106 15. Kim, H., Son, Y.B. and Jo, Y., 2018. Hourly Observed Internal Waves by Geostationary
16. Novotryasov, V.V., Stepanov, D.V. and Yaroshchuk, I.O., 2016. Observations of Internal Undular Bores on the Japan/East Sea Shelf-Coastal Region. Ocean Dynamics, [e-journal] 66(1), pp. 19-25. doi:10.1007/s10236-015-0905-z
17. Zimin, A.V., Rodionov, A.A. and Zhegulin, G.V., 2013. Short-Period Internal Waves on the White Sea Shelf: a Comparative Analysis on the Basis of Observations in Different Areas. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika, 6(3), pp. 19-33 (in Russian).
18. Liao, G., Xu, X.H., Liang, C., Dong, C., Zhou, B., Ding, T., Huang, W. and Xu, D., 2014. Analysis of Kinematic Parameters of Internal Solitary Waves in the Northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, [e-journal] 94, pp. 159-172. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.10.002
19. Teague, W.J., Carron, M.J. and Hogan, P.J., 1990. A Comparison Between the Generalized Digital Environmental Model and Levitus Climatologies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, [e-journal] 95(C5), pp. 7167-7183. doi:10.1029/JC095iC05p07167
20. Tyugin, D.Yu., Kurkina, O.E. and Kurkin, A.A., 2011. Software Package for Modeling of Internal Gravity Waves in the World Ocean. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika, 4(2), pp. 32-44 (in Russian).
21. Tyugin, D.Yu., Kurkin, A.A., Pelinovsky, E.N. and Kurkina, O.E., 2012. Increase of Productivity of the Program Complex for Modeling of Internal Gravity Waves IGW Research with the Help of Intel® Parallel Studio XE 2013. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika, 5(3), pp. 89-95 (in Russian).
22. Pelinovsky, E.N., Talipova, T.G., Soomere, T., Kurkina, O.E., Kurkin, A.A. and Tyugin, D.Yu., 2018. Modelling of Internal Waves in the Baltic Sea. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika, 11(2), pp. 8-20. doi:10.7868/S2073667318020016
About the authors:
Anastasiya S. Epifanova – Associate Professor of the Applied Mathematics Department, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Tech. Sci.), ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1061-0964, ResearcherID:
H-2476-2019, [email protected]
Artyom V. Rybin – Engineer of the Research Laboratory for Modeling Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Math.-Phys.), ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5084-3610, ResearcherID: S-5676-2019, [email protected]
Tatyana E. Moiseenko - 3rd year Student of the Applied Mathematics Department, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation), ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0966-5976, [email protected]
Oksana E. Kurkin – leading Research Associate, Associate Professor of the Applied Mathematics Department, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation),Ph.D. (Math.-Phys.), ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4030-2906, ResearcherID G-9577-2011, [email protected]
Andrey A. Kurkin – Senior Research Associate, Head of the Applied Mathematics Department, Scientific Supervisor of the Research Laboratory for Modeling Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation), Dr. Sci. (Math.-Phys.), Professor, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3828-6406, ResearcherID: A-1972-2014, [email protected]
Dmitriy Yu. Tyugin – Research Associate of the Research Laboratory for Modeling Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n. a. R. E. Alekseev (24, Minin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation),Ph.D. (Math.-Phys.), ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5598-3567, ResearcherID: L-9810-2016, [email protected]
Contribution of the co-authors:
Anastasia S. Epifanova – preparation of the article text, creation of diagrams, participation in the discussion of the article materials
Artem V. Rybin – development and debugging of a computer program for solving a problem
Tatyana E. Moiseenko – data collection and systematization
Oksana E. Kurkina – formulation of the problem, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results
Andrey A. Kurkin – scientific leadership, critical analysis and revision of the text
Dmitry Yu. Tyugin – selection and analysis of literature
