1441.pdf

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ns . . .

5 8

4

.

5

O b

s erv e

d

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P

re

d ic

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hy d

e

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o n c entrat

io

ns

f

o r

A

nt

h

ra c

i

te a n

d G A C

C

o

l

u

m

n s

62

4

.

6

A d

s o r

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n

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C

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t

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k

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ater

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_y

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o st n ota

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_,

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m

ust t

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k C h i

tra Pa

ra m

e swar _,

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ta

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r e searc

h p

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e one to

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a

l

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s o_, than

k

s to

K

ar

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utier r ez

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ate

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n a

l l y

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l d l ik

e to t

h

an

k m y f

am

i l y

an

d fr i

en

d

s w

h

o s e u n

dy i

n

g l

ove an

d

su

p p

ort

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ri

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e t

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h

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e s w e r e r ou

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to

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n

d m

ot

h

er ,

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rs.

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a n

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.

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e

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ourt.

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A P T E

R

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in

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m

o unt o

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ater to

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, a n

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a

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o

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m p

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he

d i

stri but

i

o n s

_y

ste

m

.

A l

thou

_{g h}

o z one

h

a s

b

e e n sho

w

n to

b

e e

ff

e ct

iv

e at ox

i d iz

in

_{g T H}

M

an

d H A A p

r e cu rs ors_, ozone a

l

s o re a cts

w i

t

h N O

M

to

fo

r

m i

ts o

w

n

_{b y}

-p

ro

du

cts_;

m

uc

h le s s

i

s

k

n o

w

n a

b

out ozo n at

i

o n

D B P

s t

h

a n c

h l

o r

i

natio n

D B P

s.

I

n t

h

e

p

a st

f

e

w y

e a r s, o u r

kn o

w l

e

d g

e o

f

ozon at

io

n

D B P

s

h

a s

in c

re a s e

d

,

b

ut st

il l l

a

g

s

b

e

h in

d

c o

m p

a r e

d

to o u r

k

n o

w l

e

d g

e o

f

I

t

h

a s

b

een s

h

o

w

n t

h

at o z o n e

in

cr_{e a}s e s the

b i

o

d

e

_g

r a

da

b i U

t

_y

o

f N O

M

an

d

t

h

at t

h

e

b y

¬

p

r o

d

ucts o

f

ozonat

i

on ar et

h

e

m

s e

l

ve s

b i

o

d

e

_g

ra

d

a

b l

e.

T h

us_, ozonat

i

on

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d by

b i

o

l

o

_{g i}

c a

l f i l

tra tion c an

b

e an e

f fe

ct

iv e

m

etho

d

o

f

re

m

ov

in

_{g T H}

M

a n

d H A A p

r e c urs o r s

b

e

f

o r e c

h l

or

i

n_at

i

_on _{a s}

w

e

l l

a s r e

m

ov

in

_g

_t

_h

_e

_{b y}

-p

r_o

_d

ucts o

f

ozonation.

L

o

w m

o

le c u

la

r

w

e

i g h

t

_{(M W )}

a

l de

h y d

e s

(

e.

g

.

,

f

or

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e, a c eta

l de

h y d

e,

g l y

o x a

l

, an

d

m

et

_{h y l g l y}

oxa

l

)

are a

m

a

j

o r c

l

a s s o

f b y

-p

r o

du c

ts

f

o r

m

e

d fr

o

m

ozonat

i

o n.

F

or

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e c o n c e ntr at

i

o n s

i m m

e

di

ate

ly f

o

ll

o

w in

_g o z o n at

i

o n

h

a v e

b

e e n r e

_p

o rte

d

at

_p

ote ntia

l l y

c ar c

in o

_g

e n

i

c

l

eve

ls

.

A

c eta

l de

hy d

e c oncentra t

io

ns are

g

ene r a

l l y l

o

w

e r t

h

an

p

ro

j

e cte

d

r e

_g

u

l

ato r

_{y l}

eve

l

s.

H

e a

l

t

h

e

f fe c

ts

d

ata o n

g l y

o x a

l

a n

d m

et

h y l g l y

oxa

l i

s not

k

n o

w

n; a s s u c

h

, t

he s

e c o

m p

o u n

d

s are not cu r rent

l y

r e

_g

u

la

te

d

,

bu

t a s tox

i

c o

l

o

g i

c a

l

stu

d ie s a

re

p

er

f

or

m

e

d

, t

h

e

_y

c ou

l d b

ec o

m

e c o

m p

ou n

d

s o

f

co n c ern .

T h i

s stu

d y

s e e

k

s to exa

m i

net

h

e e

f fe c

t o

f

ozone

do s e o n

t

h

e

f

o r

m

at

i

o n o

f

a

l d

e

h y d

e s a n

d

to o

b

ta

in

in

f

o r

m

at

i

o n on a

l d

e

h y d

e r e

m

ova

l

thr o u

_{g h b i}

o

d

e

_g

ra

d

atio n a n

d

a

ds o r

_p

t

io n

.

T h

e

k i

n et

i

c s o

f b i

o

d

e

_g

ra

da

t

io n

a re

de

te r

m i

n e

d b y p

a s sin

_g

s o

lu

t

i

o n s o

f

ozonate

d N O

M

s o

lu

t

i

ons co nta

i

n

i

n

_g

a

l de

hy d

es t

h

ro u

_{g h}

a

ba

tc

h

re c

_y

c

le

re

actor.

T h

e

b i

o

ld

n et

ic

da

ta

fr

o

m

t

h

e

b

atc

h

re c

_y

c

l

e ex

_p

er

i m

e nts ar e

f

it te

d

to

k i

n et

ic

m

o

d

e

l

s.

T h

e

m

o

d

e

l

s

fo

r a

l d

e

h y d

e r e

m

ova

l

a r e te ste

d

usin

_g

a c ont

in

u o u s

f lo

w

s

_y

ste

m

.

A l de

hy d

e r e

m

o v a

l b y

a

d

s or

p

t

i

on

i

s exa

m i

n e

d b y

a

d d in

_{g p}

o

w d

er e

d

a ct

i

vate

d

c ar

bo n

(

P A

C

)

to a

l de

_{hy d}

e-_{c onta}

in

i

_n

g

s o

lu

t

i

ons.

T h i

s stu

d y w

a s

_p

a rt o

f

an

E P A

-_s

C H

A P T E

R

2

L I

T E R

A

T

U R E

R

E V I E

W

2

.

1

N

atur a

l O

r

g

a n

i

c

M

at ter a n

d D i

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

o n

B

y -

P

ro

d

u ct

F

or

m

at

i

o n

N O

M

i

s a ter

m

us e

d

to

d

e s c

ri b

e t

h

e c o

m p l

ex

m

at

ri

x o

f

n atu ra

l

o r

_g

an

i

c

m

ate

ri

a

l p

re s ent

i

n

r a

w w

aters.

T h

e

p

r e s e n c e o

f N O

M

i

n

d ri

n

k i

n

g w

ater c an

l

e a

d

to

p

ro

b l

e

m

s

l i k

e

D B P

fo r

m

at

i

o n,

b

a cte

ri

a

l

r e

g

r ow t

h i

n

d i

st

ri b

ut

i

on s

y

s te

m

,

i

n cre a se

d di

s

in

f

e cta nt an

d

coa

g

u

l

ant

d

e

m

a n

d

, re

d

u c e

d

G

A

C

a

d

s o r

be r

b

e

d l i f

e, c o

l

o r, a n

d

ta ste s a n

d

o

d

o r s.

T

ota

l

o r

_g

an

i

c c ar

b

on

(

T O

C

)

i

s t

_{y p i}

c a

l l y

us e

d

a s a

m

e as u re o

f

t

h

e a

m

ount o

f p

re cu rs or

m

ate

ri

a

l

a v a

i l

a

b le

f

o r or

_g

an

i

c

D B P f

o r

m

at

i

on.

A

n

d

r e

w

sa n

d H

u c

k

(

19 9

4

)

h

av e s

h

o

w

n t

h

at

t

h

e

h

u

m i

c

_p

o rt

i

on o

f T O C i

st

h

e

m

o st

_{i m p}

o rtant

_p

r e cu rs or o

f b y

-p

ro

d

uct

f

or

m

at

i

o n.

O

wen

et a

l

(

19 9 5

)

_p

re s e nte

d d

ata s u

_{g g}

e st

i

n

_g

t

ha

t a s

ig

n

i fi

cant

_p

erce nta

_g

e o

f

re

_g

u

l

ate

d D B F

s c a n a

l

s o

b

e

f

or

m

e

d fr

o

m

t

h

e n on-

h

u

m i

c

fr

ac

ti

on

w h i

c

h m

a

_y

a

l

so

b

e re s

_p

o ns

i b l

e

f

or a

_g

re ater

p

r o

_p

or

ti

on o

f B D O C

.

B y

-p

ro

d

uct

f

o r

m

at

i

on

i

s

l

ar

_g

e

l y d

e

_p

en

d

ent on t

h

e s

_p

e c

i f i

c

d i

s

i

n

f

e cta nts a

_{pp l i}

e

d

an

d

on t

h

e nature o

f

t

h

e

N O

M

, a s

d i ff

erent

D B F

s a r e

p

re

f

eren

ti

a

l l y

f

or

m

e

d b y d i ff

e rent

fr

a c

ti

ons.

T h

u s

,

i

t

i

s

i m p

ortant to c o rre

l

ate t

h

e n atu r e o

f

t

h

e

N O

M

a n

d

t

h

e re s u

l ti

n

_{g D B F}

s

f

o r

m

e

d

.

C hl

or

i

n e rea cts

w i

t

h N O

M

_to

f

or

m

a va

ri

et

y

o

f

c

h l

o

ri

nate

d

c a r c

i

_{n o}

_g

en

i

c a n

d m

uta

_g

en

i

c

b y

¬

p

ro

d

u cts

i

n c

l

u

di

n

_{g T H}

M

s a n

d H A A

s.

T h

e

p

ro

p

o s e

d D / D B P R

u

l

e

(

U S E F A

,

19 9

4

b

)

w i l l

esta

b l i

s

h

r e

_g

u

l

ate

d l

eve

l

s o

f

t

h

e s e t

w

o c

l

ass es o

f

c o

m p

ou n

d

s

w h i

c

h

w

i l l f

orc e ut

i l i ti

es to

s e e

k

a

l

te r n a

ti

v e

m

et

h

o

d

sto c

h l

or

i

ne

f

or

d i

s

in

f

e c

ti

on or to re

m

ove

N O

M

b

e

f

ore c

h l

or

i

na

ti

on

b y

a

l

ter

i

n

_g

t

h

e

i

r tre at

m

e nt

p

ra c

ti

c e s.

A l

te r n a

ti

ve

d i

s

i

n

f

e cta nts_, s u c

h

a s ozone_,

h

ave

b

e e n

e

m

e r

_{g i}

n

_{g i}

n

dr

i

n

k i

n

_{g w}

ater tre at

m

e nt

_p

r ac

ti

c e,

b

ut c o

m p

a r a

ti

ve

l y l i

t

ti

e

i

s

k

no

w

n a

b

out t

h

e

i

r

D B F

s c o

m p

are

d

to c

h lo r

i

nat

i

on

D B F

s.

2

.

2

O

zo n e

i

n

D

r

i

n

k i

n

g

W

ater

T

r e at

m

e nt

O

z o n e

h

a s s eve r a

l

c

h

ara cte

ri

s

ti

c s t

h

at

m

a

k

e

i

ts u s a

_g

e at ti^ ct

iv

e

f

or

dri

n

k i

n

_{g w}

ate r tr e at

m

ent.

H

o

w

ever

, t

h

ere are

p

ote nt

i

a

l d

ra

w b

a c

k

s

th

at c ou

l d l i

m

i

t t

h

e us e o

f

ozona

ti

on .

T h

e overa

l l

i m p

a ct o

f

ozo n a

ti

o n

i

s

d

e

_p

en

d

e nt o n

_p

r o c e s s c o n

d i ti

o n s an

d w

ater

_q

u a

l i

t

_y

c

h

a r acte

ri

s

ti

c s

(

S i

n

_g

e r_,

19 9 0

₎

.

S

o

m

e o

f

t

h

e

b

ene

fi

ts o

f

ozone

i

nc

lu

d

e

i

ts

p

o

w

er a s a

d i

s

i

n

f

e ctan t

d

e c r e a s e s

i

n c onc entr at

i

ons o

f m

a n

_g

ane s e,

i

ron an

d p h

eno

l i

c

m

ater

i

a

l

s, an

d i

n

g

e n era

l

, a

d

e c r e a s e

i

n

m

uta

_g

e n

i

c a ct

i

v

i

t

_y

.

S

o

m

e o

f

t

h

e

d

r a

w b

a c

k

s

i

n c

l

u

d

e

i

ts

i

n sta

b i l i

t

y i

n wate r_,

i

n cre a s e s

i

n

b i

o

d

e

_g

r a

d

a

b i l i

t

_y

o

f i

ts ox

i d

at

i

o n

b y

-p

r o

d

ucts, t

h

e

f

o r

m

at

i

o n o

f i

ts o

w

n

D B F

s, t

h

e en

h

anc e

d f

or

m

at

i

o n o

f

s e v e ra

l

c

hl

or

i

nate

d

or

_g

an

i

c s u

_p

on s eco n

d

a r

_{y d i}

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

on, an

d

,

i

n s o

m

e c a s e s,

th

e

p

r o

d

uct

i

o n o

f T H

M

p

rec urs o r s.

2

.

2

.

1

B

e n e

fi

ts o

f

O

zo n e

T h

e

m

a

j

o r

b

e n e

fi

t o

f

ozone

i

s

i

ts

_p

o

w

e r

f

u

l d i

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

n

_{g p}

r o

_p

e rt

i

e s.

T h

e e

f f

e ct

i

v e n e s s o

f

d i

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

on

i

s

d

ete r

m

i

n e

d

t

h

rou

_{g h}

t

h

e

C T

c o n c e

_p

t.

T h i

s c o n c e

p

t re

q

u

i

re s t

h

at

w

ater

b

e

i

n c onta ct

w i

t

h

a su

ffi

c

i

e nt c o n c entrat

i

on o

f di

s

i

n

f

e ctan t

₍

C

)

f

or a su

ffi

c

i

ent t

i m

e

(

T

)

to

_p

r ov

i d

e

a s

_p

e c

i fi

e

d l

eve

l

o

f m i

cro

b i

a

l i

na ct

i

vat

i

on

f

or var

i

ous

w

ater

_q

ua

U

t

_y

c o n

d i

t

i

ons a n

d

di

s

i

n

f

e cta nts.

C l

a r

k

et a

l

(

19 9 4

)

s u

m m

a r

i

ze

d

t

h

e ran

g

e o

f C T

va

l

u e s

f

o r va r

i

o u s

m i

c r o o r

_g

a n

i

s

m

s

f

o r

f

o u r

d i

s

i

n

f

e cta nts : c

h l

o r

i

n e, c

h l

o r

i

n e

d i

ox

i d

e, c

h l

o r a

m i

n e, a n

d

ozo n e.

O

z o ne

h

a s t

h

e

l

o

w

e st

C T

va

l

ue s

f

or a

l l

t

h

e

m i

cr oo r

_g

a n

i

s

m

s

l i

ste

d

,

i

n

di

c at

i

n

g

t

h

at

i

t

i

s a

hi g h l y

e

ffi

c

i

en_t

_{d i}

s

i

n

f

e cta nt.

A

not

h

e r

b

ene

fi

t

i

st

h

e

l

o

w

er

i

n

_g

o

f T H

M

a n

d H A A f

or

m

at

i

on

_p

otent

i

a

l

₍

T H

M

F P

an

d

H A A F P

, re s

p

e ct

i

ve

l y

)

.

S

evera

l

re s e arc

h

er s

h

av e s

h

own t

h

at ozo n at

i

o n

h

a s a s

i g

n

i fi

c a nt

i m p

a ct o n

T H

M

f

or

m

at

i

on.

L yk i

n s et a

l

(

19 86

)

f

ou n

d

ev en

l

o

w

er

T H

M

c onc e ntr at

i

o n s

i

n an ozonate

d

str ea

m

t

h

an

i

n a non-

_{d i}

_s

_i

n

f

ecte

d

stre a

m

.

T

a n an

d A m y

(

199 1

)

s

h

o

w

e

d

t

h

at ozo n e

w

a s e

ff

e ct

i

ve

i

n r e

m

ov

i

n

_g

c o

l

o r an

d D B F p

re c urs o r s.

C

o

l

e

m

a n et a

l

(

19 9 2

)

f

o u n

d

t

h

at c

h l

oro

f

o r

m

c onc entrat

i

ons

i

n

_p

o st-_c

h l

or

i

nate

d w

ater

d

e c r e a s e

d

a s

_p

re ozona

ti

o n

d

o s a

_g

e

i

ncre a se

d

.

M

i l

tn er et a

l

(

199 2

)

o

b

s er v e

d 2 0

-

_{3 0}

%

_r

e

d

u c

ti

ons

i

n

T H

M

F P

,

H A A F F

, an

d

T O X F F w i

t

h m

o st o

f

t

h

e

d

e c r e a s e o c c u r r

i

n

_g

at a

d

o s a

_g

e a s

l i

t t

l

e a s

0

.

7

:

1

ozo n e :

T O

C

by

w

e

i gh

t.

K

a

i

n u

l

a

i

n en et a

l

(

19 95

)

f

oun

d

a re

d

u c

ti

on

i

n c

h l

or o

f

or

m p

r ecur s ors at a

f

a

i

r

l y l

o

w

(

0

.

6

:

1

ozone:

T O C b y w

e

i g h

t

)

o zon e

d

o s a

g

e.

U

s

i

n

g

a

1

:

1

o z o n e :

T O C d

o s a

g

e

b y w

e

i g h

t_,

O w

e n et a

l

(

199 5

)

f

oun

d

t

h

at ozo n at

i

o n

w

a s e

ff

e c

ti

ve

f

o r re

m

ov

i

n

_{g T H}

M

F F

an

d H A A F F

by 7

%

a n

d 2 0

%

, r e s

p

e c

ti

ve

l y

.

T h

e

m

ec

h

an

i

s

m b y w h i

c

h

ozo n e

l

o

w

ers t

h

e

T H

M

f

or

m

a

ti

on

_p

ote n

ti

a

l i

s

_{b y}

a

l

te

ri

n

_g

_t

h

e

p

r o

_p

e r

ti

es o

f

t

h

e

N O

M

.

O

zone at tac

k

st

h

e

d

o u

b l

e

b

o n

d

s

m N O

M

a n

d

t

h

e r e

b y

r e

d

u c e s t

h

e n u

m b

e r o

f

c

h l

o r

i

n e-_{r e a c}

_ti

_{v e s}

_i

_{te s}

L y k i

ns et a

l

₍

19 86

₎

_p

e r

f

o r

m

e

d p i l

ot te st

i

n

_g

at t

h

e

J

e

ff

e rs o n

P

a r

i

s

h p l

a nt

i

n

L

ou

is

ia

n a_,

s

_{p l i}

t t

i

n

_{g fl}

o

w i

nto

f i

ve

_p

ar a

l l

e

l

str e a

m

s

f

o r var

i

ou s

m

o

d

es o

f d i

sin

f

e ct

i

o n : c

h l

or

i

ne, c

hl

o

ri

ne

d i

o x

i de

, c

h lo r a

m

in e

, ozo n e a n

d

n o

di

sin

f

e cta nt.

E

a c

h di

s

in

f

e cta nt

h

a

d

a

3 0

-

m in u

_{te c o nta c}t

t

i m

e.

O

zone r e

d

uc e

d l

eve

ls o

f

c

h lo

r

i

n ate

d h y d

ro c ar

b

ons, tota

l

a

lk

a nes, tota

l

a

lk y l b

en zen e s,

tota

l

c

h l

o r o

b

e nzene s

, tota

l

n

i

tr o

b

en zene s an

d

tota

l p h

t

h

a

l

ate s; t

h

e s e

le

ve

ls

w

ere u na

ff

e cte

d

or

i

ncr_{e a s e}

_{d b y}

_t

h

_{e c}

h lo r

i

ne-

b

_{a s e}

d di

sin

f

_{e ctants}

.

T h

e o n

l y

note

d in c r e a s e c a

u s e

d b y

ozon_at

i

_{o n}

w

a s

f

o r a

l k y l

a

l de

h y d

e s_; c

h l

or

in a

t

i

o n a

l

s o

i

n cr e a s e

d

a

l k y l

a

l d

e

h y d

e

le

ve

l

s,

b

ut to a

l

e s s e r e xte nt.

N

ot a

l l

o

f

t

h

e o r

g

a n

i

c

b y

-p

r o

d

u cts

w

e r e

i d

e nt

i fi

e

d

_,

b

ut t

h

e e xte nt o

f b

_y¬

p

r o

d

u ct

f

or

m

at

io

n

w

a s c o

m p

a r e

d b y fl

a

m

e

io n

i

zat

io n

d

ete ct

io

n

(

F ID

₎

a n

d

e

l

e ctr o n c a

p

tur e

d

ete ct

i

on

₍

E C D

₎

f

_o

_{l l}

_o

_{w i}

n

_{g g}

_{a s c}

h

ro

m

ato

_g

ra

_{p h i}

c s e

_p

ar at

io n

.

F

o r

bo

t

h

t

h

e n u

m b

er an

d

co nc entrat

i

o n o

f d i

s

i

n

f

ect

i

o n

by

-p

ro

d

u cts, t

h

e re s u

l

ts

w

er e c

h l

or

in e

> c

h l

or a

m i

ne > c

h lo

ri

n e

di

ox

i d

e > _{ozo n e}

.

O

n

l y

ozo n e

l

e

d

to a

de c r e a s e

i

n tota

l

c

h

ro

m

ato

g

r a

p h

a

b le o

r

g

an

ic s

b y b

ot

h

F I D

a n

d E C D

c o

m p

a r e

d

to t

he c o n

tr o

l

str_{e a}

m

.

M

u r

_{p h y}

et a

l

(

19 9 3

)

showe

d

t

h

at c o a

_g

u

l

at

i

on

f

o

l lo

w

e

d b y

ozon_{e tr}e at

m

ent

_g

ave r e

d

u ct

i

on_s

in

d is s o

l

ve

d

o r

_g

a n

i

c c ar

b

on

(

D O C

)

c onc entr at

i

ons,

b

ut t

h

at ozo n at

i

on

p ri

o r to c o a

g

u

l

at

io

n

in

h i b i

te

d

t

h

e e

ff

e ct

iv e n e s s o

f

c o a

_g

u

l

at

i

o n.

C h

a n

g

(

19 90

)

f

ou n

d

,

fo

r natu ra

l w

aters, a n o

_p

t

i m

a

l d

o s e o

f 0

.

3

-

0

.

7 m g 0 3/ m g C i

n

d

u c e

d p

a rt

ic

l

e

d

e sta

b i l i

zat

io n a n

d

t

h

at

h i g h

e r

d

o s e s

p

r o

m

ote

d

re sta

b i l i

zat

i

on .

T h

e se

d

o ses are

l

o

w

e r t

h

an

w h

at

is

g

enera

l ly

o

p

t

i m

a

l f

or t

h

e

p

r o

d

uct

io n o

f b i

o

de

_g

ra

d

a

b l

e or

_g

a n

ic

m

ate

ri

a

l

(

B O

M )

, e

m p h

a siz

in

g

t

h

e

i m p

orta n c e o

f

exa

m i

n

i

n

_g

over a

l l

tre at

m

e nt o

b

_j

e ct

i

ve s

w h

e n c onsi der

i

n

_g

t

h

e e

m p l

o

_{y m}

e nt o

f

ozo n e.

A l

tho u

_{g h}

o z o ne ca n

b

e us e

d i

n s e v e ra

l

sta

_g

es o

f

t

h

e tr e at

m

en_t

_p

roc ess_, e.

g

._, co a

g

u

la

t

io

n,

d isi

n

f

e ct

i

o n, taste an

d

o

d

or r e

m

o v a

l

, t

h

e ozone

do s e

t

h

at o

p

t

i m i

ze s one treat

m

ent sta

g

e

p

r o

b

a

_{b l y w i l l}

n ot

b

e t

h

e s a

m

e

d

o s e t

ha

t o

_p

t

i m i

z e s a n ot

h

e r sta

_g

e.

T h

u s_, o

p

t

i m

a

l

ozo n e

do s a

_g

e s a r e n ot o n

l y

s

_p

e c

i f

ic to t

he

wate r

_q

u a

l i

t

_y

c

h

a r a cte

ri

st

ic s o

f

t

h

e

w

ate r

b

e

in

_g

tr e ate

d

,

b

ut a

l

s o s

_p

e c

i f

ic to t

h

e sta

_g

e o

f

tre at

m

ent.

T h

er e

f

ore_, t

h

e e

m p l

o

y m

ent o

f

ozon e o n

b

ot

h

an

i

n

di

v

i d

ua

l p

r o ces s

l

e ve

l

an

d

a n o v e ra

l l

tre at

m

ent

l

ev_e

l m

u st

b

e _ex_a

m i

n_e

_d

j

u

d ic

i

o us

ly

T he r e

is n o c

l

e a r r e

l

at

i

o n s

h i p b

et we e n oz_{o n at}

_i

_{o n a n}

_{d m}

_uta

_g

_{e n}

_i

_c

_i

_t

_y

.

G

la

ze

(

19

8

7

)

r e

p

o rte

d

t

h

at

m

o st

b i

o a s s a

_y

s c r e e n

i

n

_g

stu

d ie s s

h

o

w

t

h

at o z onate

d

wate r

h

a s su

b

sta nt

i

a

l l y l

e s s

m

uta

_g

en

ic a c

t

i

v

i

t

_y

t

h

an c

h lo r

i

nate

d w

ater_,

b

ut

Sin

_g

er

₍

19 9 0

₎

r e

_p

orte

d

t

h

at t

h

e re

h

a v e

b

e e n

s o

m

e stu

d i

e s

w h

e r e

m

uta

_g

en

i

c a ct

i

v

i

t

_{y i}

n ozo n ate

d w

ate r

is a s

h i g h

a s t

h

at

_p

r o

d

u ce

d by

c

h l

o r

in a

t

i

o n a n

d

ot

h

e r stu

di

e s

w h

e r e

m

uta

_g

e n

i

c a ct

i

v

i

_t

_{y i}

sv

i

rtu a

l l y

n o n-_ex

is

t_{e nt a}

ft

_er o z o n at

i

o n.

A

t t

h

e o z o n e

d

o s a

g

e s t

y p i

c a

l

o

f d

r

i

n

k in

g w

ate r tr e at

m

e nt_,

i

t

i

s ex

p

e cte

d

t

h

at

m

uta

_g

en

i

c a ct

i

v

i

_ty

w

ou

l d i

nc r e a s e,

b

ut

in c a s e s

w h

er et

h

e r a

w w

ater

i

s

h i gh i

n

m

uta

g

en

i

c

i

ty

to

b

e

_{g i}

n

w it

h

_, o z o n e cou

l d p

ar t

i

a

l l y

e

l i m i

nate

i

t.

H

o

w

e v e r

tr e at

m

ent, a n

d b io

lo

g i

c a

l fi l

tr ation a r e e

ff

ect

iv

e

m

e a ns o

f

e

l i m i

n at

i

n

g m

uta

g

e n

i

c a ct

iv

i

t

y

, so t

he

_p

ote ntia

l in c r e a s e

i

n

m

uta

_g

e n

i

c

it

_y

s

h

o u

l d

n ot

l i m i

t t

h

e us e o

f

o zone

i

n

d

r

in

k in

_{g w}

at er tr e atme nt

_p

r a ct

i

c e

₍

S i

n

_g

e r,

199 0

)

.

2

.

2

.

2

P

ote n t

i

a

l D

r aw

b

a c

k

s o

f O

zo ne

T h

e

m

a

j

or

_d

r_aw

_b

a c

k

s o

f

o z o ne c ente r a r _ou n

d i

ts

d i

sin

f

ectio n

by

-p

ro

du

cts an

d

the

ir

_p

otent

ia

l

f

or

m i

cr _o

b ia

l

r_e

_g

r_o

w

th in the

d i

str

i b

ut

io

n s

_y

ste

m

.

Se v e r

a

l

res earc

h

ers

h

av e

f

o un

d i

nc r eases

i

n a s si

m

i l

a

b l

e o r

_g

a n

i

c c a r

b

on

(

A O C

)

_,

b i

o

de

_g

r a

da

b l

e o r

_g

a n

i

c c a r

b

o n

₍

B D O C

₎

an

d

h

ete r otro

_{p hi}

c

_{p l}

ate cou nt

₍

H P C

₎

f

o

l l

o

w i

n

_g

o zon at

i

o n

(

H

uc

k

,

19 9 0

;

P

r

i

c e et a

l

,

19 9 3

;

L y k i

n s et a

l

,

19 9 4

;

A l b i d

re s s et a

l

,

19 9 5

)

.

A O C i

s a

m

e a sur e o

f

s

p

e c

i fi

c str a

in

s o

f b

a cte r

i

a t

h

at

_g

r o

w

o n

N O

M

a s a s u

b

strate, a n

d

t

h

u s r e

p

r e s e nts t

h

e a

m

ount o

f

c a rbon t

h

at c an

b

e c o nv e rte

d

to c e

l l

u

l

ar

m

a s s.

B D

O C

i

st

h

e

p

ort

i

o n o

f

t

he o r

g

a n

i

c c a r

b

on

i

n

w

ate r that c a n

b

e

m i

n e r al iz e

d b y h

ete r otr o

_{p hi}

c

m i

c r o o r

_g

a n

i

s

m

s a n

d i

ts

_p

r e s e n c e c a n c a u s e r e

_g

r o

w

t

h p

r o

b le

m

s

i

n t

h

e

d i

st

ri b

ut

i

o n s

_y

ste

m

₍

H

uc

k

,

1 9 90

)

.

H P C i

s a

p

r o c e

d

ur e

f

o r

m

e a s u

ri

n

g

t

h

e n u

m b

er o

f

l iv

e

h

eterotro

_{p h i}

c

b

a cte

ri

a

l

c o

l

on

ie s

.

I

n c r e a s e s

i

n

A O C

or

B D O C p

r es e nt c o n c e r n s

f

or

m ic r o

b i

a

l

re

_g

r o

w

t

_{h p}

otent

i

a

l i

n

d i

st

ri b

ut

io

n s

_y

ste

m

s, a s the

y

a r e nut

ri

ent s o u r c e s

f

o r

m i

c r o or

_g

a n

i

s

m

s.

I

n

19 90

,

T

ate

(

19 9 1

)

c o n

d

u cte

d

a su r ve

y

o

f 18

oz o n ation

p l

ants, an

d

t

w

o re

_p

orte

d

e n

h

a n c e

d g

row t

h

or re

_g

row t

h

o

f m i

c r o or

_g

an

i

sms

in

t

h

e

d i

stri bution s

_y

ste

m

.

I

n or

d

er to

_q

u ant

i

fy

t

he

_p

ote nt

i

a

l f

o r

m i

cro

b i

a

l

re

_g

ro

w

t

h

,

m

an

y

r e s ea r c

h

e r s

h

ave

f

o c u s e

d

on

B D

OC

a n

d A

O

C

.

A O C m

et

ho

d

s a r e

b

io

m

a s s-

b

a s e

d

a n

d p

r ov

i de a

b

et te r

m

e a s u r e o

f

b

a cte r

i

a

l

r e

_g

r o

w

t

h p

oten_t

i

a

l

,

w h

e r e a s

B D O C m

et

h

o

ds a r e

D O C

-

b

_{a s e}

d

_{a n}

d

_{a r e}

m

_ore

r e

f l

e ct

i

ve o

f D B P f

or

m

at

i

o n

_p

ote nt

ia

l

.

H

uc

k

(

19 9 0

)

p

rov

i d

e s a c o

m p

re

h

e n sive ove rv

ie

w

o

f

the a v a

i l

a

b le

m

etho

d

s

f

o r

m

e a s u

ri

n

_g

the s e

_p

a r a

m

ete r s.

A

st

h

e s e

m

et

h

o

ds r e

q

u

i

r e a

l

ot o

f

ti me a n

d

e

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