Biosource Tech Grade 13 Teacher s guide.pdf

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(1)fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;). juk; - 13. capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpay; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b ^20010 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;&. njhopDl;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; kfufk.

(2) capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpay; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b juk; - 13. © Njrpa fy; t p epWtfk; Kjw; gjpg;G 2010. ISBN. njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; kfufk. gjpg;G :. i.

(3) nghUslf; f k; gf;fk;. 1 ' KfTiu. iii. 2' Kd; D iu. iv. 3 ' ghltpjhdf; FO. v. 4 ' mwpKfk;. vii. 5 ' fw; w y; fw; g pj; j y; Kiwapay;. 1-185. 6 ' ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL. i. 186-205.

(4) KfTiu ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;Ak; gzp 13Me; juj;Jf;Fupa Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfspd; mwpKfj; J ld; G+u; j ; j pailfpd; w J. 12Mk; 13Me; ju khzt khztpau; gy;fiyf;fofg; gpuNtrj;Jf;nfd fLikahd Nghl;bia vjpu;Nehf;Ftjhy; epjKk; fzprkhd mOj;jj;Jf;F Mshfpd;wdu;. f.ngh.j. cau;juj;Jf;fhf Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij Kjw;jlitahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; mt;tOj;jhdJ NkYk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;;. mt;thwhd xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cq;fsJ iffSf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Kf;fpakhdnjhU MtzkhFk;;. ,q;F Mrpupau; Kjd;ikahff; ftdj;jpnyLf;f Ntz; b a %d; W mk; r q; f s; cs; s d. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b fs; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jld; KOikahfg; nghUe;jpaike;jpUj;jy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLk; Nju;rr ; pfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> fiyj;jpll ; j; jj;Jtj;ijAk; J}uNehf;ifAk; Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;> 12Mk; 13Me; ju khztu; f splj; N j vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; milT kl; l j; i j kdjpw; n fhz; L jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; MfpadNt mitahFk;. vdNt> ,jid ed;F crhTjy; Mrpupaupd; ,d;wpaikahj gzpAk; nghWg;GkhFk;. Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; %d;W tplaq;fisAk; cq;fsJ ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjtw;fhfj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; 13Me; juj;jpy; fw;gpf;Fk; rfy Mrpupa MrpupiafSf;Fk; cupa gapw;rpia toq;Fk; gzpiar; nra;JtUfpd;wJ. njhlu;r;rpahf elj;jg;gLk; ,g;gapw;rp mku;Tfspy; Mrpupau;fs; gq;Fgw;WtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpjj ; y; Nfhl;ghLfs;> nrad;Kiwfis tpsq;fpfn ; fhs;tjw;F mg;gapw;rp ngupJk; Jizahf mikAnkd;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. Fwpg;ghfg; ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisj; Nju;r;rp tpUj;jpf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jiyg; ghl tplaq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jptplhJ khzt khztpauJ jpwd;fSf;F nkU$l;Ljy; vDk; vjpug ; hu;gi ; g epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,t;nty;yhj; jiyaPLfSk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk; vd;gij fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpfspy; <LgLk; ehk; midtUk; ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupfF ; k; rpukkpff ; gzpia epiwT nra;tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtff; fy;tprhu; gzpazpapdu; cl;gl Vida rfy gzpazpapdUf;Fk; ntspthupahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wp cupj;jhfl;Lk;.. fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; iii.

(5) Kd; D iu ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2009Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13Mk; juj;jpwF ; upa fw;wy;-fw;gpjj ; y; nrad;Kiwia xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cq;fSf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;. ,e;j topfhl;biaj; jahupgg ; jw;F mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpll ; k; ,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapypUe;j ghlj;jpll ; q;fspypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. ,J Nju;rr ; pfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUg;gNj mt;NtWghlhFk;. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;rr ; pfis ,j;juj;jpNyNa mila Kbahkw; Nghf ,lKz;L. rpyNtis> mjw;fhf ePzl ; fhyk; vLf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> Nju;rr ; p kl;lq;fisAk; mt;tj; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;ww; NgWfisAk; ,j;juk; Kbtiltjw;Fs; miljy; mtrpakhFk;. vdNt> ,j;juj;jpw;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Ltjw;F mj;Nju;rr ; p kl;lq;fSk; fw;ww;NgWfSk; Jizahf mikAk;.; ,f;fw;ww;NgWfisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giw kjpg;gl P L ; f; fUtpfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd epajpfshfg; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;JtPuf ; s; vd vjpu;ghu;ff ; pNwhk;. NkYk;> ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapYk;NghJ crhTtjw;Fupa Nkyjpf E}y;fs;> ,iza tiyf; flg;gplq;fs; (Web Site) Kjyhdit FwpjJ ; khztu;fSf;F mwpt+l;Ltjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b cjTk;;. ePqf ; s; Mf;fg+u;tkhd Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gLtPuf ; s; vDk; vjpug ; hu;gG ; lNdNa cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F khjpupr; nraw;ghLfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f ; . Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau;ika tFg;giwr; nrad;Kiwia khztu;ikar; nrad;Kiwahf khw;wpaikj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. vdNt> khztiu E}y; crhTif> ,izag; gad;ghL Kjyhd Njly;fspy; ftdk; nry;yj;jf;fthwhd fw;wy; tha;gG ; f;fis cUthf;FtJ FwpjJ ; kpfTk; fupridahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpjj ; ypdN ; ghJ kuGuPjpahd Kiwapy; FwpgG ; toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhd ftu;rr ; pfukhd tifapy; Gj;jwpT> Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf ,g;Gjpa tFg;giwapy; njhopyE ; l;gj;ij cr;rstpy; gad;gLj;Jk; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Gjpa njhopy;El;gr; rhjdq;fis ,ad;wsTf;F Mf;fg+u;tkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. 13Mk; juj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;fj; njhlq;Fk; khztu;fSf;F ,g;ghlj;jpll ; k; FwpjJ ; j; njspTgLj;JtJ gaDilajhFk;. tUlj;Js; eilKiwg;gLj;j vjpug ; hu;fF ; k; cq; f sJ fw; w y; - fw; g pj; j y; jpl; l j; i j mwpKfQ; nra; t jhy; fw; w ypd; g hy; mk;khztu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;lyhk;. NkYk;> KOg; ghlj;ijAk; fw;gjw;fhf khztu;fisg; ghlrhiyapdg ; hy; <u;gg ; jw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;. Gjpa fiyj;jpll ; kWrPuikg;gpD}lhf tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj ; w; nrad;Kiwapy; njspthd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaAk; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ Mf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;SkhW Ntz;LfpNwd;. ,e; j Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b iaj; jahupg; g jpy; gq; f spg; G r; n ra; j fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk;> Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ tpNrl ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju mtu; f Sf; F k; ,jid mr; r pl; L g; ghlrhiyfSf;F tpepNahfpfF ; k; nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;s fy;tp ntspal P L ; Mizahsu; ehafk;; cl;gl Vida gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vdf;F mDg;gp itg;gPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;. tpky; rpak; g yhnfhl cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gPlk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;. iv.

(6) gzpg;G: Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. fyhepjp [P. fpdpNf. cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. Nkw;ghu;it: B. vk;. fPuj ; j ; puj;d. gzpgg ; hsu;> njhopDl;gf; fy;tpjJ ; iw >Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk.;. ,izg;G: Nf.Nf. mD\h j rpy;th. cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. ghltpjhdf; FO: vd;.V. Fztu;jjd. gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. mkuh tpjhdNf. gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. Nf.[P.lg;.Nf. fl;Lf;FUe;j. nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. vk;.Nf.B. Njrg;gpupa. nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk.;. Nf.Nf. mD\h j rpy;th. cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. Nguhrpupau; vk;.[P. ee;jjhr. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> gpuNahf tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = nIatu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk.;. Nguhrpupau; N[.vk.gP.Nf [arpq;f rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fhy;eilts kPd;gpb kw;Wk; Nghrizg; gPlk;> tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;. fyhepjp B.v]; [anfhb fyhepjp a+.vk; Nrdhehaf;f fyhepjp rP.vk;.rP.a+.B Rgrpq;f fyhepjp Mu;.Mu; njy;njdpa fyhepjp v];.B Utd;gj;jpuz fyhepjp B.Nf.vd;.[P G];gFkhu fyhepjp khyh ngNuuh fyhepjp vk;.vk; gj;kyhy; fyhepjp it. fpupKj;Jnfhl ePykzp nkd;b]; N[. V.V [a#upa RjPgh Rkzjhr Mu;.gP.vy;.rP ue;njdp gpNukrpup [hrpqf ; Muhr;rp [p.V.V. rpyt ; h b.b.[p. jrehaf;f. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fhy;eilts kPdg ; pb kw;Wk; Nghrizg; gPlk;>tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;. MNyhrfu;>cau; njhopEl;g epWtdk;> nfhOk;G. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tdtpay; gPlk;> = nIatu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;. Muhr;rp mYtyu;> ehuh epWtdk;> kl;lf;Fspa. Kfhikahsu; mur kuf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;> gj;juKy;y. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tptrhag; gPlk;> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> RNjr itj;jpa Muha;rr ; p epiyak; ehtpdd ; . rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tpyq;fpaw; Jiw> gpuNahf tpQQ ; hd gPlk;> = nIatu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fhy;eil tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw> tptrhagPlk;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk.; Gwepiy tpupTiuahsu;> jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;> ehty. nghwpayhsu;> Njrpa nghwpapay; Muha;rr ; p mgptpUj;jp epiyak>; [hvy. capupayhsu;> RNjr itj;jpa Muha;rr ; p epiyak; ehtpdd ; . Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jt mjpfhup> capug ; ; gy;tifikj;Jiw. Rw;whly; ,aw;if tsq;fs; mikr;R. gpuNjr ePUapupd tsu;gG ; mjpfhu rig> gytj;j> gj;juKy;y cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpgg; hsu; (tptrhak;)> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> fSj;Jiw. cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpgg; hsu; (tptrhak;)> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> gpypae;jy.. v.

(7) Mu;.gp.Mu;.Rghrpdp up. kjptjdd; [P. re;jpujh] N[.B.I.v]; [atu;jd ,.V.rp.vd;. ngNuuh [P.V.Nf fj;jpup; Muhr;rp Nf. tpjhdfkNf Nf.Nf.V.v]; uj;drpyp Nf.rPvk; fg;GJ}t. Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> kpDthq;nfhil. Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> gpypae;jy. Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> N`hkhfk. Mrpupau;> =ghyp tpj;jpahyak;> nwhuiz. Mrpupau;> tprhf ghypfh tpj;jp> khf;Nfhy. Mrpupau;> Nty;]; ,sturu; fy;Yup>nkhul;Lt. Mrpupau;> fSj;Jiw k.k.tp> fSj;Jiw. Mrpupau;> rP.lg;.lg; fd;dq;fuh k; tp> nghuy;y. Mrpupau; Rrk;atu;jd tpj;jpahyak;> nghuy;y.. ghltplar; nrt;itghu;g;G: Nghuhrpupau; v];.rP tpN[uj;d fyhepjp gpurhe;jp Fztu;jd fyhepjp gP.lg;. md;ud; ngNuuh. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> gpuNahf tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = nIatu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk.; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> gpuNahf tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = nIatu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;. rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fhy;eil fw;iffs; Jiw> tptrha gPlk;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;.. nkhopngau;g;G: up. kjptjdd;. tptrha Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> gpypae;jy fy;tp tyak.;. fzpdp vOj;jikg;G: vt;. wpfhdh. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. ml;ilg;gl tbtikg;G: Euhjh Vf;fehaf. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.. vi.

(8) mwpKfk; 2205Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; f.ngh.j(cau;ju) fiyg;gpupTf;nfd Kd;Ndhbj; jpl;lkhf nkd;njhopDl;gtpaw; Jiw rhu;e;j ghlkhf capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpay;; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;ghlk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpj;j Mrpupau;fsJk; khztu;fsJk; gpd;D}l;y;fs; rkfhyj;Njit> cs;Su; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpad fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;L ,g;ghlk; kPs tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;NghJ capug; gy;tifikf;fhg;G capu;tsq;fspd; epiyngwhd gad;ghL kw;Wk; mit rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs; capu;tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Nghd; w gy; N tW Gjpa ghlg; g ug; G fs; Nru; f g; g l; L s; s d. capu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpaiyf; fw; g jd; %ykhf maw; # oypYs; s capu; t sq; f spd; epiyg;gpdpNyNa KO cyfpdJk; epiyg;G jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;w tifapyhd gpd;dzpia Vw;glj;jf;$ba tifapy; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;f mwpt+l;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,e;jg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %ykhf kdpjd; kw;Wk; Vida mq;fpfs; Mfpatw;wpd tho;f;ifia ,lNuJkpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bathwhd #oy; epiyikfisg; NgZk; tpjk; kw;Wk; #oy; rthy;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G VwlglhJ caputsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jkJ rPtNdhghaj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy; Mfpa Nju;rr ; pfs; khztuplj;Nj tsUk;. ,J> nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlkhf tFg;giwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ khztu;fs; tFg;giwapy; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis va;Jtu;. ,t;thwhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; ,g;ghlj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fkhd khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ khztu;fspdhy; va;jg;glNtz;ba fw;ww;NgWfSk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fs; rpWFOf;fshf <LgLtjd; %yk; gpwu; fUj;Jfisr; nrtpkLj;jy;> xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gly; Nghd;w gz;Gffs; mtu;fsplj;Nj tpUj;jpailAk;;. ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nraw;ghLfisAk; jahupj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;; MrpupaUf;F cs;sJ. ,e;jg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf tpQ;Qhdkhzp kw;Wk; tptrhakhzp gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fs; jFjpahdtu;fs; Mtu;. NkYk; ,jidf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ epiykhWk; Mrpupa tfpghfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; rpWFOf;fshf nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rpf;fyhd epiyikfis ePf;f Njitahd KdD}l; l y; > gpd; D }l; l y; Mfpatw; i w toq; f p mtu; f is Cf;fg;gLj;JtJ MrpupauJ gzpahFk;. vii.

(9) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. Njh; r ; r p 1.0. juk; 13. : capu;tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL Mfpatw;iwf; fhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1: capu;tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp tprhupj;J mwpthu;. ghlNtisfs;. :. 03. fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tsq;fSf;Fk; capu;tsq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il tpsq;fpf;nfhs;thu;. • maw;#oypYs;s capu;tsq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaw; gad;ghl;bd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fuprid nfhs;thu;. • cap;u;tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; epyTifia cWjpg;gLj;j eltbf;ifnaLg;ghu;. • Ma;TuPjpahf maw;#oiy mtjhdpg;ghu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • gpd;tUk; glj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.. :. • • • • •. me;jg; glj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfs; vitnad tpdTf. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;jp fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. #oypy; gy;NtW tsq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; caput ; sq;fspNyNa cyfpd; epyTif jPuk ; hdpff ; g;gLfpwJ. vdNt> capu;tsq;fis kpf Kf;fpakhff; fUjNtz;Lk;.. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • capu;tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • G+Nfhstpay; uPjpahf • Njrpa uPjpahf • gpuNjr uPjpahf Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 1.

(10) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • cq;fs; jiyg;Gf;F mikthf tsq;fs;> capupdq;fs; Mfpad njhlu;ghf ,aYkhdsT cjhuzq;fis ,dq;fhz;f. • NkNy eP q ; f s; Fwpg; g pl; l cjhuzq; f spd; JizAld; tsq; f s; > capu; t sq; f s; Mfpatw; w Wf; f hd tiutpyf; f zq; fisf; fl; b naOg; G f. • ,jdbg;gilapy; tsq;fs;> caput ; sq;fs; Mfpatw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz mbg;gilahf mike;j tplaq;fis tpsf;Ff. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpay; vd;why; ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ? • caput ; sj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; tsu;rr ; p> caput ; sj; njhopDl;gtpay; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW Jiwfs; Mfpatw;iw cjhuzq;fs; %yk; rku;g;gpf;f • cq;fs; jiyg;Gld; njhlu;ghd caput ; sq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf. • cq;fs; FOtpdhy; Ma;ej ; wpag;gl;l tplaq;fis Mf;fj;jpwd;kpff ; tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • md;whlg; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW gjhu;j;jq;fs; tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. • ,tw;iw kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs;> kPsg;GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsq;fs; vd ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. • tsp> ePu>; rpy jhtu tpyq;F tsq;fs; Mfpad kPsg; GJg;gpff ; j;jf;f tsq;fshFk;. capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs;> cNyhfj;jhJf;fs; Nghd;wd kPsg; GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsq;fshFk;. • kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tskhapDk; mjid kpifahf EfUk;NghJ mJ Nja;TWk;. • #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gad;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l mq;fpfs; kw;Wk; mit rhu;e;j gy;NtW gjhu;j;jq;fs; capu;tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjh: jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> jhtug; ghfq;fs; • capu;tsq;fs; kPsg;; GJg;gpf;fg;glj;jf;fitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mit mbf;fb khWjYf;Fl;glf; $badthFk;. • cjhuzkhf cap;u;tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tPjkhdJ> kPsg;GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; tPjj;ijtpl mjpfkhFk;NghJ mit kPsg; GJg;gpf;fg;glhj tsq;fshf khwf;$Lk; mjhtJ kPsg; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fnsdpDk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mit kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l msTf;Fl;glyhk; my;yJ mUfpr; nry;yyhk;. cjh: kPdt ; sq;fs; kPsg;GJg;gpff ; jf;f capu; tskhd NghJk; kPdf ; spd; ngUf;f tPjj;ijtpl mjpfstpy; Efug;gLkhapd; mt;tsq;fs; FiwTw;W gpw;fhyj;jpy; mUfpg; Nghfyhk;. • ,jdhy; capu;tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mtw;wpd; ,af;fj;jd;ik gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ capu;tsq;fis EfUk; tPjkhdJ kPsg; GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; tPjj;jpYk; Fiwthfg; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 2.

(11) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • khDlj; Njitfis <Lnra;AKfkhf capu; tsq;fis epiyNgwhd tifapy; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; tpQ;Qhd mwpitg; gad;gLj;jNy capu;tsj; njhopDl;gk; vdg;gLfpwJ. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gkhdJ kpf vspikahdJk;> ,yhgfukhdJk;> #oy; Neaq;nfhz;lJk; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F cjTtJkhd KiwapayhFk;. • Guhjd fhye;njhl;L kdpjd; jdJ Njitfisg; G+uj ; j ; p nra;antd capu;tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tUfpwhd;. • xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; jd;dplKs;s tpQQ ; hd uPjpahd mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfisj; jahupj;J capu;tsq;fisf; ifahz;Lk; Efu;e;Jk; tUfpwhd;. • ,jw;F cjhuzkhf Guhjdfhyj;jpy; gapu;r;nra;ifapd;NghJ grisahf #oypy; fpilf;Fk; jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fopTfisg; gad;gLj;jpaJld; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ez;zq;fpfshyhd rpijtiljiy Cf;Ftpj;J $l;nlU jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;Nwh Nrjdj; jputg;gris> kz;GOg;gris Nghd;wd jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. • ghYw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fspd; jahupg;Gk; ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;. • ,t;thW caput ; sj; njhopDl;gtpayhdJ md;wpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu gbg;gbahf tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ. • mjidg; gpd;tUk; Afq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fyhk;. • Ntl;ilahly; Afk; • ,ilau; Afk; • gapu;r;nra;if Afk; • ifj;njhopy; Afk; • grisAw;gj;jp gPilehrpdpfs;> nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs;> %ypifg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;> myq;fhug; nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp> fl;ll epUkhzpg;Gj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; capu;tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. • caput ; sq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij jdpegu; vd;w tifapYk; r%fk; vd;w tifapYk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. • r%f kl;lj;jpyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mjid G+Nfhstpay; uPjpapyhdit> Njrpa uPjpapyhdit vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. • mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW gy;NtW Jiwfs; rhu;e;jjhf gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; tpsf;fyhk;. • kf;fspd; mbg;gilj;Njitfis toq;Fjy; − czT> tsp> Milazpfs;> ciwtplk; • tptrhaj;JiwAk; ngUe;Njhl;lj;JiwAk; • Kaw;rpahz;ikr; re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy; • #ow;nwhFjpapd; rkepiyiag; NgZjy; • ,aw;if vopiyg; ghJfhj;jy; • G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljiyf; Fiwj;jy; • capu;tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mtw;iw epiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;j Kida Ntz;Lk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 3.

(12) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : gy;NtW epajpfSf;F mika caput ; sq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;. ghlNtisfs;. : 03. fw;ww; NgWfs; : • capu;tsq;fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba epajpfisf; fz;lwpthu;. • gy;NtW epajpfSf;fika caput ; sq;fis tifg;gLj;jpff ; hl;Lthu;. • capu;tsq;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; gy;tifikia tptupg;ghu;. • ,aw;ifahdtw;iwg; ghJfhf;f Kd;tUthu;. • tpQ;QhdG+u;tkhd fz;lwpjy;fSf;F tifg;gLj;jy; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhs;thu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • gpd;tUk; capu;ts khjpupfs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;. fPiutiffs;> kuf;fwpfs;> kPdf ; s;> ePuj ; j ; htuq;fs;> %ypifr;nrbfs;> Gy;> rhzp> G+Q;nrb • jhk; tpUk;gpagb mtw;iw khztiu tifg;gLj;jr; nra;f. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;jp fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • #oypy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l capu;tsq;fs; ngUkstpy; cs;sd. • mtw;iwg; gy;NtW tpjkhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; capu;ts tifg;gLj;jYf;fhd epajpfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f. • jd;ikapd; (nature) mbg;gilapy; • #oypd; mbg;gilapy; • gad;fspd; mbg;gilapy; • caput ; sq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij ,dq;fhz tsE}iy crhTf. • capu;tsq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s tpNrl ,ay;Gfis tptupf;f. • cq;fs; ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpYs;s capu;tsq;fis cq;fs; FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epajpfF ; mika tifg;gLj;Jf. • caput ; sq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf. • cq;fshy; Ma;ej ; wpag;gl;l tplaq;fis Mf;fj;jpwd; kpff ; tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • ,aw;ifr; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gad; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy; nfhz;l mq;fpfSk; mq;fpfs; rhu;e;j gjhu;j;jq;fSk; capu;tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. • ,e;j capu;tsq;fs; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. cjh: capUs;s jd;ik> kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f jd;ik> gy;NtW gad;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; • gy;NtW tpjkhf capu;tsq;fis tifg;gLj;j KbAk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 4.

(13) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. • • • • •. • •. •. •. juk; 13. cjh: #oYf;fika> gad;fSf;fika> Njhw;Wtha;f;fika thOk; #oYf;fika epyj;Jf;Fupa capu;tsq;fs;> ePUf;Fupa capu;tsq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. epyj;Jf;Fupa capu;tsq;fs; ,aw;ifr; #oypYk; kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l #oypYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhLfs;> Gd;dpyq;fs;> Kl;Gju;fs;> tptrhaj; njhFjpfs; Mfpad ,jw;F cjhuzq;fs; MFk;. ePUf;Fupa capu;tsq;fs; ctu;ePu;r; #oy;> ee;ePu;r; #oy;> fz;lw; #oy; Mfpatw;wpy; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;njhFjpfisr; rhu;ej ; tifapy; mjpfsT caput ; sq;fs; cs;sd. cjh - kPd;tsq;fs;> KUiff; fw;ghu;fs;> ctu;rJg;G epyk;> flw;Gd;dpyk;> ePuj ; j ; htu tiffs;> gy;NtW gwitfs;> efUapu;fs;> cgathopfs; gad;fSf;fika caput ; sq;fs; gy;NtW tpjkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjh: czT> tpwF> %ypif> ifj;njhopw; gad;ghL> vupnghUs; Njhw;Wthapd; mbg;gilapy; capu;tsq;fis ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. cjh: jhtu %yq; nfhz;lit tpyq;F %yq; nfhz;lit capu;ts tifg;gLj;jYf;fika mit gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs;> Nritfs;> gad;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd. MfNt> capu;tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;Lf;F Kd;gjhf mtw;wpd; jd;ik gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhstjw;F tifg;gLj;jiy mbg;gilahff; nfhs;syhk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 5.

(14) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : capu;tsj; njhopDl;gg; gad;ghl;bd; rkfhyg;Nghf;F gw;wp Ma;e;jwpthu;. ghlNtisfs;. : 04. fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gy;NtW Jiwfspy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; kuGuPjpahd gpuNahfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s re;ju;gg ; q;fs; gw;wpf; fz;lwpthu;. • gy;NtW Jiwfspy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; etPd njhopDl;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; mE$y gpujp$yq;fisf; $Wthu;. • kuGuPjpahd caput ; sj; njhopDl;gj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L etPd njhopDl;g Kiwfs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;s re;ju;gg ; q;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;. • kuGuPjpahd> etPd njhopDl;gq;fspd; Nru;f;if %ykhf gaDilatw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba tpjq;fisf; fz;lwpthu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu;fs; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ciuahliy tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f. [pdjhr: jk;gp rpupNrd ghu;j;jPu;fsh? tptrhag; Nghjdhrpupaupd; taypy; cs;s xspg;nghwpia. rpupNrd: Mk; Mk; ehd; fpl;lr; nrd;W ghu;j;Njd;. ,utpy; iyw; Nghl; l Jk; ney; K l; L g; G +r; r p> jj; J ntl; b > me;Jg;G+r;rpfs; Mfpad me;j ePupy; tpOe;J fplg;gijg; ghu;j;Njd;. [pdjhr: ,J vy;yhk; etPd Kiwfs; jhNd. vq;fsJ Kd;NdhUk; ,t;thwhd Ntiyfisr; nra;jdu;jhNd. mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;Jjhd; ,k;Kiw fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. rpupNrd: cz;ikah? mJ gw;wp tptukhfr; nrhy;Yq;fs; ghu;f;fyhk;. [pdjhr: Kw;fhyj;jpy; gd;rytpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; kjFUkhupd; cilfisg; gad;gLj;jp ge;jq;fisf; fl;bf;nfhs;tu;. gpd;du; mtw;iwf; nfhOj;jp taypy; ,ilapilNa ehl;btpLtu;. ,t;thW ehl;fs; nrd;wJk; taypy; cs;s gPilfs; Fiwe;J Vw;gLk; Nrjk; FiwtilAk;. rpupNrd: mg;Ngh mf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;Jjhd; ,e;j khjpupahd Kiwfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld vd;W nrhy;YfpwPu;fs;. [pdjhr: ,jidj;jhd; kuGuPjpahd Kiwfisg;; gad;gLj;jp etPdKiwfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpdw ; d vdr; nrhy;fpNwhk;. ,jdhy; vkf;F gy ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpwd.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 6.

(15) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • jw;fhyj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Kw;fhyj;jpYk; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. • ,tw;Ws; mNdfkhdit kuGuPjpahd njhopDl;gq;fis tpUj;jpnra;J cUthf;fg;gl;litahFk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;fs; ghuk;gupa gad;ghL> etPd gad;ghL njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • tptrhaj;Jiw • czTj;Jiw • RNjr itj;jpaj; Jiw • cq;fs; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf caput ; sj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa gpuNahfq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; re;ju;gg ; q;fis ,dq;fhz;f. • ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; etPd gpuNahfq;fs; eilngWk; re;ju;gg ; q;fis ,dq;fhz;f. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpay; rhu;e;j kuGuPjpahd> etPd gpuNahf Kiwfis mwpe;Jnfhs;f. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; cs;Su;> ru;tNjr Nghf;Ffs; (nry;newp) njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisr; Nrfupf;f. • cq;fs; FOtpdhy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • gpd;tUk; Jiwfspy; mjpfstpy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwd. • tptrhaj; Jiw • czTj; Jiw • RNjritj;jpaj; Jiw • tptrhaj;Jiwapy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ghuk;gupa gpuNahfq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. • Nrjdg;gris cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jy; - jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fopTfis gapu;r;nra;iff;F ,Ljy;. • gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL - kuGuPjpahd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; • gy;NtW gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs; - Nridg;gapu;r; nra;if • czTj;Jiwapy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ghuk;gupa gpuNahfq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. • czT ew;fhg;G - kuGuPjpahd Kiwfspd; gad;ghL • gy;NtW czTtiffisj; jahupjj ; y; - cs;Su; czTtiffs; • RNjr itj;jpaJiwapy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; capu;tsj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ghuk;gupa gpuNahfq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpwd. • ghuk;gupa nraw;ghL - %ypifj; jhtuq;fs; gad; gLj;jg;gly; Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 7.

(16) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • tptrhaj;Jiw> czTj;Jiw> RNjr itj;jpaj; Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; etPd njhopDl;gg; gpuNahfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; d. • tptrhaj;Jiwapy; $l;nlUj; jahupg;G> capu;thA cw;gj;jp> kz;GOg; gris cw;gj;jp> jpUe;jpa gapu; tiffs; cw;gj;jp capupay;Kiwg; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; etPd njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. • czTj;Jiwapy; czT ew;fhg;G> czT gjg;gLj;jy;> czTg; gy;tifikahf;fk;; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F etPd njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg; gly;. • RNjritj;jpaj; Jiwapy; mup\;l jahupg;G> frhaj; jahupg;G> gy;NtW G+r;R tiffs; jahupg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F etPd njhopDl;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypy; ghuk;gupa> etPd njhopDl;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ vLf;fg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; msT> nrythFk; rf;jp> rKf fyhrhu mE$yq;fs;> #oYf;F ntsptplg;gLk; khRf;fspd; msT Mfpatw;wpy; NtWghLfs; cs;sd. • capu;tsj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; cs;Su;> ru;tNjr Nghf;Ffspy; rpy tUkhW> • Nfhskakhjy; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s Xa;tpd;ikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;F ,aw;ifr; #oYld; goFtjw;fhd ehl;lk; mjpfupj;jy;. • Nkw;fj;ija kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gf;ftpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F mjpfsT cs;Su; kUe;Jtiffisg; gad;gLj;j Kidtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. • MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; NgZtjw;F ,aw;ifahd czTfisg; gad;gLj;jg; goFjy;. • kPsg;GJg;gpff ; g;glhj rf;jp %yq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf kPsg;GJgpff ; f;$ba rf;jp %yq;fspypUe;J rf;jpiag; gpwg;gpjj ; y;. • #oYf;F ctg;ghd tifapy; fopTg;nghUl;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a Kd;tUjy;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 8.

(17) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Njh; r ; r p 2.0. : capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1. : #ow;nwhFjp. ghlNtisfs;. : 05. fw;ww; NgWfs;. :. gz;lq;fs; Nritfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.. • #ow;nwhFjpfis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;. • #ow;nwhFjp gz;lq;fs;> Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. • #ow; n whFjpfspdhy; Mw; w g; g Lk; fUkq; f is nkr;Rthu;. • gy;NtW tifg;gl;l #ow;nwhFjpfs; fhzg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; $Wthu;. • gy; N tW #ow; ngWkjp nfhz; l ,lq; f isf; fhg;gjw;F eltbf;ifnaLg;ghu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • gj;jpupifnahd;wpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; fl;Liug; gFjpia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f. “,yq;if #ow;nwhFjpfs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;l ehlhFk;. ,yq;ifiar; Rw;wptu gue;j fly;euP r;; #ow;nwhFjp cs;sJ. MWfs; flYld; rq;fkpfF ; k; ,lq;fis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mjpfstpy; cs;sd. ehl;bd; cl;Gwg; gFjpfspy; mjpfsT ed;duP ; epiyfs; cs;sd. jiurhu;ej ; #ow;nwhFjpiaf; fUj;jpwn ; fhs;Nthkhapd; rpqf ; uh[hf; fhL ,aw;ifahy; vkf;fspff ; g;gl;l mUq;nfhilahFk;. mt;thNw Kj;Juh[ty> mj;jplb ; a Mfpad tskhd <uepyr; #ow;nwhFjpfshFk;.” • Nkw; F wpg; g pl; l fl; L iuf; f ika ,yq; i fapy; fhzg; g Lk; #ow;nwhFjpfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • ,yq;ifapy; gy #ow;nwhFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. • ,yq;ifia Rw;wptuTs;s fly; ghupa #ow;nwhFjpahFk;. • rpq;fuh[h fhL jiurhu;e;j #ow;nwhFjpahFk;. • Kj;Juh[ty> mj;jplb ; a Nghd;wd <uepy #ow;nwhFjpfshFk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • gy;NtW #ow;nwhFjp tiffs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G gw;wp ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f. • ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp • kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,aw;iff;F ,irthf;fkile;j #ow;nwhFjp • kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l #ow;nwhFjp • cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l #ow;nwhFjp cUthFk; my;yJ cUthf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff. • mtw;wpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 9.

(18) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • me;j #ow;nwhFjpapYs;s gz;lq;fs;> Nritfs; Mfpatwiw gpd; t Uk; jiyg; G fs; rhu; e ; j jhf tptupf;f. • %ykhfj; njhopw;gly; (Source fanction) • Njhl;bahfj; njhopw;gly; (Sink fanction) • ,aw;if tdg;ghfj; njhopwg ; ly; (Amenity fanction) • kdpjdpd; ey;tho;Tf;F cjTk; #ow;rkdpiyiag; NgZtjpy; #ow;nwhFjp nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupf;f. • cq;fs; FOtpdhy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • capu;r;rhfpaKk; mjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; capuw;wdTk; xUq;Nf #ow;nwhFjp vdg;gLk;. • #ow;nwhFjpfis %d;whf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. 1. ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp - c-k;: rpq;fuh[h fhL 2. kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;L ,aw;ifNahL ,irthf;f kile;j #ow;nwhFjp - c-k;: guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; 3. kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l #ow;nwhFjp c-k; Njapiyj; Njhl;lk; • ePzl ; fhykhf fl;lq;fs; gytw;iwj; jhz;b ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp cUthfpd;wJ. • ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp cUthFk;NghJ jw;fhypf rKjhaf; fl;lj;ij jhz;b epue;jukhd Kjpu;r;rp fl;lj;ij miljy; vd miof;fg;gLk;. • ,t;thwhd epiyahd ,Wjpf;fl;lk vdg;gLk;. • #ow;nwhFjpfs; %ykhf khdpl NjitfSf;F mtrpakhd gz; l q; f s; > Nritfs; Mfpad toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. • #ow;nwhFjpfspdhy; gz;lq;fs;> Nritfs; Mfpad toq;fg;gLk; njhopw;ghl;il %d;whf tFj;Jf; $wyhk;. • %ykhfj; njhopw;gly; • gpupifahf;fpahfj; njhopw;gly; • tdg;ghfj;; njhopw;gly; • %ykhfj; njhopw; g liy> Neub %ykhfj; njhopw;gly;> Neubaw;w %ykhfj; njhopw;gly; vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;. • czT jahupg;Gk; %yg;nghUl;fis toq;FjYk; Neub %yj;njhopw;ghLfshFk;. • tspapd; fl;likg;igg; NgZjy;> kugZ tsq;fis toq;Fjy;> gapu;fspd; thd;tif ,dq;fs;> kfue;jr; Nru;f;if> ePiuj; Njf;fpitj;jy;> Nghriz %yfr; Rw;Nwhl;lr; nrad;Kiw> fhyepiy epiyikia rPuhfg; NgZjy; Mfpad Neubaw;w njhopw;ghLfs; MFk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 10.

(19) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghL> kw;Wk; gpw ,aw;ifahd gpupj;jopjw; nraw;ghLfs; Mfpad %yk; fopTg; n ghUl; f s; gpupifailar; nra; a g; g ly; gpupifahf;fw; njhopw;ghL (Sink fanction) vdg;gLk;. • mofpay;> jiu tbtikg;G> nghOJNghf;Ff;fhd Clfkhf mikjy;> fyhr;rhu NtWghLfs; Mfpad tdg;Gj; njhopw;ghLfshFk;. (Amenity fanction) • kdpjdhy; epu; k hzpf; f g; g l; l #ow; n whFjpapy; kdpjdpd; jiyaPL gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk;NghJ my; y J mw; W g; N ghFk; N ghJ mr; # ow; n whFjp ,aw; i ff; F ,irthf; f kilAk; . ,t; t hwhd #ow;nwhFjpfs; kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,aw;iff;F ,irthf;fkile;j #ow;nwhFjpfs; vdg;gLk;. c-k;: guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; • ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjpapy; cs;s rkepiyia kdpjdpd; tpUg; G f; F mika khw; w paikj; J jahupf;fg;gl;l #ow;nwhFjp kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l #ow;nwhFjp vd miof;fg;gLk;. cjh: Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;de; Njhl;lq;fs;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 11.

(20) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2. : capug ; ; gy;tifikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ma;ej ; wpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 06. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • mq;fpfspd; guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik> ,dg;gy;tifik Mfpad Vw;gLk; Kiwia mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. • R+ow; n whFjpg; gy; t ifik Vw; g Lk; tpjj; i j Ma;e;jwpthu;. • jiu myq;fupg;Gg; gy;tifikia kjpg;ghu;. • cau;g;gy;tifikapd; ngWkjpfis kjpg;ghu;. • cau;g;gy;tifikf; fhg;Gf;Fupa eltbf;iffis vLg;ghu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu;fs;; ,Utiu ,t; ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;gg ; pff ; r; nra;f. tpky;: ,k;Kiw ed;whf wk;Gl;lhd; kuq;fs; fha;j;Jf; FYq;Ffpd;wd. ghijapd; ,Ugf;fKk; wk;Gl;lhd; tpahghupfs; wk;Gl;lhd; tpw;fpd;wdu;. fky;: ,e;j wk;Gl;lhd; goq;fs; vy;yhk; ntt;NtW tifahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdNt. rpy kQ;rs; epwkhf cs;sd. NtW rpy rptg;G epwkhf; cs;sd. mJ kl;Lky;y mtw;wpd; RitAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sJ. rpy Gspg;Gr; Rit nfhz;ldthFk;. NtW rpy ,dpg;Gr; Rit nfhz;litahf cs;sd. tpky;: wk;Gl;lhd; goq;fspy; kl;Lkh ,e;j NtWghL. mq;Nf khk;go tpahghupapd; jl;ilg; ghUq;fs;. rpy goq;fs; kQ;rys; epwkhf cs;sd. rpy goq;fs; ngupait> rpy rpwpait> rpy cUz;il tbtk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sd. NtW rpy ePs;tl;l tbtkhf cs;sd. mjpfsT NtWghLfs; nfhz;ljhfty;yth ,it cs;sd. fky;: vkJ Mrpupau; $wpaJ vdf;F Qhgfk; tUfpdw ; J. khk;goq;fspy; fWj;jf; nfhOk;ghd;> nts;isf; nfhOk;ghd;> tpyhl;>Nryk; vd;W gy tu;f;fq;fs; cs;sd. tpky;: ,k; khk;goq;fs; ntt;NtW ,ay;Gfis nfhz;bUg;gJ vt;thW? fky;: ,jidj;jhd; guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik vd;gu;. kpfr; rpwpa khw;wk; fhuzkhf guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,it midjJk; xNu ,dj; i j Nru; e ; j NghJk; mtw;wpilNa gy;tifik cs;sJ. tpky;: ,jidr; nrhd;dJk; jhd; Qhgfk; tUfpwJ vq;fs; tPl;by; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l gy jhtuq;fs; cs;sd. fky;: ,jidNa ,dg;gy;tifik vd miog;gu;. mjhtJ njd;id xU ,dk;> kh ,d;ndhU tif ,dk;> thio kw;WnkhU tif ,dk; kuq;fspd; mikg;G> goq;fspd; jd;ik> g+f;fspd; jd;ik Nghd;w gy ,ay;Gfspy; ,it NtWgLfpd;wd. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 12.

(21) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • NkNyAs;s ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;gg ; pjJ ; capug ; ; gy;tifik gw;wpa fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • xNu #oypy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs;/tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; xj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. • ,it xNu tifahff; fhzg; g l; l NghJk; mtw;wpilNaAk; ,ay;Gfspy; NtWghL cs;sJ. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; . • capu; g ; g y; t ifik mjpfk; nfhz; l gpd; t Uk; ,lq;fspy; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • kiof;fhLfs;. • <uepyq;fs;. • ,t; ,lq;fs; capug ; g ; y;tifik mjpfk;; nfhz;ljhf fUjg;gLfpd;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tptupf;f. • guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik. • ,dg; gy;tifik. • #ow;nwhFjpg; gy;tifik. • jiuayq;fhug; gy;tifik. • cyfpy; kpf mjpf capu;gg ; y;tifikiaf; nfhz;l ,lq;fisg; ngauplL ; mtwwpy; ,dg; gy;tifikf;F cs;s ,lk; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f. • capu; g ; g y; t ifikapd; ngWkjpia gpd; t Uk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. • gad;rhu; ngWkjp. • gad;rhuh ngWkjp. • capug ; g ; y;tifikapd; nghUshjhu mE$yq;fs;. • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik fhuzkhf xNu njhFjp mq;fpfSf;fpilNa NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfs; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. • guk;giuayFg; gy;tifik fhuzkhf xNu #oypy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l mq;fpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. • mq;fpfs; thOk; #oy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgLtjdhy; #ow;nwhFjpg; gy;tifik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. • ntt;NtW #ow;nwhFjpfspd; xOq;FKiwahd mikT fhuzkhf jiumyq; f hu gy; t ifik Vw;gLfpwJ. • cyfpy; jdpj;Jtkhd jd;ik nfhz;l mq;fpfis mjpfstpw; nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fs; capu;gg ; y;tifik Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 13.

(22) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. nrwpthd gpuNjrq;fs; (hot spots) vdg;gLk;. • capug ; g ; y;tifikia nrwpthf nfhz;l cyfpYs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ,yq;ifAk; xd;whFk;. • capu;g;gy;tifikapd; g+uz nghUshjhu ngWkjpia gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;. gad; r hu; ngWkjp • Neubg; gad;rhu; ngWkjp • Neubahf Efuj;jf;fit cjh- fdpgn ; ghUsfs;>; mupkuk;> %ypif. • Efu Kbahj Mdhy; Neubg; ngWkjp nfhz;l cjh- ,aw;if tdg;G> fy;tp> Muha;r;rp. • cw;gj;jpfis Nkk;gLj;j gad;gLj;jf; $bad cjh- thd;tifg;; gapupdq;fs;> guk;giuayF tiffs;. • Neub my;yhj gad;rhu; ngWkjp cjh- #oypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tiffs;. • %yfr; Rw;Wtl;lq;fs;. • fhyepiyr; rPuhf;fk;. • Neub kw;Wk; Neub my;yhj gad;rhu; ngWkjpfspd; vjpuf ; hyg; ngWkjpfs;. NkNy Fwpgg ; pll ; ngWkjpfspd; vjpu;fhyg; ngWkhdq;fs;. • ,aw;if tsq;fis vjpuf ; hyg; guk;giuapdUf;F mspf; f KbAk; vDk; vz; z k; njhlu; g hd ngWkjp. • me;j tsq;fs; fhzg;gLtjdhy; vk;kplk; Vw;gLk; ngWkjp.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 14.

(23) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk 2.3. : capug;gy;tifikg; ghJfhgg;G njhlu;ghf jpll ; kplthu;.;. ghlNtisfs;. : 05. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • capu;g; gy;iifikf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jy;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;. • ru;tNjr nre;juTg; Gj;jfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij $Wthu;. • gy;NtW mq;fpfSf;Fs;s mr;RWj;jy; msTfs>; mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gl;Ls;s tpjk; Mfpatw;iwf; $Wthu; • capu;g; gy;tifikf; fhg;G tpjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. • capu;g; gy;tifikf; fhg;Gf;fhd eltbf;iffisf; $Wthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu; xUtiuf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ge;jpia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;f. kdpj eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf jw;rkak; %d;W mq;fptiffs; gbg;gbahf mUfpr;nrd;W ,Wjpapy; mUfptpLk; Mgj;ij vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;sd. mjd; fhuzkhf capu; g ; gy; t ifikg; ghJghg; i g Nkw;nfhs;shJ kdpj epiyg;G Nfs;tpf; FwpahfpAs;sJ. • NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpapy; cs;s tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • jw;rkak; capug ; g ; y;tiifikf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. • me;j tifahd mr;RWj;jy;fs; fhuzkhf kdpj epiyg;Gf;Fk;; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. • ,jdhy; capu;g; gy;tififikf; fhg;Gf;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; •. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • tdr; #ow;nwhFjp. • ePur; #ow;nwhFjp. • gpd;tUk; fUg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy; jfty; jpul;Lf.. 15.

(24) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. •. capu;gg ; y;iifikf;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;glf; $ba . tpjk; • ru;tNjr nre;juTg; Gj;jfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. • mr;RWj;jYf;F MshfpAs;s mq;fpfs;;. • thoplf;fhg;G> ntspthupf; fhg;G • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • capu;g;gy;tifik moptila VJthd fhuzq;fs; capu;g; gy;tifikf;fhd mrRWj;jy;fs; vdg;gLk;. • ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; khDlr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf capu;g; gy;tifikf;F mrRWj;jy;fs; Vw;gLk;. mt; thwhd khDlr; nraw;ghLfs; tUkhW. • • mq;fpfspd; thoplk; mopTWy;;. • mjpf ts Efu;T. • #oy; khriljy;;. • #oypy; Mf;fpukpg;G mq;fpfs; ngUFjy;. • mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpll ; q;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; • kugZg; nghwpapay; nraw;ghLfs; • mr;RWj;jYf;F MshfpAs;s mq;fpfspd; tptuq;fs; nfhz;l Gj;jfk; nre;juTg; Gj;jfk; vdg;gLk;. • cyf fhg;Gr; rq;fj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;Lk; nre;juTg; Gj;jfk; ru;tNjr epakq;fSf;F mikthdjhFk;. • mjpYs;s juTfs; gw;wp kf;fSf;F tpopg;g+l;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. • ,yq; i fapYs; s mq; f pfs; gy nre; j uTg; Gj; j fj; j py; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; sd. • me;j mq;fp tiffs; midj;ijAk; fhg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. • me;j mq;fpapdq;fis mit trpfF ; k; ,lq;fspNyNa . fhj;jy; thoplf;fhg;G vdg;gLk; • ,jd;NghJ fhg;gfq;;fis Vw;gLj;jy;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F MshfpAs;s mq;fpfis ,aw;ifahd thoplq;fspy; mwpKfQ; nra;jy Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;;. • thoplf;fhg;G kpfr; rpwe;jnjdpDk; ,jw;nfd mjpfsT ,lk; Njitg;gLjy; guhkupg;G rpukk; Nghd;wd rpf;fy; kpf;fdthFk;. • mfw;fhd khw;W Kiwahf Gwthupf;fhg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. • Gwthupf;fhggpd;NghJ jhtutpaw; g+q;fhf;fs; mikj;jy;> tpj;J tq;fp> kPdpy;yk;> kugZ tq;fp tpyq;fpdf; fhl;rpafk; Mfpad mikf;fg;gLk;. • capug ; g ; y;tifikf; fhg;Gf;nfd ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 16.

(25) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4. : capu;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;ghd jug;gpdupd; gq;fspg;ig mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 05. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • cau;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;ghd gq;fhspfisg; ngaupLthu;. • cau;gg ; y;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiwia tpgupg;ghu;. • jiu myq;fupg;Gg; gy;tifikia kjpg;ghu;. • cau;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;ghd fUtpfis tptupg;ghu;. • cau;gg ; y;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; gpd;tUk; $w;iw khztiuf; nfhz;L tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f. ||,e;j epyNk vkJ thoplkhFk;. MWfs;> Xilfs;> mUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gha;tJ ePud;W. mJ vkJ %jhijaupd; ,uj;jkhFk;. mit vkJ Gdpj nghUl;fshFk; vd;gij ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mit Gdpj nghUl;fnsd;gij vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tUk; vkJ gps;isfSf;Fk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.|| jdJ ehL nts;isau;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L #oypYs;s kuq;fis mopj;J tpyq;Ffisf; nfhd;W nraw;ifahf mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tij fz;l nrt;tpe;jpa goq;Fb ,dj; jiytuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;W %ykhf #oy; kPjhd kdpjdpd; gw;W tpsf;fg;LfpwJ. - Uf; rQ;rpif gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;jp fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • vkJ #oypYs;s ,aw;if tsq;fs; Ngzg;gl Ntz;baJ gw;wp vkJ vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;F; tpsf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. • cupa Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; %ykhf capupg; gy;tifiag; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; gpd;tUk; capu;gg ; y;tifikf; fhg;G fUtpfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G gw;wp ftdQ; nrYj;Jf. • rl;lq;fs; • tpahghuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fUtpfSs; r%f ikaf; fUtp. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 17.

(26) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • capu;g;gy;tifikf; fhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd Kfhikj;Jtf; fUtpfspd; ,d;wpaikahikia tpsf;Ff. • mur Jiw • murrhu;gw;w Jiw • jdpahu; JiwAk; rptpy; r%fKk;. • capu;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. • vz;zf;fU tiuglj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ tpilfis Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; jahu; nra;f. • cq; f shy; Ma; e ; j wpag; g l; l tplaq; f is KO tFg;Gf;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • ,aw;ifapd; mUq;nfhilahd vkJ ehl;L ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. • ,jw; F capu; g ; g y; t ifik Kfhikj; J tk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. • capu;gy;tifikahdJ #ow;nwhFjpapypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;. • capu;g;gy;tifik fhuzkhf fpilf;fg;ngWk; #ow; n whFjp gz; l q; f sJk; > NritfsJk; cupik nghJthdjhFk;. • capu;g;gy;tifikahdJ jdpg;gl;ltu;fSf;F nrhe;jkhdJ my;yhjjhy; mtw;wpd; Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffis re;ijapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahj epiy cs;sJ. • gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jug;gpduJk; gq;fspg;Gld; capu;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. • murJiw> jdpahu; Jiw> murrhu;gw;w Jiw vd %d;W gpujhd njhFjpfshf gq;Fjhuu;fis tifg;gLj;j KbAk;. • murJiw rhu;e;j Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; rl;lq;fNs gpujhd ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. • murJiw rhu;e;j Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ru;tNjr kw;Wk; cs;Su;r; rl;lq;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. • capu;g;gy;tifikr; nrayfj;jpd; %ykhfNt ,yq;ifapy; capu;;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. • Neubahf re;ijia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l jiyaPL %ykhf jdpahu; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G capu;g;gy;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F fpilf;fgngWk;. • capu;g;gy;tifikapd; ngWkjp> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpatw; i w kf; f Sf; F mwpTWj; J tjd; Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 18.

(27) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • •. • •. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. %ykhfTk; capug ; g ; y;tifik Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. fy;tp mDgtq;fs; %ykhf ,J njhlu;ghd mwpit kf;fSf;F toq;f KbAk;. Fwpj;jnthU egNuh my;yJ FONth Fwpj;jnthU ed;Ndhf;Fld; nraw;gLk; ,ay;gpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Rtrpa Kfhikj;Jt fUtp jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; j f; fUtp rhu;e;jjhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; mZFKiw r%fika mZFKiwahFk;. murJiw> murrhu;gw;w Jiw> jdpahu; Jiw Mfpw %d;W jug;gpduhYk; r%f ika mZFKiwiaf; filg;gpbf;f KbAk;.. 19.

(28) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.5. : tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikapYs;s gad;fisf; fz;lwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 06. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikia mwpKfQ;nra;thu;. • tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • tptrha capu; g ; g y; t ifikf; F Vw; g l; L s; s mr;RWj;jy;fis fhuzq;fSld; $Wthu;. • tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikg; ghJfhg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kuGuPjpahd Kiwfisf; $Wthu;. • tptrha capug ; g ; y;tifikg; ghJfhg;gpy; gad;gLj;jf; $ba Gjpa gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfisf; $Wthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • gy;NtW gapu;fs; nra;ifgz;zg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.. • mjpYs;s gy;NtW gapu;tiffs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf. • Fwpg; g pl; l tpisepynkhd; w py; gy gapu; f s; fhzg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tpdTf. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;JiuahLf. • tptrha capu; g ; g y; t ifik fhzg; g Ltjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gy cs;sd. • tptrha capu; g ; g y; t ifikiag; ; ghJfhf; f Ntz;Lk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 20.

(29) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • tptrha capu;g;gy;tifik vd;why; vd;dntd vspikahf tiuaWf;f. • tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff. • tptrha capu;gg ; y;tifikf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. • tptrha capu; g ; g y; t ifikiag; ghJfhg; g J njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; KiwfSs; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Kiw njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • ghuk;gupa mwpTk; ek;gpf;iffSk; • etPd gapu;r;nra;if KiwfSk; gapu;r;nra;if cj;jpfSk;. • cq;fSf;F jug;gl;Ls;s El;gKiwfis tptrha capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhf;fntdg; gad; g Lj; J k; tpjj; i j cjhuzq; f s; %ykhf tpsf;Ff. • cq;fshy; Ma;ej ; wpag;gl;l tplaq;fisr; rku;gg ; pf;f Maj;jkhFf.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 21.

(30) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Njh; r ; r p 3. : fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdrPtuhrp tsq;fspd; epyTifia cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1. : ,aw;if tdtsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;il Ma;e;jwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 05. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • ,aw;iff; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • gy; N tW tifg; g l; l fhLfspd; ,ay; G fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. • fhl;bYs;s jhtu> tpyq;Ffis RNjr> VfNjr mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;l ,dq;fnsd njhFjpfshf;Fthu;. • jhd; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s fhl;L tiffspYs;s jhtuq;fspd; mikg;ig tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;. • ,aw;if tdq;fspd; epiyg;ig cWjpgg ; Lj;jf; $ba tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • Rakhf Kd; t Uk; khztnuhUtiu tFg; g pd; KdgFjpf; F mioj; J gpd; t Uk; mwpf; i fia thrpf;fr; nra;f. fhLfs; tpe;ijahd cau;f; $l;lkhFk;. rfy mq;fpfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gspf;Fk; fhLfs; jk;ik mopg;gtUf;Fk; $l epoy; toq;Ffpd;wd. - nfsjk Gj;ju; • ,e; j mwpf; i fapy; Fwpg; g plg; g Lk; tplaq; f s; njhlu;ghf khztuplk; tpdTf. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f. • fhLfs; ,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjpfshFk;. • fhlopg;G fhuzkhf fhLfs; jw;NghJ Fiwtile; J tUtijf; fhzf; $ bajhf cs;sJ. • MfNt> fhLfis epiyNgwhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • ,yq;ifapYs;s fhLfspd; tiffSs; cq;fs; FOTf;F jug;gl;l fhLtif gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs;> Mw;wq;fiuia mz;ba fhLfs;. • cyu;tyaf; fhLfs;> fz;ly; fhLfs;. • jho;epy kiof;fhLfs;> gUtg;ngau;rr ; pf; fhLfs;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 22.

(31) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l jiyg;G njhlu;ghd fhLfspy; epyTk; fhyepiy epiyikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; guk;gy; Mfpatw;iwj; jUf. • mf;fhLfspy; cs;s VfNjr> RNjr> mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fis ,aYkhdtiu rku;g;gpf;f. • ,yq; i fapYs; s fhLfspypUe; J fpilf; F k; mE$yq;fis Fwpg;gpLf. • fhLfisepiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba cj;jpfs; ahit? • cq;fshy; Ma;ej ; wpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • ,yq;ifapYs;s fhLfs; gpd;tUk; gy;tifik nfhz;ldthf cs;sd. • kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs;. • cg kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs;. • jho;ehl;L kiof; fhLfs;. • gUt ,ilf; fhLfs;. • cau; fyg;G gRikahd fhLfs;. • Mw;wq;fiuia mz;ba fhLfs;. • fz;ly; fhLfs;. • Kl;Gju;fs; nfhz;l gw;iwf; fhLfs;. • ,tw;wpy; kiotPor ; r ; p> Fj;Jauk; Nghd;w fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd. • ,t; t hwhd gy; N tW tifg; g l; l fhyepiy NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tsu;eJ ; s;s fhLfspy; gy;NtWgl;l NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. cjh• jho; e hl; L kiof; f hLfspy; - gilahf; f k; fhzg;gLk;. • kiyehl;L tya fhLfs; - (kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs;> cg kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs;) Fl;ilahd jhtuq;fs;> jz;Lfs; KWfpf; fhzg;gly;. • cyu; t yaf; fhLfs; - kuk; cWjpahf fhzg;gly;> nkJthd tsu;r;rp. • cyu;fyg;G gRikahd fhLfs; - gilahf;fk; njspthff; fhzg;glhJ. • Kl;Gju; nfhz;l gw;iwf; fhLfs; - tuz;epy ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;. • ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ,e;jf; fhLfs; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. • kiyehl;Lf; fhLfs; - Nfhl;ld; rkntsp> gpJWjyhfy. • jho;ehl;L <utya fhLfs; - rpq;fuh[h fhL. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 23.

(32) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. cyufyg;G gRikahd fhLfs; - khJUXah> upl;bfy. • ,e; j f; fhLfs; xt; n thd; w pYk; gpujhdkhf fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; tUkhW. jhtu tiffs; . • cyu;t ; yaf; fhLfs; - ghiy> fUq;fhyp>Kjpiu> tPiu. • <utyaf; fhLfs; - Jk;ghid> ghf;fpypg;ghy; • kiyehl;L fhLfs; - fpdh> ntl;rp. tpyq;F tiffs;. • <utyaf; fhLfs; - Ks;sk;gd;wp> rz;gfk;> kuj;jtis. • cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs; - ahid> fub> rpWj;ij. • ,e;jj; jhtu> tpyq;F ,dq;fspy; VfNjr ,dq;fSk; cs;sd. tpyq;F ,dq;;fs;. • fJW Nghjpypah (cg kiyehl;L fhLfspy;) • ftw fpup jz;lh (<u vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfspy); jhtu ,dq;fs;. • ntw;w> ty;njy; (<utya fhLfspy;) • kfhuj;ky;> JUfPd (kiyehl;Lf; fhLfspy;) • ,yq; i fapYs; s <utya vd; W k; gRikahd fhLfsppNyNa gy;NtW VNjr jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. • RNjr> VfNjr jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffisj; jtpu mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; cs;sd. • jhtu tiffs; - Njf;F> itd];. • tpyq;F tiffs; - jpyhg;gpah> taw; fhg;gah. • cyfpYs;s Vida ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifapd; fhLfs; Fiwtiljw; F gpd; t Uk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. • rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G. • gpw tptrha eltbf; i ffSf; f hf epyk; gad;gLj;jg;gly;; cjh - Njapiy> Nfhg;gp. • gy;NtW nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;nfd epyk; gad;gLj;jg;gly;. cjh - ePuj ; N ; jf;fq;fs; mikj;jy;> ePuk ; pd; jpl;lq;fs;. • rl;l tpNuhjkhd nraw;ghLfs;. cjh - mDkjpapy;yhJ kuq;fis ntl;Ljy;> mDkjpaw;w fl;llq;fs; mikj;jy;. • Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if. • fhLfspypUe;J gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpdw ; d. • ePu;r;rkdpiy Ngzg;gly;. • capu;g;gy;tifik ghJfhf;fg;gly;. • kl;fhg;G. •. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 24.

(33) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • MfNt> fhLfis epiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. • ,jw;nfd gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. • kf;fSf;F kdg;ghq;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;. • rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;. • gpw tUkhd topfs; Vw;gly;. cjh - NjdP tsu;g;G> gjePu; ,wf;Fjy;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 25.

(34) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2. : tdrP t uhrpfspd; epyTifia tprhupj; J mwpe; J nfhs;thu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 05. fw;ww; NgWfs;. :. tdrPtuhrpfis ,dq;fz;L tifg;gLj;Jthu;. tdrPtuhrpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. tdrPtuhrpfSf;Fs;s mr;RWj;jy;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. tdrP t uhrpfisg; ghJfhg; g jw; F Nkw; n fhs; s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis gpNuupg;ghu;. • ,aw; i f tsq; f is ghJfhf; f xd; W gl; L r ; nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij kjpgg ; hu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • rQ;rpifnahd;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l gpdt ; Uk; gFjpia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;. ,yq;if kpf mjpf capu;gg ; y;tifik nfhz;l ehlhFk;. rpq;fuh[hf; fhl;by; mNdf tdrPtuhrpfs; cs;sd. ,it vkJ ehlLf;NfAupa mq;fpfs;> vkJ ehl;Lf;Fupj;jy;yhj mq;fpfs;> mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l mq;fpfs; vd gytifg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; ciwtplk;> elj;ijf; Nfhyk;> Xa;Tepiyapy; cs;sNghJ ,Uf;Fk; tpjk; Mfpad xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ljhFk;. fhlopgG ; > Ntl;ilahly; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; ,e;j mq;fpfs; mUfpr; nry;yf; $ba Mgj;ij vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;sd. kfue;jr; Nru;fi ; f> goq;fs; tpj;Jfs; Mfpatw;wpd; guk;gy;> capupay; gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w gy Nritfs; ,tw; w hy; Mw; w g; g Lfpd; w d. ,e; j mq;fpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ vkJ flikahFk;. • ,jpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;lthW mq;fpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp khztuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpf. • gpdt ; Uk; tplaq;fs; ntspgg ; LkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • ,yq;ifapd; fhLfspy; mNdf tdrPtuhrpfs; cs;sd. • mtw;wpd; %yk; kdpjDf;Fk; ,aw;if #oYf;Fk; gy Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. • MfNt> mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. • • • •. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • tdrPtuhrpfs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nYj;Jf. • #oypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;. • kdpjUf;Fs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 26.

(35) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • tdrPtuhrpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s tsE}iy crhTf. • cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; juggl;l mq;fpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp mtw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nritfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. • tdrPtuhrpfspd; elj;ijf;Nfhyk;> Gfyplk; Mfpad mtw;wpd; tho;f;iff;F vt;thW cWJizahf cs;sd vdf; fye;JiuahLf. • tdrPtuhrpfspd; epyTiff;Fs;s mr;RWj;jy;fis ,dq;fhz;f. • ghlrhiy khztnud;w tifapy; tdrPtuhrpfisg; ghJfhf;f ePu; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk; vdf; fye;JiuahLf. • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • tdj;ijg; gpujhd thoplkhff; nfhz;lJk; ,lg;ngau;rr; p> Rthrk; Nghd;w capur; ; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJkhd capupdq;fNs tdrPtuhrpfs; vdg;gLk;. • tdrPtuhrpfs; Njhw;Wthapd; mbg;ilapy; gy tifg;gLk;. cjh> • ehl;Lf;NfAupa mq;fpfs; - vk; ehl;by; kl;Lk; my;yJ xU gpuNjrj;jpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; mq;fpfs;. • ehl; L f; N fAupajy; y hj mq; f pfs; - gy; N tW ehLfspy; gue;J thOk; mq;fpfs;. • mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l mq;fpfs; - rpwg;ghd gad; f s; fUjp xU ehl; b ypUe; J gpwpnjhU ehl;Lf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l mq;fpfs;. • fhLfspy; cs;s gy;NtW thoplq;fspy; tdrPtuhrpfs; trpf;fpd;wd. cjh> • kug;nghe;Jfspy;> kuq;fspy;> epyj;jpd; mbapy;> fw;Fiffspy;. • tdrPtuhrpfs; gy;NtW elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. cjh> • ,iuNjly; • ,dg;ngUf;f eltbf;iffs;. • mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jy;. • tdrPtuhrpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisg; gpujhdkhf ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. cjh> • #oypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. • kdpjUf;Fs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 27.

(36) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • tdrP t uhrpfspdhy; #oYf; F toq; f g; g Lk; gz;lq;fs;.> Nritfs; #oypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjh> • goq;fs;> tpj;Jf;fs; guk;gy;. • kfue;jr; Nru;f;if. • Nghriz kl;lq;fspy; gq;fspg;G nra;jy;. • #ow; rkepiyig; NgZjy;. • gjhu;j;jq;fspd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;. • kugZj; njhFjpiag; NgZjy;. • capupaw; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL. • tdrPtuhrpfspypUe;J kdpju;fSf;Fg; gy gad;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. cjh> • ghJfhg;Gf; fpilf;fg; ngWjy;. • Rw;whly; cy;yhrg; gazk;. • #oypay; ngWkjp. • fy;tp rhu;e;j Muha;r;rp eltbf;iffs;. • Neub nghUshjhug; gad;fs;. • tdrPtuhrpfSf;F gy;NtW mr;RWj;jy;fs; cs;sd. cjh> • Fiwthd guk;gy; Nghd;w cl;fhuzpfs;. • kuz tPjk; mjpfupj;jy;. • kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; Neubahd ghjpg;G. • ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; tdrPtuhrpfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 28.

(37) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju; r ; r p 4. : tdr;nra;if kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; epiyNgwhd gad;ghL Mfpadtw;Wf;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffis Ma;e;jwpthh;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1. : epiyNgwhd nghUshjhu tdr;nra;iff;fhf Nkw;nfhs; sf;$ba eltbf;iffis Ma;e;jwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 06. fw;ww; NgWfs;. :. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupg;ghu;. • nghUshjhu tdr; n ra; i fia epWTk; N ghJ iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba gbKiwfisf; $Wthu;. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifiag; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifapypUe;J tpisr;riyg; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifiag; NgZtjd; mE$y> gpujp$yq;fisf; $Wthu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • Njf;Fkur; nra;if my;yJ kNfhfdpr;nra;if njhlu;ghd glnkhd;iw khztUf;F fhl;rpg;gj;Jf.. • nghUshjhu tdr; n ra; i fia Nkw; n fhs; t jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpf. • gpd; t Uk; tplaq; f s; ntspf; ; n fhzug; g LkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f. • mupkuk; kw;Wk; mupkuk; rhu;e;j cw;;gj;jpfSf;nfd tdr;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjd;%yk; ,aw;iff; fhLfSf;F Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 29.

(38) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;if ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhj;J #ow; rkdpiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • gpdt ; Uk; jiyg;GfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • cyu;tya nghUshjhu tdr;nra;if. • <utya nghUshjhu tdr;nra;if. • cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;F mika tdr;nra;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff. • cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l jiyg;G njhlu;ghf epiyNgwhf nghUshjhu tdr; n ra; i fiag; NgZtjw; F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba eltbf;iffisg; gpdt ; Uk; fUg;nghUl;fspd;fo P ; tpsf;Ff. • epyk; njupjYk;> jahu;nra;jYk;. • jhtu ,dq;fisj; njupTnra;jy;. • eLifg; nghUl;fisj; jahu;nra;jy;. • ehw;WNkil El;gKiwfs;. • eLifg; nghUl;fis taypy; ely;. • gpd;fz;fhdpg;G eltbf;iffs;. • mWtil. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifapd; mE$y> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf;. • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; gy mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. • mupkuj; Njit G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gly;. • mupkuj; Njitf;nfdf; fhlopg;G Nkw;nfhs;s gLtjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; NkYk;; Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. • gapu; r ; n ra; i f eltbf; i ffs; fhuzkhf tskw;Wg;Nghd kz;iz kPstskhf;fy;. • eWkzg; gjhu;jj ; q;fspd; jahupgG ; f;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWjy;. • ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;. • tpwF> kpdf ; k;gq;fs;> kuf;$o; Mfpad fpilj;jy;. • nghUshjhu tdr;nra;ifia Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba gy gbKiwfs; cs;sd. • epyk; njupTnra;jy;> jahu;nra;jy;. elg;glTs;s mupku ,dq;fisj;; njupTnra;jy; Mfpad rupahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;;. • nra;if gz;zg;glTs;s gpuNjrk;> mupkuj; Njit Mfpatw;Wf;F mika jhtu ,dq;fs; njupT nra;ag;gly;;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 30.

(39) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. rupahd Kiwapy; eLifg;nghUl;fisj; jahu; nra;jy;. • jhtu tiff;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd ehw;WNkil El;gKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;sy;. • ehl; l g; g lTs; s epyg; g ug; g pd; msTf; N fw; g ehw;WNkilf;Fj; Njitahd tpjJ ; fspd; msitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;. • epyj; j py; gapu; f is ehl; L tjw; n fd cupa ,ilntspapy; eLiff; Fopfis mikj;jy;. • gP i lf; f l; L g; g hL> grisaply; > fj; j upj; j y; > Ijhf;fy; Nghd;w gpdf ; z;fhdpgG ; eltbf;iffis rupahf Nkw;nfhs;sy;. • cupa gUtj;Jf;F jhtuq;fs; tsu;rr ; paile;jJk; Nehf;fj;Jf;fika mWtil nra;jy;. mE$yq; f s; . • ,aw; i f tsq; f spy; Vw; g Lk; ghjfkhd tpisTfisf; Fiwf;ff; $bajhftpUj;jy;. • mupku cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;. • vupnghUl; Njitiag; G+u;j;jpnra;jy;. • kuf;$o;> Fq;fpypak; (nurpd;)> kuf;fup Nghd;w gpw cw;gj;jpfs; fpilj;jy;. • jiumyq;fupg;Gk; kl;fhg;Gk;. • Ntiytha;g;Gfs; cUthjy;. gpujp$yq; f s; . • jiuf;fPo; ePu; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gly;. • kz;zupg;G eilngwy;; • rPuhd tsu;r;rpapd;ik. • jdpg; gapur ; n ; ra;ifahff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; Neha; gPilj; njhy;iy Vw;gly;. •. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 31.

(40) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2. : tptrha tdr;nra;if mjd; epiyNgwhd gad;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffisf; fz;lwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 06. fw;ww; NgWfs;. :. • tptrha tdr; n ra; i f gw; w pa vz; z f; f Uit tpsf;Fthu;. • tptrha tdr;nra;ifj; njhFjpfSf;Fg;; nghUj;jkhd gapu;fisj; njupTnra;thu;. • tptrha tdr;nra;ifj; njhFjpia epWTk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. • Kiwahd tptrha tdr;nra;ifj; njhFjpiaj; jpl;lkpLthu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • tptrha tdr;nra;ifapd; gy;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fisf; fhl;Lk; gpdt ; Uk; glq;fis khztUf;Fr; rku;gg ; pff ; .. • ,it njhlu;ghd khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf. • gpdt ; Uk; tplaq;fs; ntspgg ; LkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • khL> ML Nghd; w gz; i z tpyq; F fs; mlq;fpajhfNth my;yJ mit ,d;wpNah Nghfg; gapu;fs;> gy;yhz;Lg; gapu;fs; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;FKiwapy; nra;if gd;ZjNy tptrha tdr;nra;if vdg;gLk;. • ,yq;ifapd; mNdf gpuNjrq;fspy; tptrha tdr;nra;if Nkw;nffhs;sg;gLtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. • tptrha tdr; n ra; i fapd; Nehf; f q; f s; gy tifg;gLk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 32.

(41) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jiyg;G njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp. • tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp • tsE}iy crhTf • cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s njhFjpia epWTk; Kiwia tptupf;Ff. • mk;Kiwapd; mE$y> gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. • epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;bw;nfd tptrha tdr;nra;ifia epWTjy;> gad;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff. • cq; f s; ghlrhiy tsTf; F cfe; j tptrha tdr;nra;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • tptrha tdr; n ra; i fapd; Nehf; f q; f s; gy tifg;gLk;. • gpd;tUk; tptrha tdr;nra;if KiwfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Kiw njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp. • tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp. • me;j njhFjpfspd; epiyahd gad;ghL Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. • tptrha tdr;nra;ifia gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp> tPjpg; gapur ; n ; ra;ifj; njhFjp Mfpad %yk; tpsf;fyhk;. • jhtuq;fspd; cauq;fSf;fika Fiwe;j cauk; nfhz; l jhtuq; f is tP l ; L f; F mz; i kapYk; ,ilg;gl;l cauk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fis fhzpapd; eLg;gFjpapYk; mjpf cauk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fis vy;iyNahuj;jpYk; ehl;b tsu;g;gJ gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;. • epyj;Jf;F mz;ikahd gil - kuf;fwpfs;> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs; • ,uz;lhk; gil - kuts;sp> thio> gg;ghrp. • %d;whk; gil - wk;Gl;lhd;> vYkpr;ir • Nky;kl;lg;gil - njd;id> J}upad;> mupkutiffs;. • ,e;jfj; njhFjpfspy; mE$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs; Mfpad cs;sd. • mE$yq;fs; - kz;tskiljy;. fis fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;. • gpujp$yq;fs; - njhopEl;g mwpT Njitg;gly;. jpl;lkply; mtrpakhjy;. • njupTnra; a g; g l; l gy; y hz; L g; gapu; f s; cupa Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 33.

(42) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. •. • •. • •. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. ,ilntspapy; tupirfspy; ehl; l g; g l; L mt; tupirfSf; F ,ilapy; gapu; r ; n ra; j y; tP j pg; gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;. • gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fs; - fpsprpupbah> fyprhd;lu; h. • gapu;fs; - Nrhsk;> gaW. tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; gy;NtW mE$yq;fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd. • mE$yq;fs;; - kz;zpy; iejurd; gjpf;fg;gly;. #ow; rkdpiy Ngzg;gly;. • gpujp$yq;fs; - njhopEl;g mwpT Njitg;gly;. gapu;fSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp Njitg;gly;. tptrha tdr;nra;ifia epiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjw;nfd gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. • eLifapd;NghJ rupahd jhtuq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;. • gapu;fSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp tplg;gly;. tptrha tdr;nra;ifia epiyNgwhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjw;nfd gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. • ehl;Lk; NghJ - rupahd jhtu tiffisj; njupTnra;jy;. rupahd ,ilntspia tply;. • gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ - fj;jupj;jy;. Ijhf;Fjy;. • epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;Lf;nfd - kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;ly; mtrpakhFk;.. 34.

(43) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3. : r%f> kw;Wk; fhg;G tdr;nra;ifapd; epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;Lf;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffisf; fz;lwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 06. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • r%ff; fhLtsu;g;G vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;. • r%ff; fhLtsu; g ; g pd; Nehf; f q; f s; > rpwg; G fs; Mfpatw;iwf; $Wthu;. • r%f fhLtsu;g;gpYs;s mD$y> gpujp$yq;fis $Wthu;. • r%f tdtsu;g;gpd; tpjq;fisf; $Wthu;. • r%f tdtsu; g ; G njhFjpia epiy Ngwhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; $Wthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;f. mz;zh: ghUq;fs; jk;gp ,J jhd; `y;JKy;y vDk; ,lk;. ghijapd; ,uz;L gf;fKk; xNu fhlhf cs;sJ. jk;gp;: mz;zh> ,e;j fhl;by; xNu tifahd kuq;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd. mJ Vd;? mz;zh: ,J ehl;b tsu;f;fg;gl;l fhL. jk;gp;: ahu; fhl;il ehl;b tsu;g;gJ? murhq;fkh? mz;zh: rpy fhLfs; murpdhy; tsu; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w d. NtWrpy xt;nthUtuJk; jdpg;gl;l fhzpfspy; tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jk;gp;: ehd; ,t; t sT ehSk; kdpju; f s; fhl; i l mopg; g jhfNt Nfs;tpgg; l;Ls;Nsd;. kdpju;fs; fhL tsu;ff ; pwhu;fsh vt;tsT ey;yJ. mz;zh: ,jidj; jhd; r%ff; fhLtsu;g;Gj; jpl;lk; vd;fpwhu;fs;. • ,e;j ciuahliy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpdt ; Uk; tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdTf. • ,aw;iff; fhLfSf;Fk; tsu;f;fg;gl;l fhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs; ahit? • murpdhy; tdr; n ra; i ff; n fd r%fj; j tupd; gq;fspgG ; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mE$yq;fs; ahit? • khztuJ tpilfspd; mbg; g ilapy; gpd; t Uk; tplaq;fis typAWj;Jf. • tdr;nra;iff;nfd murpdhy; kf;fspd; gq;fspgG ; g; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. • ,jpy; muR> kf;fs; MfpNahupdhy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. • ,jd;%ykhf muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. • ,J r%ff; fhLtsu;g;G vdg;gLk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 35.

(44) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;fg;ngWk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • r%ff; fhL tsu;gG ; (Communisy Forestry) • gq;Nfw;Gf; fhL tsu;g;G (participatory Froestry) • cq;fs; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Ff. • fhLtsu;g;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> rpwg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw jUf. • cq;fs; jiyg;gpYs;s fhLtsu;gG ; KiwahdJ fhg;G tdr;nra;ifapypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwnjd tpsf;Ff. • tptrha tdr;nra;ifapd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffis tptupf;Ff. • cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l gapu;rn ; ra;if KiwapypUe;J epiyNgwhd gad;ghl;ilg; ngWtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; ahit? • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • kdpjuhy; kdpjUf;fhf ituj; jd;ik nfhz;l jhtuq;fis tsu;gg ; Nj r%f tdr;nra;if vdg;gLk;. • r%f tdr;nra;iff;nfd gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. • r%f tdr;nra;if Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd Nehf;fq;fs; gy cs;sd. • fhg;G tdr;nra;ifiahdJ kdpjupd; jiyaPl;Lld; ,yq; i f tdg; g hJfhg; G jpizf; f sj; j pdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. • fhg;G tdr;nra;ifapypUe;J gy;NtW gad;fs; fpilg;gjdhy; gy;Nehf;F tdr;nra;if vdTk; ,J miof;fg;gLk;. • r%f tdr; n ra; i fapypUe; J gy mE$yq; f s; fpilf;fpd;wd. • r%f tdr;nra;ifapy; gpujp$yq;fs; rpyTk; cs;sd. • FOthf ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tdr;nra;ifNa r%f tdr;nra;if vdg;gLk;. • kdpjupdhy; mtu; f sJ eyd; f is Nehf; f hff; nfhz; L nra; a g; g Lk; tdr; n ra; i f gq; N fw; G tdr;nra;if vdg;gLk;. • ,e;j tdr;nra;if njhFjpfspypUe;J mupkuk; rhuhj tdtsq;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd. • Kiwaw;w Kfhikj;Jtk;> ahidfspd; ml;lfhrk; Mfpad ,e;j tdr;nra;if Kiwfs; Njhy;tp miltjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 36.

(45) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • rupahd fhzpfisj; njupTnra; j y; > rupahd jhtuq; f isj; njupTnra; j y; Mfpad ,q; F Kf;fpakhf mikfpwJ. • rupahd guhkupg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; tdr;nra;ifia ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. • fhLfspypUe;J cw;gj;jpfisr; Nrfupf;Fk;NghJ jhtuq;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLtijf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 37.

(46) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Njh;r;rp 5. : epiyNgwhd Rw; w hlw; Rw; W yhf; ifj; n jhopypy; <LgLtjw;fhd Maj;jepiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1. : Rw;whlw; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; gw;wp tprhupjJ ; mwpthu;.. ghlNtisfs;. : 04. fw;ww; NgWfs;. : • kuGuP j pahd Rw; W yhf; ifj; n jhopypd; jw; f hy epiyik gw;wp tptupg;ghu;. • kuGuPjpahd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopSf;fhd rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;. • Rw;whly; Rw;Wyh ifj;njhopypd; gy;tifikia Ma;e;jwpthu;. • epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; gq;fspg;igf; $Wthu;.. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • kuGuPjpahd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Rw;whlw;; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; glq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.. • kuGuPjpahd> Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis khztuplk; tpdTf. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 38.

(47) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • ,yq;if Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; tuyhW Guhjd fhye;njhl;L ePz;L nry;fpwJ. • kuGuPjpahd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypUe;J gbg;gbahf ,yq;ifapy; Rw;whlr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypdg ; hy; ehl;lk; Vw;gl;L tUfpwJ. • Rw;whliy ikakhff; nfhz;lNj Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLfpwJ. • Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpfF ; cjTfpdw ; J. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • Rw;whlw;; ifj;njhopy; rhu;ej ; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • ,aw;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYk; tPujPur; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYk;. • tptrhar; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;. • Md;kPfr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;. • cq; f Sf; F j; jug; g l; l jiyg; G ld; njhlu; g hd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy tpsf;Ff. • mJ ghuk;gupa Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypYs;s rpff ; y;fs;> rthy;fs; Mfpatw;iw ntw;wn p; fhs;s vt;thW cjTfpwJ. • Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; ,d;wpaikahikia tpsf;fp mJ vt;thW epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpfF ; cjTfpwJ vd tpsf;Ff. • cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; . • me;epar; nryhtzpia <l;Ltjpy; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; gpujhd gq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ. • vdpDk;> kuGuPjpahd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSk; rthy;fSk; cs;sd. cjh - rthy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis NkYk; ftUjy;. gpur;rpid - ,aw;if tsq;fs; Nja;Twy;. • ,t;thwhd rpf;fy;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;. • ,aw;ifr; #oypd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspgG ; r; nra;jthW gpuNjrthrpfSf;F mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fj;jf;f tpjkhf ,aw;if tsq;fis kjpjj ; thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopNy Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopyhFk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 39.

(48) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. • ,aw;if tdg;G rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;. • tPujPur; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; • tptrhar; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; • Md;kPfr; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; • fyhrhur; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; • tpNrl Nehf;fNkJkpd;wp nghOJNghf;if kl;LNk ikakhff; nfhz;L #oy; rhu;e;jjhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ ,aw;if tdg;G rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLk;. • ,jd; N ghJ glg; g pbg; G fis Nkw; n fhs; s y; > ,aw;ifia ,urpj;jy;> gwitfis mtjhdpj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;. • kiyNaWjy;> fLk; miyfSf;fpilNa glNfhl;ly; Nghd;w tPujPur; nray;fs; nfhz;lit Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLk;. • tptrha Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ gpugy;akhfp tUfpwJ. • ,jd;NghJ tptrhar; nraw;ghLfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfspYk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; <LgLfpd;wdu;. • Md;kf P cs> cly; Rfj;ijg; ngWtjw;nfd ,aw;if tsq;fs; nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUfpd;wdu;. • ,J md;kPfr; Rw;Wyh vdg;gLk;. • ,jd;NghJ #ow;n ; whFjpapy; Nahfhrdk;> jpahdk; Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLtu;. • ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLgNthu; Md;kf P Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; vd miof;fg;gLtu;. • fyhrhu Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYk; Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;wyhf; ifnjhopypd; kw;nwhU tifahFk;. fpuhkpa kf;fspd; fyhrhuk;> ghuk;gupa mwpT> tho;fi ; f Kiwfs;> itj;jpa Kiwfs; Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisg; ngWtij Nehf;fhf nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Rw;Wyh fyhrhu Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLk;. • ,jd; % ykhf fpuhkpa kf; f Sf; F gy; N tW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpwd. cjh - tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;> Ntiytha;g;G. • vdpDk;> tUif jUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpy; khw;wk; VJk; eilngwhJ. • [g; g hdpd; kpdpkhw; w h efupy; cs; s fpuhkpa tho;fi ; ff;Nfhy mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafk; ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. • kuGuPjpahd Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; cs;s rpff ; y;fs;>. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 40.

(49) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. rthy;fs; Mfpatw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;s Rw;whly; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; cjTfpwJ. • ,jd;%ykhf gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. • cs;Su; kuGfs;> tuyhw;W kuGfs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;. • Rw;whliy mtjhdpj;jy; kfpo;Twy;. • fpuhkpa kf;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ij cau;jj ; cjTjy;. • Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ. • mjw; n fd gpd; t Uk; eltbf; i ffs; cjtpahf mikfpwJ. • maw;fpuhk kf;fSf;F nghUshjhu mE$yq;fs; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; fpilg;gjdhy; #ow;nwhFjp ghJfhf;fg;gly;. • Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gly;. • Rw;whlYf;F Vw;wtifapy; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gly;. • Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd mwpt+ll ; y; Ntiyj;jpll ; q;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 41.

(50) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2. :. ghlNtisfs;. : 04. fw;ww; NgWfs;. :. Rw;whlw; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; <Lglj;jf;f tha;g;Gfisf; fz;lwpthu;.. • Rw; w hly; rhu; e ; j Rw; W yhf; ifj; n jhopypd; mE$yq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;. • Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s gpuNjr uPjpahfTs;s tha;g;Gfisf; $Wthu;. • Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp Ma;e;jwpthu; • gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;Tfis Kd;nkhopthu;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw :ghlg; g puNtrk; • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd;NghJ ghu;itaplf;$ba ,lq;fs; gw;wpa gpdt ; Uk; glq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.. • Rw;whly; rhue;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYf;nfd gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tha;gG; fis tpsf;Ff. • gpdt ; Uk; tplaq;fs; ntspgg ; LkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf. • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl gy;NtW tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. • ,e;j tha;gG ; fspyUe;J cr;r gaidg; ngwj;jf;f tifapy; ,e;jf; ifj;njhopypy; <LgLtjd; %yk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. • vdpDk;> ,e;jf; ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk;NghJ gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs;> rthy;fs; Vw;glyhk;. ,r;rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;g;gjd;%yk; ,e;jf; ifj;njhopiy ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 42.

(51) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. fw; w Yf; f hd cj; N jr mwpTWj; j y; f s; • Rw; w hly; rhu; e ; j Rw; W yhf; ifj; n jhopiy Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. • capu; g ; g y; t ifik epiwe; j ftu; r ; r pfukhd ,lq;fs;. • tuyhw;W uPjpahd ,lq;fs;. • fpuhkpa tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; rhu;e;j ,lq;fs;. • cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,lj;jpy; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpy; Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;Gfis tpsf;Ff. • ,e; j ,lj; j py; Rw; w hly; rhu; e ; j Rw; W yhf; ifj;njhopypd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs; vitnad Kd;nkhopf. • mjd;NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f gpur;rpidfs;> mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f. • cq;fshy; Ma;ej ; wpag;gl;l tplaq;fis Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf. tplaq; f is tpsf; F tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; gpd;tUk; jug;gpdu; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdu;. • Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;. • ,aw;if #oy; Kfhikj;Jt epWtdq;fs;. • ,aw;if #oiy mz;ba gFjpfspy; trpfF ; k; kf;fs;. • Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;. • muRk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; njhlu;ghd mur epWtdq;fSk;. • murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;. • Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; <LgLtjd;%yk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;. • nghUshjhu mE$yk; - cjh - Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F trjpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;. • r%f mE$yk; - cjh - ehLfSf;fpilapy; njhlu;G Vw;gly;;. • fyhrhu mE$yk; - cjh - fpuhkpa kf;fspd; fyhrhuk; gw;wpa gpurhuk;. • Rw;whly; mE$yk; - cjh - #ow;fhg;G. • ,t;thwhd mE$yq;is toq;Fk; Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw; w yhf; ifj; n jhopy; NkYk; Nkk; g Lj; j g; g l Ntz;Lk;. • ,jw;nfd gpuNjruPjpahd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd ,jpy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. • capu;g; gy;tifik. • ftu;r;rpahd ,lq;fs;. • tuyhw;WuPjpahd ,lq;fs;. • fpuhkpa tho;f;iff; Nfhyk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 43.

(52) c apu; t sj; njhopDl; g tpay;. juk; 13. • ,yq;ifapd; mNdf ,lq;fspy; mjpf capu;g;gy;tifik fhzg;gLfpwJ. • ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;F Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. • rpq; f uh[hf; f hL capu; g ; g y; t ifik epiwe; j ,lkhFk;. • ntt; N tW ,lq; f spy; eP u ; t P o ; r ; r pfs; > MWfs; > jlhfq;fs; Nghd;w ftu;rr ; pfukhd ,lq;fs; cs;sd. • ,yq;if KOtJk; nka;Q;Qhd uPjpahd ngWkjp nfhz;l ,lq;fs; gue;J fhzg;gLfpwd. cjh - fyhrhu Kf;Nfhzj;ijr; rhu;ej ; gpuNjrq;fs;. • Rw; W yhg; gpuahzpfs; me; j ,lq; f is ehbr; nry;fpd;wdu;. • Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. • cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;. ,yq;ifapy; rpwg;ghd ngUe;njUf;fSk; Vida cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. • Rw;Wyhr; re;ijtha;g;G. rpwe;j Rw;Wyhr; re;ij tha;gG ; fs; fhzg;gbd; mJ Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;.; ,q;F fpuhkpa kf;fs; jq;fsJ cw;gj;jpfisr; re;ijg;gLj;j trjp fpilf;Fk;. • khDl tsq;fspd; gz;G. ,q;FtUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; Rw;whly; gw;Wf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. #ow;nwhFjp rhu;ej ; jhf thOk; fpuhkpa kf;fspd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; ntw;wpfF ; fhuzkhf mikAk;. • Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glyhk;. cjh • Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fhuzkhf #ow;ghjpgG ; Vw;glyhk;. • cl; f l; l ikg; G trjp Nkk; g Lj; j g; g Ltjdhy; ,aw;ifr; #oy; mopf;fg;glyhk;. • cs;Su; kf;fspd; fyhrhu milahsq;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;glyhk;. • mq;fpfspd; epyTiff;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;glyhk;. • ,g;ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;nfd gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. • jpl; l kpl; l > fl; L g; g hl; L ld; $ba Rw; W yhf; ifj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;sy;. • ,jw;nfd Rw;Wyhj;JiwAld; njhlu;ghd vy;yh jug;gpduJk; gq;fspg;igg; ngWjy;. • mtu;fSf;F ,Jgw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij mspg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b. 44.

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