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Productivity and foreign ownership in the UK car industry

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P

RODUCTIVITY AND

F

OREIGN

O

WNERSHIP IN

THE

UK C

AR

I

NDUSTRY

Rachel Griffith

THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES

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