EXPANDED SUMMARY_PROSECUTION.docx

2017

2017

ICC MOOT COURT COMPETITION

ICC MOOT COURT COMPETITION

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR 

THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR 

Team Number: 48 Team Number: 48 Total Wor !ou"t: Total Wor !ou"t:

#r$%$"al:

#r$%$"al: EnglishEnglish &ate: 24 'ebruar( 2017&ate: 24 'ebruar( 2017

THE APPEALS CHAMBER THE APPEALS CHAMBER

SITUATION RELATING TO VALARIA SITUATION RELATING TO VALARIA

IN THE CASE OF IN THE CASE OF TARRION BANNISTER  TARRION BANNISTER 

The Office of the Prosector!s S"#issions in the The Office of the Prosector!s S"#issions in the

A$$e%l fro# the Pre&Tri%l Ch%#"er!s 'ecision on Confir#%tion of Ch%rges A$$e%l fro# the Pre&Tri%l Ch%#"er!s 'ecision on Confir#%tion of Ch%rges

%g%inst 'efen(%nt T%rion B%nnister of V%l%ri% %g%inst 'efen(%nt T%rion B%nnister of V%l%ri%

TABLE OF CONTENTS T%"le of Contents))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))* List of A""re+i%tions)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))), In(e- of Athorities)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))). STATEMENT of F%cts)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))/ Isses R%ise()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0 S##%r1 of Arg#ents)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2 3ritten %rg#ents))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))44

I) THE COURT HAS 5URIS'ICTION OVER THE CASE6 CONSI'ERING THAT THE

INTERIM MILITAR7 REGIME6 BEING THE LA3FUL GOVERNMENT OF VALARIA6 3AS COMPETENT TO ACCEPT THE 5URIS'ICTION OF THE HONORABLE COURT ON

BEHALF OF VALARIA... 11

A) The Interi# Go+ern#ent Possesses the C%$%cit1 to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the Cort A$$l1ing the Politic%l Test %n( the Effecti+e Control Test U$hel( in the A$$lic%tion of Eg1$t to this Cort... 11

i) The Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% Possesses Sfficient Intern%tion%l Recognition "1 UN& Me#"er St%tes to Constitte Pro$er Athorit1 "1 8hich to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the

Cort)... 12

ii) The Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% E-ercises Effecti+e Control o+er V%l%ri%)...13

B) In An1 C%se6 Effecti+e Control is the Pri#%r1 Consi(er%tion in the 'eter#in%tion of the Go+ern#ent 8hich #%1 Legiti#%tel1 Re$resent % St%te9 the Interi# Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent Being the Entit1 E-ercising Effecti+e Control it is the Legiti#%te Re$resent%ti+e of V%l%ri%)...15

C) The Honor%"le Cort is Co#$etent to Rle on the Legiti#%c1 of the Interi# Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% for the Li#ite( Pr$ose of 'eter#ining 5ris(iction o+er the C%se6 lest % Leg%l V%c# 3ol( Reslt6 There"1 Ren(ering the Res$onsi"le Persons Effecti+el1 I##ne fro# Cri#in%l Prosection)... 17

II) THE 'OTHROC:7 RI'ER!S :ILLING OF ,6;;; VER'ACHE PEOPLE IS GENOCI'E

PURSUANT TO ARTICLE .<A= OF THE STATUTE...18

A) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers :ille( Fi+e Thos%n( Ver(%che Peo$le)...18

B) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ 3hich M%1 "e the S"?ect of Genoci(e)....19

i) The Ver(%che Peo$le %re %n Ethnic Gro$ %s Tr%(ition%ll1 'efine( in Prosector +)

A>e1es... 19

ii) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ Accor(ing to the Pre+%iling 'efinition of %n Ethnic Gro$ in Intern%tion%l L%8...20

C) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers T%rgete( their Victi#s %s Me#"ers of the Ver(%che Peo$le)...22

') The Att%c>s Ag%inst the Ver(%che Peo$le Too> Pl%ce in the Conte-t of % M%nifest P%ttern of Si#il%r Con(ct 'irecte( Ag%inst the Ver(%che %s % Gro$)...23

III) TARION BANNISTER IS NOT E@CLU'E' FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILIT7 FOR

ACTS COMMITE' 3HEN HE 3AS ALREA'7 40 7EARS OL' REGAR'LESS OF HIS

A) The Age of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 is Cle%rl1 Sti$l%te( in Article 0 of the St%te %n( %s sch T%rion B%nnister #%1 "e hel( Accont%"le for the Cri#es Ch%rge(...25

B) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of 'ress n(er Article *4<4=<(=... 26

C) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of Ment%l 'efect or 'ise%se n(er Article *4<4=<%=... 27

') 'efenses on E-clsion of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 %re E+i(enti%r1 M%tters Reiring

Sfficient A(#ission of E+i(ence)... 28 S"#issions)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))*;

E@PAN'E' SUMMAR7 OF ARGUMENTS

I) THE COURT HAS 5URIS'ICTION OVER THE CASE6 CONSI'ERING THAT THE INTERIM MILITAR7 REGIME6 BEING THE LA3FUL GOVERNMENT OF VALARIA6 3AS COMPETENT TO ACCEPT THE 5URIS'ICTION OF THE HONORABLE COURT ON BEHALF OF VALARIA

A) The Interi# Go+ern#ent Possesses the C%$%cit1 to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the Cort A$$l1ing the Effecti+e Control Test %n( the Politic%l Test U$hel( in the A$$lic%tion of Eg1$t to this Cort

A))l($"% t*e tests u)*el $" t*e a))l$cat$o" o+ E%()t to acce)t t*e ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e court- t*e "e. I"ter$m Go/er"me"t $s t*e e"t$t( .*$c* eerc$ses t*e reu$s$te

aut*or$t( a" )ossesses t*e +ull )o.ers to act o" be*al+ o+ t*e state o+ alar$a3

I" a s$m$lar s$tuat$o" $" E%()t $" 201- t*e E%()t$a" Arm( !*$e+ Abel 'atta* el5S$s$ le t*e mo/eme"t to o/ert*ro. t*e emocrat$call(5electe 6ors$ %o/er"me"t1_{3 T*e}

!ourt u)*el t*e re,ect$o" o+ t*e #++$ce o+ t*e Prosecutor .*e" $t re,ecte a" attem)t  b( 6o*amme 6ors$- t*e +$rst emocrat$call( electe )res$e"t o+ E%()t- to $"/oe

t*e !ourts ,ur$s$ct$o" o/er *$s cou"tr( u"er art$cle 129- t*e #++$ce o+ t*e

Prosecutor co"clue t*at .*e" 6ors$ +$le t*e eclarat$o"- *$s %o/er"me"t ;"e$t*er eerc$se t*e reu$s$te aut*or$t(- "or .ere t*e( $" )ossess$o" o+ ;+ull )o.ers<- o"  be*al+ o+ t*e State o+ E%()t<2_{3 S$m$larl( $" alar$a- Pres$e"t =e,o( o+ t*e}

Steelbor" %o/er"me"t .*o orere t*e +orc$ble uas*$"% o+ )rotesters result$"% $" $ll$"%s o+ )rotesters $" alar$a _{a" $" &ecember 201> t*e Nat$o"al Arm( o+ alar$a}

success+ull( ouste t*e =e,o( %o/er"me"t4_{- a" t*e" a+ter $ssol/e t*e Steelbor"5}

om$"ate )ar$alme"t>₃

T*e #++$ce o+ t*e Prosecutor co"s$ere t.o cr$ter$a $" eterm$"$"% t*e %o/er"me"t o+ a state +or )ur)oses o+ acce)t$"% ,ur$s$ct$o"- $t a))l$e )r$mar$l( t*e ;e++ect$/e co"trol test< re+err$"% to t*e e"t$t( .*$c* $s $" +act $" co"trol o+ a state?s terr$tor(@ _a"

a$t$o"all( co"s$ere a ;)ol$t$cal test<7 _{re+err$"% to t*e reco%"$t$o" o+ U"$te}

 Nat$o"s member5states 9t*e UN be$"% t*e e)os$tar( o+ t*e =ome Statute

1 T*e Guar$a" U- BHo. 6o*ame 6ors$- E%()ts +$rst electe )res$e"t- e"e u) o" eat* ro.B b( Patr$c $"%sle(- 01 Cu"e 201>

2 T*e eterm$"at$o" o+ t*e #++$ce o+ t*e Prosecutor o" t*e commu"$cat$o" rece$/e $" relat$o" to E%()t-#TP I!!D see also Sc*abas- T*e I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourt: A !omme"tar( o" t*e =ome Statute )a%e @25@

3 =ecor at 3@

4 =ecor at 

5 =ecor at 38

6 Sc*abas- T*e I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourt: A !omme"tar( o" t*e =ome Statute )a%e @25@

i) TheEffecti+e Control Test is the Pri#%r1 Consi(er%tion in the

'eter#in%tion of the Go+ern#ent 8hich #%1 Legiti#%tel1 Re$resent % St%te9 the Interi# Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent Being the Entit1 E-ercising Effecti+e Control it is the Legiti#%te Re$resent%ti+e of V%l%ri%)

T*e %o/er"me"t eerc$s$"% e++ect$/e co"trol o/er t*e States terr$tor( a" $ts  )eo)le8_{*as t*e sole r$%*t to re)rese"t t*e State be+ore t*e U"$te Nat$o"s}

9;UN< a" $ts or%a"s_{- t*e UN be$"% t*e e)os$tar( o+ t*e !ourt- $t l$e.$se}

+ollo.s t*at t*e e"t$t( ca)able o+ acce)t$"% $ts ,ur$s$ct$o" $s t*e e"t$t( .*$c* ma( re)rese"t t*e state $" t*e UN10₃

6oreo/er- t*e sta"ar *as lo"% bee" ac"o.le%e11 _{9s$"ce t*e se/e"tee"t*}

a" e$%*tee"t* ce"tur(12_{ a" a))l$e b( /ar$ous tr$bu"als across le%al}

tra$t$o"s31 _{T*$s $s because $t $s a" ob,ect$/e test t*at $m)l$es "o moral or}

 )ol$t$cal a))ro/al o+ t*e %o/er"me"t $" uest$o"314 _{I" co"trast- ot*er}

sta"ars suc* as ;emocrat$c le%$t$mac(<1>_{- ;E)ress$o" o+ Po)ular}

8 SHAW- I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW 4>4 92008D  A!F#=#WSA- PULI! I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW 28 920103

9 &ra+t =es3 @9 )- U3N3 &oc3AA!38L34> 9No/3 21- 1>0- cited in =ot*- Secession, Coups and the  International Rule of Law- 11 6EL3 C3 I NTL L3 1-1 920103

10 &eterm$"at$o" o+ t*e #++$ce o+ t*e Prosecutor o" t*e commu"$cat$o" rece$/e $" relat$o" to E%()t- #TP I!!- )ara 

11 HIGGINS- THE &EEL#P6ENT #' I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW TH=#UGH THE P#LITI!AL #=GANS #' THE

U NITE& NATI#NS 14-147 917D LAUTE=PA!HT- = E!#GNITI#N IN I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW 85102 91473

12 Lauter)ac*t )81D Grot$us- &e Cure ell$ Ac Pac$s L$br$ Tres 91@2>- b II- c3 I )ar IIID ("ers*oe-JUAESTI#NE6 CU=IS PULI!I &U#- b3 II- c3III- 20>

13 T$"oco Arb$trat$o"- 1 =3I3A3A3 @ 912D =e)ubl$c o+ Somal$a /3 Woo*ouse &rae a" !are( 9Su$sse SA- >4 J33 @45 91D =e)ubl$c o+ Peru /3 Peru/$a" Gua"o !o3- @ !*3 &3 47 918873

14 HIGGINS- supra "31 , at 1483

15 No.rot K Sc*abacer- The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Leal Implications of the  !C"#$S Inter%ention in Sierra Leone- 14 A63 U3 I NTL L3 = E3 21-@ 918D !oll$"s K !ole-  Reime

 Leitimation in Instances of Coup&Caused 'o%ernments&in&!(ile: The Cases of residents *a+arios and  $ristide, > C3 I NTL L3 K P=A!TI!E 1-20 91@D P$erce- The aitian Crisis and the Future of Collecti%e

!o"se"t<1@ _{or ;Subseue"t Le%$t$m$Mat$o" b( Po)ular ote<}17_{- *a/e "ot}

%a$"e acce)ta"ce $" t*e $"ter"at$o"al commu"$t( ue to $"co"s$ste"c$es o+ $"ter)retat$o" a" )ract$ce318 _{T*e co"ce)t a" e+$"$t$o" o+ emocrac( $s "ot}

(et u"$/ersal a" $"ter"at$o"al )ract$ce re/eals t*at ma"( u"emocrat$c %o/er"me"ts *a/e bee" reco%"$Me as le%$t$mate- e/e" u"er suc* a sta"ar31 _{E/e" .*e" t*e c*a"%e $s o+ a re/olut$o"ar( c*aracter a"}

accom)a"$e b( /$ole"ce 5 t*e uest$o" $s .*et*er t*e "e. %o/er"me"t $s a" e++ect$/e %o/er"me"t 9$" e++ect$/e co"trol because so +ar as $"ter"at$o"al la. $s co"cer"e- t*e le%al$t( o+ t*e re/olut$o" .*$c* resulte $" t*e "e.

%o/er"me"ts acu$s$t$o" o+ co"trol $s $rrele/a"t20₃

T*e e"t$t( .*$c* $s $" +act co"trol o+ a state?s terr$tor( a" e",o(s t*e *ab$tual obe$e"ce o+ t*e bul o+ t*e )o)ulat$o"21 _{$s t*e e"t$t( .*$c* )ossesses}

e++ect$/e co"trol o/er alar$a3 Hab$tual obe$e"ce- be$"% t*e )o)ulat$o"s obe$e"ce o+ t*e la.s t*e %o/er"me"t e"+orces- le"s /al$$t( to a

%o/er"me"t because $t co"st$tutes a +orm o+ )o)ular co"se"t322 _{T*e $"ter$m}

m$l$tar( %o/er"me"t e",o(s t*e *ab$tual obe$e"ce o+ t*e bul o+ t*e  )o)ulat$o"3 T*e eclarat$o" o+ alle%$a"ce o+ t*e Nat$o"al Pol$ce $"$cates

co"trol o/er t*e terr$tor( o+ alar$a a" $ts )eo)le- as suc* $"creases t*e coerc$/e ca)ab$l$t$es o+ t*e $"ter$m %o/er"me"t t*ereb( $"creas$"% t*e

 )ro)e"s$t( o+ $ts $"*ab$ta"ts to obe( t*e la. .*$c* t*e( e"+orce2_{3 All t*ese $"}

16 Lauter)ac*t )8>>

17 Lauter)ac*t )8@2

18 =#WNLIE- THE = ULE #' LAW IN I NTE=NATI#NAL A''AI=S >5@2 918D !=AW'#=&- &E6#!=A! IN

I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW 2052 913

19 Talmo"- #ho is a Leitimate 'o%ernment&in&!(ile- Towards .ormati%e Criteria for 'o%ernmental  Leitimacy in International Law, in THE = EALIT #' I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW: ESSAS IN H#N#= #' IAN

=#WNLIE 4 9Goo.$"5G$ll K Talmo" es3- 13

20 Lauter)ac*t )820

21 Sc*abas

22 = #TH- G#E=N6ENTAL ILLEGITI6A! IN I NTE=NATI#NAL LAW 140 913

a$t$o" to t*e co"t$"uous am$"$strat$o" o+ %o/er"me"tal +u"ct$o"s o/er t*e terr$tor( $"$cate t*at $t $s t*e I"ter$m 6$l$tar( Go/er"me"t .*$c* eerc$ses e++ect$/e co"trol o/er alar$a3

As .as *el $" t*e c$rcumsta"ces o+ E%()t- $t must be s$m$larl( *el t*at t*e $"ter$m m$l$tar( %o/er"me"t o+ alar$a $s t*e e"t$t( .*$c* )ossesses t*e 'ull Po.ers to e"ter $"to relat$o"s .$t* t*e $"ter"at$o"al commu"$t( a" "ot t*e e$le Steelbor" +ormer %o/er"me"t3 To *ol ot*er.$se .$ll create a le%all( absur s$tuat$o" .*ere$" o"e e"t$t( *as )utat$/e aut*or$t( a" eerc$ses e++ect$/e co"trol o/er t*e terr$tor( o+ a state- .*$le a"ot*er com)et$"% aut*or$t( reta$"s $"ter"at$o"al treat(5ma$"% ca)ac$t(24₃

ii) Prs%nt to the Politic%l Test of the OTP6 The Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% Possesses Sfficient Intern%tion%l Recognition "1 UN& Me#"er St%tes to Constitte Pro$er Athorit1 "1 8hich to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the Cort)

T*e re)rese"tat$/es o+ t*e $"ter$m m$l$tar( %o/er"me"t o+ alar$a are t*e act$"% re)rese"tat$/es o+ t*e state o+ alar$a $" t*e U"$te Nat$o"s2> _{a" *a/e}

t*e )ro)er aut*or$t( to act o" be*al+ o+ a" b$" t*e state o+ alar$a $" t*e U"$te Nat$o"s u"t$l suc* aut*or$t( to occu)( suc* seat $s re/oe3

I" t*e case o+ t*e A))l$cat$o" o+ E%()t- t*e #TP also too $"to co"s$erat$o" a )ol$t$cal test2@ _{.*$c* re+ers to .*et*er or "ot a %o/er"me"t $s reco%"$Me}

 b( U"$te Nat$o"s member5states 9t*e UN be$"% t*e e)os$tar( o+ t*e =ome Statute3 T*e occu)at$o" o+ E%()ts seat b( t*e re)rese"tat$/es o+ t*e "e. m$l$tar(5$"stalle %o/er"me"t .as tae" b( t*e #TP as a clear $"$cat$o" t*ere $s a su++$c$e"t "umber o+ UN5member states t*at reco%"$Me t*e "e. m$l$tar(5$"stalle %o/er"me"t as t*e %o/er"me"t o+ E%()t3 Suc* +$"$"% o+ t*e #TP .as u)*el b( t*e !ourt27_{3 T*e UN Ge"eral Assembl( acce)te}

24 Prosecut$o"?s &ec$s$o" o" t*e &eclarat$o" u"er Art$cle 129 a" !om)la$"t re%ar$"% I"ter"at$o"al !r$mes !omm$tte $" E%()t

25 =ecor at 

26 Schabas

.$t*out a /ote- t*e cree"t$als o+ t*e E%()t$a" ele%at$o"- le b( t*e$r "e. 'ore$%" 6$"$ster- 6r Nab$l 'a*m(28₃

T*e I"ter$m 6$l$tar( Go/er"me"ts occu)a"c( o+ alar$as seat $" t*e UN-t*e +act t*at UN-t*ere *as bee" "o susta$"e c*alle"%e to UN-t*e le%$t$mac( o+ UN-t*e I"ter$m 6$l$tar( Go/er"me"t be+ore t*e U"$te Nat$o"s Secretar$at b( t*e e)ose =e,o( or a"( ot*er +act$o"- a" t*e reco%"$t$o" a" susta$"e eco"om$c relat$o"s .$t* +ort( states- all e/$e"ce t*at t*ere $s su++$c$e"t reco%"$t$o" +rom UN5member states o+ t*e le%$t$mac( o+ t*e I"ter$m 6$l$tar( Go/er"me"t o+ alar$a3

6oreo/er- t*e $"ter$m m$l$tar( %o/er"me"t o+ alar$as co"t$"ue $)lomat$c a" eco"om$c relat$o"s .$t* 40 states2_{- suc* +act o+ $)lomat$c relat$o"s}

e/$e"ces t*e reco%"$t$o" o+ t*ese 40 states o+ t*e "e. $"ter$m %o/er"me"t as t*e %o/er"me"t o+ alar$a3 T*e "o"5reco%"$t$o" b( some o+ alar$as +ormer trae )art"ers suc* as Ju$rt*0 _{oes "ot a++ect t*e I"ter$m Go/er"me"ts}

ca)ac$t( to re)rese"t t*e state o+ alar$a as reco%"$t$o" $s "ot $"$cat$/e o+ a %o/er"me"ts aut*or$t( to re)rese"t a State31

A) The Honor%"le Cort is Co#$etent to Rle on the Legiti#%c1 of the Interi# Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% for the Li#ite( Pr$ose of 'eter#ining 5ris(iction o+er the C%se6 lest % Leg%l V%c# 3ol( Reslt6 There"1 Ren(ering the Res$onsi"le Persons Effecti+el1 I##ne fro# Cri#in%l Prosection)

I"ter"at$o"al la. la(s o." t*e rule t*at t*e State a" $ts obl$%at$o"s rema$" t*e same "ot*.$t*sta"$"% co"st$tut$o"al or %o/er"me"tal c*a"%es- re/olut$o"ar( or

28 Guar$a" U 

29 =ecor at 310

30 =ecor at 310

31T$"oco Arb$trat$o"- supra "314D Sal$mo++ /3 Sta"ar #$l- 2@2 N33 220-224 91D Gross-  *emorandum on Reconition of .ew States and 'o%ernments in alestine, in  '#=EIGN = ELATI#NS #' THE U NITE& STATES

ot*er 2_{3 Ge"oc$e $s a ,us co%e"s "orm t*at ca""ot be reser/e o+ ero%ate}

+rom

T*e re)rese"tat$/es o+ t*e Ne. I"ter$m 6$l$tar( Go/er"me"t "o. occu)(-t*ou%* )ro/$s$o"all(- t*e seat o+ alar$a $" t*e UN4_{- +ormer Pres$e"t =e,o(s}

Steelbor"5om$"ate %o/er"me"t .oul "ot be able to e)os$t a" $"strume"t o+ access$o" to t*e Statue o" be*al+ o+ t*e State o+ alar$a s*oul *e see to o soD +or t*e !ourt to rule t*at Pres$e"t =e,o(s %o/er"me"t $s t*e %o/er"me"t o+ alar$a .oul e++ect$/el( create a s$tuat$o" .*ere "e$t*er t*e =e,o( %o/er"me"t 9.*o "o lo"%er occu)$es statess seat $" t*e UN- a" as suc* ca""ot e)os$t a" $"strume"t o+ access$o" to t*e Statute>_{ "or t*e "e. I"ter$m 6$l$tar( %o/er"me"t}

9.*o curre"tl( occu)$es alar$as seat $" t*e UN but .oul "ot be reco%"$Me b( t*e !ourt as *a/$"% t*e aut*or$t( to acce)t t*e !ourts ,ur$s$ct$o" .oul be able to com)l( to acce)t t*e ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e !ourt "or )rosecute t*e cr$mes a%a$"st *uma"$t( a" %e"oc$e $m)ute $" a"( ot*er tr$bu"al or court3 T*$s .oul

e++ect$/el( create a le%al /acuum re"er$"% t*e )erso"s res)o"s$ble +or t*e eat*s o+ t*ousa"s o+ alar$a"s e++ect$/el( $mmu"e +rom le%al )rosecut$o"3

.$t* t*e $ts era omnes obl$%at$o" to )rosecute %e"oc$e a" cr$mes a%a$"st *uma"$t( +ollo.$"% t*e aut dedere aut /udicare )r$"c$)le- mea"$"% t*at t*e state must e$t*er )rosecute or etra$te t*e accuse to +ace )rosecut$o" else.*ere3

II) THE 'OTHROC:7 RI'ER!S :ILLING OF ,6;;; VER'ACHE PEOPLE IS GENOCI'E PURSUANT TO ARTICLE .<A= OF THE STATUTE

It $s u"$s)ute $" t*e recor t*at t*ere .ere $ll$"%s o+ >-000 members o+ t*e erac*e  )eo)le@_{D a" t*e $ll$"% o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le sat$s+( t*e eleme"ts o+ t*e cr$me eluc$ate}

$" Art$cle @9a3 T*ese eleme"ts are 91 t*at t*e )er)etrator $lle o"e or more )erso"sD 92 32 Lauter)ac*t )821D Grot$us- &e Cure ell$ Ac Pac$s L$br$ Tres 91@2>- b II- c3 I )ar III: BNeue re+ert uomo"o %uber"etur3 3 3 Iem e"$m est )o)ulus =oma"us sub re%$bus- co"sul$bus- $m)erator$bus3B

33

34 =ecor at 

35 Prosecut$o"?s &ec$s$o" o" t*e &eclarat$o" u"er Art$cle 129 a" !om)la$"t re%ar$"% I"ter"at$o"al !r$mes !omm$tte $" E%()t

t*at Suc* )erso" or )erso"s belo"%e to a )art$cular "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al or rel$%$ous %rou)D 9 t*at t*e )er)etrator $"te"e to estro(- $" .*ole or $" )art- t*at "at$o"al- et*"$cal-rac$al or rel$%$ous %rou)- as suc*D a" 94 t*at t*e co"uct too )lace $" t*e co"tet o+ a ma"$+est )atter" o+ s$m$lar co"uct $recte a%a$"st %rou) or .as co"uct t*at coul $tsel+ e++ect suc* estruct$o"37

A) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers :ille( Fi+e Thos%n( Ver(%che Peo$le)

T*e +$rst eleme"t o+ %e"oc$e $s t*at $s t*e )er)etrator $lle o"e or more )erso"s- $" t*e s$tuat$o" $" alar$a $t $s clear +rom t*e recor t*at "earl( +$/e t*ousa" erac*e  )eo)le .ere $lle across t*e State o+ alar$a $" a ser$es o+ attacs )la""e a"

coor$"ate b( Co*" Sleet bet.ee" 4 &ecember 201> a" 2> Ca"uar( 201@38 _{It $s}

l$e.$se clear +rom t*e recor t*at t*e ob,ect$o"s o+ t*e &e+e"se o "ot )erta$" to t*e sub,ect5matter ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e court- rat*er t*e$r ob,ect$o" $s to t*e ual$+$cat$o" o+  suc* $m)ute $ll$"%s as %e"oc$e3

B) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ 3hich M%1 "e the S"?ect of  Genoci(e)

T*e /$ct$ms .ere s$"%le out a" attace ue to t*e$r be$"% erac*e- .*at t*e e+e"se $s)utes $s t*e class$+$cat$o" o+ t*e erac*e as a )rotecte %rou) .*$c* comes .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ %e"oc$e40 _{as t*e a+oreme"t$o"e e+$"$t$o" o+}

%e"oc$e )rotects +our classes o+ %rou)s "amel(: "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al- a" rel$%$ous %rou)s41_{3 T*e erac*e )eo)le +all .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$cal}

%rou)- a )rotecte %rou) .*$c* +alls .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ %e"oc$e3

i) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ Accor(ing to the Pre+%iling 'efinition of %n Ethnic Gro$ in Intern%tion%l L%8

I+ t*e court +$"s t*at $t $s "ot )ersuas$/e t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le +all .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$cal %rou) as co"tem)late $" Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu-36 Recor !ara 3

37 Eleme"ts o+ !r$mes Art$cle @9a

38 =ecor at 

39 =ecor at 8

40 =ecor at

t*e )rosecutor res)ect+ull( subm$ts t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le are st$ll a  )rotecte %rou) t*at +alls u"er t*e )rotect$o"s o+ Ge"oc$e3 W*$le $"

Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu t*e I!T= *a l$m$te %e"oc$e to "at$o"al- et*"$cal-rac$al- a" rel$%$ous %rou)s- t*e /er( same tr$al c*amber $" t*e subseue"t case o+ Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a seeme to *e%e $ts remars some.*at42

-stat$"% t*at: BIt a))ears t*at +rom a rea$"% o+ t*e tra/au )re)arator$es o+ t*e Ge"oc$e !o"/e"t$o" t*at certa$" %rou)s- suc* as )ol$t$cal a" eco"om$c %rou)s *a/e bee" eclue +rom t*e )rotecte %rou)s- because t*e( are

co"s$ere to be ?mob$le %rou)s? .*$c* o"e ,o$"s t*rou%* $"$/$ual- )ol$t$cal comm$tme"t3 T*at .oul seem to su%%est a co"trar$o" t*at t*e !o"/e"t$o" .as )resumabl( $"te"e to co/er relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t %rou)s4_3B

T*e erac*e )eo)le are "e$t*er a )ol$t$cal or eco"om$c %rou)D t*e( clearl( com)r$se a relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t %rou) as t*e erac*e )eo)le *a/e e$ste +or *u"res o+ (ears44 _{.*$c* $s e/e" lo"%er t*a" t*e )er$o o+}

e$ste"ce o+ some states toa(3

#t*er aut*or$t$es co"+$rm t*at t*e class$+$cat$o" o+ .*at co"st$tutes )rotecte %rou)s must rece$/e a more $"clus$/e e+$"$t$o"4>_{D t*e U"$te Nat$o"s &ar+ur}

!omm$ss$o" state t*at Bt*e a))roac* tae" to eterm$"e .*et*er a %rou) $s a )rotecte o"e *as e/ol/e +rom a" ob,ect$/e to a sub,ect$/e sta"ar to tae $"to accou"t t*at collect$/e $e"t$t$es- a" $" )art$cular et*"$c$t(- are b( t*e$r /er( "ature soc$al co"structs- ?$ma%$"e? $e"t$t$es e"t$rel( e)e"e"t o" /ar$able a" co"t$"%e"t )erce)t$o"s a" "ot soc$al +acts- .*$c* are /er$+$able $" t*e same ma""er as "atural )*e"ome"a or )*(s$cal +acts4@₃

&ec$s$o"s subseue"t to Aa(esu *a/e %o"e a%a$"st Aa(esu?s )reom$"a"tl( ob,ect$/e a))roac* $" e+$"$"% t*e )rotecte %rou)s o+ %e"oc$e a" *a/e mo/e to.ars a more sub,ect$/e )er)etrator5base a))roac* or t*e

co"tetual a))roac*3 T*e rat$o"ale +or suc* *as bee" eluc$ate $" Prosecutor  42 Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer

43 Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Cu%eme"t- Tr$al !*amber- @ &ecember 13 Also Prosecutor /3 6usema- !ase No3 I!T=5@515T- Cu%eme"t- Tr$al !*amber- 27 Ca"uar( 2000- )ara3 1@23

44 =ecor at )ar 34

45 Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer 

46 =e)3 o+ t*e I"t?l !omm$ss$o" o+ I"u$r( o" &ar+ur to t*e U"$te Nat$o"s Secretar(5Ge"eral- Pursua"t S! =es3 1>@4 o+ 18 Se)tember 2004- Ge"e/a- 2> Ca"uar( 200>- )ara3 443 See also Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer3

/3 Cel$s$c .*$c* states t*at Bto attem)t to e+$"e a "at$o"al- et*"$cal- or

rel$%$ous %rou) toa( us$"% ob,ect$/e a" sc$e"t$+$call( $rre)roac*able cr$ter$a .oul be a )er$lous eerc$se .*ose result .oul "ot "ecessar$l( corres)o" to t*e )erce)t$o" o+ t*e )erso"s co"cer"e b( suc* cate%or$sat$o"47_{3< 'urt*er}

$" a($s*ema a" =uM$"aa"a- t*e I!T= .oul also *a/e $"clue at least u"er t*e cate%or( o+ ?et*"$c %rou)s? a %rou) .*$c* $st$"%u$s*es $tsel+- as suc* 9sel+5$e"t$+$cat$o"D or- a %rou) $e"t$+$e as suc* b( ot*ers- $"clu$"%  )er)etrators o+ t*e cr$mes 9$e"t$+$cat$o" b( ot*ers48_{3 T*$s a))roac* .$ll}

later be re+erre to b( t*e I!T= $" Prosecutor /3 Sema"Ma as t*e co"tetual a))roac* .*ere$" $t rules t*at %rou) $e"t$+$cat$o" ;ou%*t to be assesse o" a case5b(5case bas$s b( re+ere"ce to t*e ob,ect$/e )art$culars o+ a %$/e" soc$al a" *$stor$cal co"tet- a" b( t*e sub,ect$/e )erce)t$o"s o+ t*e )er)etrator 4_3<

I" Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- t*e I!T= /eere a.a( +rom $ts str$ctl( ob,ect$/e a))roac* $" Aa(esu- allo.$"% +or )er)etrator5base or /$ct$m5base

 )erce)t$o" a))roac* .$t* ue co"s$erat$o"- ac"o.le%$"% t*at .*$le a  )urel( ob,ect$/e e+$"$t$o" .oul )ro/e )er$l$ous- a sub,ect$/e e+$"$t$o"

alo"e .oul l$e.$se be eeme $"su++$c$e"t because t*e %rou)s *a to be relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t>0_{3 T*e erac*e )eo)le meet t*e sta"ars set}

+ort* $" =uta%a"a a" t*e subseue"t %e"oc$e cases3 T*e( meet t*e ob,ect$/e eleme"t o+ relat$/e stab$l$t( a" )erma"e"ce- *a/$"% e$ste +or *u"res o+ (ears>1_{D as .ell as meet$"% t*e sub,ect$/e eleme"ts suc* as /$ct$m}

sel+5$e"t$+$cat$o" 9t*e erac*e *a/$"% $solate t*emsel/es as a $st$"ct %rou) a" l$/$"% outs$e o+ c$t$es a" /$lla%es>2_{- a" us$"% t*e )er)etrator5}

 base a))roac* are $e"t$+$e b( t*e )er)etrators as a %rou) $st$"%u$s*e b(

47 Prosecutor /3 Cel$s$c- !ase No3 IT5>5105A- Cu%eme"t- 14 &ecember 1- )ara370

48 Prosecutor / !lme"t a($s*ema a" #be =uM$"a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5>515T- I!T= T3 !*3- Cu%me"t-21 6a( 1- )ara 8

49 Prosecutor / Laure"t Sema"Ma- !ase No3 I!T=575205T- I!T= T3 !*3- Cu%me"t- 1> 6a( 200- )ara 173

50 Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Cu%eme"t- @ &ecember 1- )ara3 >7

51 =ecor at 34

 be$"% t*$r %e"ere 9as t*e( *a/e bee" soc$all( reco%"$Me as a $st$"ct %e"er %rou) $" alar$a +or *u"res o+ (ears>_3

ii) The Ver(%che Peo$le %re %n Ethnic Gro$ e+en Un(er the 'efinition For8%r(e( in Prosector +) A>e1es

As e+$"e $" Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu- a" et*"$c %rou) $s e+$"e as a ;%rou) .*ose members s*are a commo" la"%ua%e or culture<>4_{3 T*e erac*e}

 )eo)le *a/e e/elo)e a *ea/$l( acce"te $alect o+ t*e alar$a" la"%ua%e>>

-t*e$r members o $"ee s*are a commo" la"%ua%e3 6oreo/er- t*e erac*e  )eo)le s*are a $st$"ct culture- .$t* ma"( u"$ue customs a" $st$"ct$/e

clot*$"%>@_{3 W*$le t*e erac*e )eo)le are )r$mar$l( $e"t$+$e b( t*e$r be$"%}

;t*$r %e"er )eo)le< or t*ose .*o $e"t$+( "e$t*er as male "or +emale>7

-suc* c*aracter$Mat$o" $s "ot eclus$/el( ue to t*e$r %e"er but rat*er t*e$r %e"er $" a$t$o" to t*e$r cultural s)ec$+$c$t( a" u"$ue"ess3 T*ere are ma"( t*$r %e"er )eo)le across t*e %lobe- $+ %e"er .ere t*e sole cr$ter$o" o+ members*$) t*e" all t*$r %e"er )eo)le .oul be members o+ t*e

erac*e but to t*e co"trar( t*ere are ma"( ot*er t*$r %e"er )eo)le t*at +orm %rou)s culturall( $st$"ct +rom o"e a"ot*er3 L$e t*e H$,ras o+ I"$a-a"%laes* a" Pa$sta"- t*e 'aa+a+$"e o+ Pol("es$a- t*e S.or" $r%$"s o+ t*e ala"s- t*e erac*e amo"% Nat$/e Amer$ca" tr$bes>8_{- t*e erac*e}

 )eo)le l$e.$se *a/e a $st$"ct culture3 E/e" amo"%st ;t*$r %e"er< )eo)le-t*e H$,ras- 'aa+a+$"e- a" erac*e )eo)le eac* *a/e a culture $st$"ct +rom o"e a"ot*er a" $st$"ct +rom t*e "at$o"al$t$es .*$c* t*e( belo"%3

T*e H$,ras .*o *a/e e$ste +or more t*a" 4-000 (ears *a/e rel$%$ous or$%$"s as e/otees o+ u*uc*ara 6ata 9a /ers$o" o+ t*e I"$a" mot*er %oess t*e( tae o" a $st$"ct more +em$"$"e .a( o+ ress a" b( a" emasculat$o"

r$tual-53 =ecor at 34

54 I!T=- T*e Prosecutor /3 Aa(esu- !ase No3 I!T=5@545T- Cu%me"t 92 Se)tember 18- )ara3 >13

55 =ecor at 

56 =ecor at 34

57 =ecor at 

*$,ras are bel$e/e to be /e*$cles o+ t*e %oess?s )o.er >_{3 #" t*e ot*er *a"}

+or t*e 'aa+a+$"e- $t $s "ot roote $" rel$%$ous or$%$" a" u"l$e t*e H$,ras .*$c* are +or t*e ma,or$t( /er( +em$"$"e because o+ t*e emulat$o" o+ t*e$r %oess- 'aa+a+$"e be*a/$or t()$call( ra"%es +rom +lambo(a"tl( +em$"$"e to co"/e"t$o"all( mascul$"e@0_{3 S$m$larl(- t*e erac*e )eo)le .*o *a/e bee"}

soc$all( reco%"$Me as a u"$ue %rou)- $st$"ct +rom t*e$r "at$o"al$t(- +or *u"res o+ (ears@1_{- t*e( are culturall( $st$"ctD t*e( l$/e lar%el( outs$e}

c$t$es a" /$lla%es- *a/e ma"( u"$ue customs a" *a/e $st$"ct$/e clot*$"%@2₃

T*us $t $s .ell5establ$s*e t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le- a %rou) .*ose members s*are a commo" la"%ua%e a" culture- meet t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$c %rou) as +or.are $" Ae(esu3

C) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers T%rgete( their Victi#s %s Me#"ers of the Ver(%che Peo$le)

T*e erac*e )eo)le .ere s)ec$+$call( tar%ete b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers "ot as $"$/$uals o+ a $++ere"t %e"er but as a member o+ certa$" %rou)3 W$t* %e"oc$e-+or t*e )er)etrator- t*e $"$/$ual /$ct$m $s ;a mea"s to a" e": a ste) +urt*er alo"% t*e )at* o+ estro($"% t*e %rou)<@_{3 T*us t*e /$ct$m o+ t*e cr$me o+ %e"oc$e $s}

t*ere+ore t*e %rou) $tsel+ a" "ot t*e $"$/$ual )erso"D t*e $"$/$ual $s ,ust a" eleme"t o+ t*e %rou)@4_{- as $" t*e s$tuat$o" $" alar$a- t*e tar%ete /$ct$m o+ t*e}

&ot*roc( r$ers are t*e erac*e )eo)le3

As "ote b( t*e I!T: ;Art$cle 4 9Q e+$"es %e"oc$e as o"e o+ se/eral acts comm$tte .$t* $"te"t to estro( $" .*ole or $" )art a "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al or rel$%$ous %rou) as such3 T*e term ;as suc*< *as %reat s$%"$+$ca"ce- +or $t s*o.s t*at 59 E"c(clo)e$a o+ Worl !ultures

60 artlett- N3 H3D ase(- P3 L3 9200@3 BA =etros)ect$/e Stu( o+ !*$l*oo Ge"er5At()$cal e*a/$or $" Samoa" 'a?a+a+$"eB3 Arc*$/es o+ Seual e*a/$or 

61 =ecor at 

62 =ecor at 

63 I"ter"at$o"al La. !omm$ss$o" 9IL!- &ra+t !oe o+ !r$mes 91@- UN &oc3 A>110- Art3 17-!omme"tar( @

64 I!T=- T*e Prosecutor /3 6usema- !ase No3 I!T=5 @515A- Tr$al Cu%me"t 927 Ca"uar( 2000- )ara3 1@>3

t*e o++e"ce reu$res $"te"t to estro( a collect$o" o+ )eo)le .*o *a/e a )art$cular %rou) $e"t$t(@>_3<

As em)*as$Me b( t*e I"ter"at$o"al La. !omm$ss$o"- t*e ec$s$/e cr$ter$o" o+ .*et*er or "ot a )art$cular /$ct$m $s a /$ct$m o+ %e"oc$e- $s t*at $t .as t*e

members*$) o+ t*e /$ct$m $" t*e %rou) rat*er t*a" t*e $e"t$t( o+ t*e $"$/$ual t*at mae suc* )erso" t*e $mme$ate /$ct$m o+ t*e cr$me@@₃

I" 14@- t*e Ge"eral Assembl( )rocla$me %e"oc$e a e)r$/at$o" o+ a %rou)s r$%*t to e$st@7_{3 It $s clear t*at +or t*e &ot*roc( r$ers- t*e eterm$"$"% cr$ter$o" b( .*$c*}

t*e( select t*e $"$/$uals .*om t*e(/e $lle $s t*e$r members*$) $" t*e %rou) o+ erac*e )eo)le3

') The Att%c>s Ag%inst the Ver(%che Peo$le Too> Pl%ce in the Conte-t of % M%nifest P%ttern of Si#il%r Con(ct 'irecte( Ag%inst the Ver(%che %s % Gro$)

S)ec$+$c $"te"t $s a" eleme"t o+ t*e cr$me- a" reu$res t*at t*e )er)etrator clearl( $"te"e t*e result c*ar%e3 I" t*e case o+ %e"oc$e- t*e )er)etrator must $"te" t*at *$s or *er act$o"s .$ll result $" t*e estruct$o"- $" .*ole or $" )art- o+ a )rotecte %rou)@8_{3 As "ote $" os"$a a" HerMe%o/$"a /3 Serb$a a" 6o"te"e%ro- ;T*e olus}

s)ec$al$s- t*e s)ec$+$c $"te"t to estro( t*e %rou) $" .*ole or $" )art- *as to be

co"/$"c$"%l( s*o." 0y reference to particular circumstances- u"less a eneral plan to that end can 0e con%incinly demonstrated to e(ist1 a" +or a )atter" o+ co"uct to  be acce)te as e/$e"ce o+ $ts e$ste"ce- $t .oul *a/e to be suc* t*at $t could only  point to the e(istence of such intent <@ _{9em)*as$s su))l$e3}

T*e Steelbor" 9t*e &ot*roc( =$ers are Steelbor" +armers *a/e *$stor$call(

e)resse a"$mos$t( to.ars t*e erac*e )eo)le3 T*e Steelbor" %o/er"me"t all$e .$t* t*e &ot*roc( =$ers 9.*o are also Steelbor"- $m)leme"te a ser$es o+

eecut$/e measures a%a$"st t*$r5%e"er )eo)le- $"clu$"% $se"+ra"c*$s$"% t*em-co"+$scat$"% t*e$r )ro)ert(- a" ba""$"% t*em +rom access to )ubl$c ser/$ces3 W*e" t*e &ot*roc( =$ers be%a" attac$"% t*e erac*e- t*e( $ so b( lau"c*$"%

65 I!T- T*e Prosecutor /3 Sta$O- !ase No3 IT575245A- A))eals Cu%me"t 922 6arc* 200@- )ara20

66 IL!- &ra+t !oe o+ !r$mes A%a$"st t*e Peace a" Secur$t( o+ 6a"$" 91@- UN &oc3 A>110- Art3 17- !omme"tar( No3 @- )3 4>3

67 9GA =es3 @ 9I- UN &oc3 A@4A3 1 914@- )3 188

68 Geor%es A3 N3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Tr$al Cu%eme"t- @ &ec3 1- R >3

coor$"ate ser$es o+ attacs o" t*e erac*e )eo)le )la""e a" coor$"ate b( t*e$r leaer Co*" Sleet70_{3 Suc* )atter" o+ co"uct b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers coul o"l(}

 )o$"t to t*e s)ec$+$c $"te"t to estro( t*e %rou) o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le3

6oreo/er- $t $s clear t*at t*e &ot*roc( r$ers $"te"e t*e estruct$o" o+ t*e erac*e in whole or in part D as *el b( t*e I!T A))eals !*amber as to t*e mea"$"% o+ estruct$o" $" .*ole or $" )art: ;E/e" $+ o"l( $" )art- mea"s see$"% to estro( a $st$"ct )art o+ t*e %rou) as o))ose to a" accumulat$o" o+ $solate

$"$/$uals .$t*$" $t3 Alt*ou%* t*e )er)etrators o+ %e"oc$e "ee "ot see to estro( t*e e"t$re %rou) 333 t*e( must /$e. t*e )art o+ t*e %rou) t*e( .$s* to estro( as a $st$"ct e"t$t( .*$c* must be el$m$"ate as suc*71_3<

 Nearl( +$/e t*ousa" erac*e )eo)le .ere tar%ete a" $lle b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers $" a l$ttle o/er a mo"t* bet.ee" 4 &ecember 201> a" 2> Ca"uar( 201> $" t*$s coor$"ate cam)a$%" a%a$"st t*e erac*e )eo)le72_{- t*e )o)ulat$o" o+ t*e erac*e}

 )eo)le be$"% se/e" t*ousa" members7_{- t*e +$/e t*ousa" eat*s o+ t*e$r members}

.ere clearl( a substa"t$al estruct$o" o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le3

III)TARION BANNISTER IS NOT E@CLU'E' FROM CRIMINAL

RESPONSIBILIT7 FOR ACTS COMMITE' 3HEN HE 3AS ALREA'7 40 7EARS OL' REGAR'LESS OF HIS FORMER STATUS AS AN

INVOLUNTAR7 CHIL' SOL'IER 

Tar$o" a""$sters ecul)ator( e+e"se o+ *$s +ormer status as a c*$l sol$er $s "ot

e"umerate as a %rou" +or eclu$"% cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +or acts comm$tte .*e" *e tur"e e$%*tee" (ears ol3 Art$cle 1 eluc$ates t*e %rou"s o+ eclu$"% cr$m$"al

res)o"s$b$l$t( u"er t*e Statute3 A s)ec$+$c e"umerat$o" $s l$ste u"er Art$cle 191- t*e %rou" o+ be$"% a +ormer c*$l sol$er $s "ot o"e o+ t*e %rou"s e"umerate t*ere$"3 W*$le Art$cle 191 $" "ot a" eclus$/e l$st as Art$cle 19 )erm$ts t*e court to co"s$er %rou"s ot*er t*a" t*ose e"umerate $" Art$cle 191- t*e Statute *o.e/er clearl( )ro/$es t*at suc* a %rou" must er$/e +rom a))l$cable la. as set +ort* $" art$cle 21 .*$c* $s u"a/a$l$"% +or t*e e+e"se o+ +ormer status o+ a c*$l sol$er- a" most $m)orta"tl( Art$cle 19 clearl( st$)ulates t*at suc* co"s$erat$o" $s mae at Tr$al a" "ot t*e Pre5tr$al sta%e74₃

70 =ecor at 

71 =a$sla/ rst$c- !ase No3 IT5855A- Tr$al Cu%eme"t- 2 Au%3 2001- R >0D rst$- AC RR 1- 223

72 =ecor at 

73 =ecor at 

A) The Age of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 is Cle%rl1 Sti$l%te( in Article 0 of the St%te %n( %s sch T%rion B%nnister #%1 "e hel( Accont%"le for the

Cri#es Ch%rge(

It $s ar%ue t*at Tar$o" a""$ster .as +ormerl( a c*$l sol$er a" $s "ot cr$m$"all( res)o"s$ble +or t*e acts *e comm$tte as a c*$l- *o.e/er $t $s clear t*at .*e" reac*e t*e a%e o+ 18- *e became cr$m$"all( l$able +or t*e acts *e comm$tte as a" ault3 It $s clear u"er Art$cle 2@ o+ t*e statute t*at $s o"l( acts o+ )erso"s .*o .ere u"er t*e a%e o+ 18 at t*e t$me o+ t*e alle%e comm$ss$o" o+ a cr$me are t*ose .*o e",o( t*e )r$/$le%e o+ be$"% eclue +rom $ts ,ur$s$ct$o"3 U"t$l a" $"$/$ual

reac*es t*e a%e o+ 1>- t*e( are )ote"t$al c*$l sol$er /$ct$ms )ursua"t to Art$cle 89b 9/$ o+ t*e =ome Statute .*$c* )ro*$b$ts t*e use o+ c*$lre" u"er t*e a%e o+

+$+tee" $" arme +orces or +or act$/e )art$c$)at$o" $" *ost$l$t$es7>_{3 T*e" +rom t*e a%e}

o+ 1> t*rou%* 17 t*e( ca""ot be t*e sub,ect o+ Art$cle 89b9/$ 9c*$l sol$er

co"scr$)t$o" "or ca" t*e( be /$e.e as )er)etrators )ursua"t to Art$cle 2@- *o.e/er t*e mome"t suc* $"$/$ual tur"s 18- *e ca" be )rosecute as a )er)etrator o+ t*e cr$mes eluc$ate $" t*e =ome Statute7@_{3 T*ere $s a" a))rec$able le"%t* o+}

t$me-a))ro$matel(  (ears- bet.ee" .*e" a" $"$/$ual ceases to be a c*$l sol$er at 1> (ears ol 9)ursua"t to Art$cle 89b9/$ a" t*e t$me *e comes u"er t*e ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e court at 18 (ears ol3

I" T*e Prosecutor /3 &om$"$c #"%.e" t*e e+e"ce subm$tte t*at #"%.e" s*oul  be"e+$t +rom t*e $"ter"at$o"al le%al )rotect$o" as c*$l sol$er e/e" a+ter *e tur"e 18

9a" t*at suc* )rotect$o" s*oul $"clue- as a matter o+ la.- a" eclus$o" o+

$"$/$ual cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +or t*e cr$mes u"er t*e Statute t*at *e ma( *a/e comm$tte- t*e Pre5Tr$al !*amber state t*at suc* subm$ss$o" o+ t*e e+e"ce ;$s e"t$rel( .$t*out le%al bas$s- a" t*e !*amber .$ll "ot e"terta$" $t +urt*er<77_{3 A"}

.*$le t*e )rosecut$o" reco%"$Mes t*at $" t*e #"%.e" case t*e accuse .as .ell $"to *$s late 0s .*e" *e .as ca)ture- *e "o"et*eless $s be$"% c*ar%e .$t* cr$mes *e *a comm$tte s$"ce *e tur"e e$%*tee" (ears ol because Art$cle 2@ o+ t*e Statute $s

75 Art$cle 89b9/$

76 Art$cle 2@

clear a" u"amb$%uous- .$t*out a"( room +or +urt*er $"ter)retat$o"- t*at t*e a%e .*$c* t*e court co"s$ers t*e a%e o+ cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( $s e$%*tee" (ears ol78₃

B) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of 'ress n(er Article *4<4=<(=

T*e %o/er"me"t ac"o.le%es t*e )laus$ble $++$cult$es o+ a""$ster as a c*$l sol$er *o.e/er $t ca""ot be sa$ t*at uress as a %rou"s +or eclu$"% cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( co"tem)lates t*e $"octr$"at$o" e"ure b( a c*$l sol$er +or cr$mes *e comm$tte as a" ault- e/e" more so $t ca""ot be sa$ t*at suc* $"octr$"at$o" co"st$tutes o"5%o$"% uress .*$c* .oul rel$e/e a +ormer c*$l sol$er +rom cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( as a" ault3 Art$cle 1919 e"umerates t*e sta"ars +or t*e

a))l$cat$o" o+ uress as a" ecul)ator( %rou"- re+lect$/e o+ Cu%e !asseses $sse"t $" Eremo/$c7_{3 U"er Art$cle 1919 $" orer +or cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( to be}

eclue ue to uress e$t*er o+ t*e +ollo.$"% must be )rese"t: 9$ t*e co"uct o+ t*e  )erso" *as bee" cause b( uress result$"% +rom a t*reat 9.*et*er mae b( ot*er  )erso"s or co"st$tute b( c$rcumsta"ces be(o" t*e )erso"s co"trol o+ $mm$"e"t

eat* or o+ co"t$"u$"% or $mm$"e"t ser$ous bo$l( *arm a%a$"st t*at )erso" or a"ot*er )erso"D a" 9$$ t*e )erso" acts "ecessar$l( a" reaso"abl( to a/o$ t*$s t*reat- )ro/$e t*at t*e )erso" oes "ot $"te" to cause a %reater *arm t*a" t*e o"e sou%*t to be a/o$e80₃

T*ere $s "ot a s*re o+ e/$e"ce o" recor to s*o. t*at t*ere .as a t*reat o+ imminent eat* or co"t$"u$"% or $mm$"e"t ser$ous bo$l( *arm a%a$"st Tar$o"

a""$ster at t*e t$me o+ t*e alle%e acts co"st$tut$"% t*e cr$me c*ar%e3 W*$le *e *a as a c*$l .$t"esse ot*er c*$l sol$ers torture or $lle $" +ro"t o+ *$m81_{- suc*}

t*reat .as "ot $mm$"e"t- t*ere .as a" a))rec$able t$me bet.ee" t*e t$me *$s +orc$ble $"octr$"at$o" *a e"e .*e" *e .as +$+tee" (ears ol82 _{a" t*e t$me *e lea t*e}

 brutal massacre o+ *u"res .*e" *e .as e$%*tee" (ears ol8 _{9a))ro$matel( }

(ears $" bet.ee"3 W*$le t*e$r members*$) ma( be establ$s*e as "ot /olu"tar(- t*e$r  78 Art$cle 2@ =ome Statute

79 Prosecutor / Eremo/$c

80 Art$cle 1 =S

81 =ecor at 7

$"$/$ual act$o"s u)o" .*$c* t*e c*ar%es o+ cr$mes are er$/e must be assesse $"e)e"e"t o+ t*e +act o+ t*e$r members*$) because t*e$r members*$) $" a"

or%a"$Mat$o" $s "ot a" eleme"t o+ t*e cr$me- t*us $t $s t*e $"$/$ual acts t*e accuse *as c*ose" to u"ertae .*$c* co"st$tute t*e cr$meD as *el b( t*e Pre5Tr$al

!*amber $" Prosecutor /3 &om$"$c #"%.e"- ;&uress $s "ot re %ulate $" t*e Statute $" a .a( t*at .oul )ro/$e bla"et $mmu"$t( to members o+ cr$m$"al or%a"$sat$o"s .*$c* *a/e brutal s(stems o+ e"sur$"% $sc$)l$"e as soo" as t*e( ca" establ$s* t*at t*e$r members*$) .as "ot /olu"tar(<84₃

'urt*ermore $t ca""ot be sa$ t*at t*e acts o+ Tar$o" a""$ster- .ere u"ertae" "ecessar$l( a" reaso"abl( to a/o$ t*e t*reats o+ Co*" Sleet- .*$c* .oul $" a"( case o"l( sat$s+( t*e reu$reme"t )ro/$e t*at t*e accuse oes "ot $"te" to cause a %reater *arm t*a" t*e o"e sou%*t to be a/o$e8>_{3 A" act$o" $s "ecessar( $+ $t $s t*e}

o"l( or most )laus$ble )oss$b$l$t( o+ $mme$atel( el$m$"at$"% t*e t*reat a" $t $s reaso"able $+ $t oes "ot cause $s)ro)ort$o"ate co"seue"ces8@_{3 T*e act$o"s}

u"ertae" b( Tarr$o" a""$ster .ere se/erel( $s)ro)ort$o"ate to t*e t*reat sou%*t to be a/o$e- t*e &ot*roc( ra$$"% )art$es le b( a""$ster .ere c*aracter$Me b( t*e e(e .$t"ess $"ter/$e.s o+ t*e I"ter"at$o"al =$%*ts Watc* as- Bo"e o+ t*e most  brutal ra$$"% )art$es .*$c* comm$tte oMe"s o+ massacres- result$"% $" *u"res o+ 

eat*s- ur$"% t*at s$5.ee )er$oB87_{- e/e" $" co"trast to t*e ot*er *e$"ous act$o"s}

o+ ot*er &ot*roc( leaers- $t $s clear t*at t*e brutal massacres le b( a""$ster are se/erel( $s)ro)ort$o"ate to t*e t*reat )rese"te to a""$ster  uress $s u"a/a$l$"% to t*e act$o"s o+ a""$ster3

C) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of Ment%l 'efect or 'ise%se n(er Article *4<4=<%=

T*e accuse a""$ster .as "ot su++er$"% +rom a me"tal $sease or e+ect t*at estro(s *$s ca)ac$t( to a))rec$ate t*e u"la.+ul"ess or "ature o+ *$s co"uct or ca)ac$t( to co"trol *$s co"uct to co"+orm to t*e reu$reme"ts o+ la. u"er Art$cle 83 =ecor at 

84 &ec$s$o" o" t*e !o"+$rmat$o" o+ !*ar%es A%a$"st &om$"$c #"%.e"

85 =ome Statute Art$cle 1

86 Pr$"c$)les o+ I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al La.- Ger*ar Werle )14@

1919a o+ t*e Statute3 &$m$"$s*e or $m)a$re ab$l$t( to com)re*e" t*e "ature or u"la.+ul"ess o+ co"uct- or com)l( .$t* t*e la. $s "ot a e+e"ce $" t*e I!! Statute 9as t*e Statute reu$res estruct$o" o+ suc* ab$l$t(- "or $s $t $" t*e ,ur$s)rue"ce o+ t*e a *oc Tr$bu"als- at best )re/$ous tr$bu"als .oul treat a"( suc* matter as o"e o+ m$t$%at$o" o+ se"te"ce a" "ot et$"%u$s*me"t88_{3 A" .*$le t*e =ome Statute allo.s}

me"tal e+ect or $sease as %rou"s o+ et$"%u$s*me"t- t*e t*res*ol reu$re b( t*e Statute $s muc* *$%*er t*a" t*at o+ )re/$ous a *oc Tr$bu"als a" omest$c

 ,ur$s$ct$o"s- t*e e%ree o+ e+ect$o" reu$re b( t*e statute $s t*at suc* me"tal e+ect or $sease $s o+ suc* a c*aracter t*at $t destroys t*e ca)ac$t( o+ t*e accuse to a))rec$ate t*e "ature or u"la.+ul"ess o+ *$s act$o"s8₃

W*$le Art$cle 1919a oes "ot em)lo( t*e term $"sta"t$t( t*e sa$ art$cle +$"s $ts roots $" t*e 6Na%*te" rules er$/e +rom commo" la.0_{- .*$c* are also %e"erall(}

co"s$ste"t .$t* =oma"o5Germa"$c a" S*ar$a s(stems1_{3 T*e 6Na%*te" sta"ar}

eluc$ates t*at ;to establ$s* a e+e"ce o" t*e %rou" o+ $"sa"$t(- $t must be clearl(  )ro/e t*at- at t*e t$me o+ t*e comm$tt$"% o+ t*e act- t*e )art( accuse .as labour$"%

u"er suc* a e+ect o+ reaso"- +rom $sease o+ t*e m$"- as "ot to "o. t*e "ature a" ual$t( o+ t*e act *e .as o$"%D or $+ *e $ "o. $t- t*at *e $ "ot "o. *e .as o$"% .*at .as .ro"%3<2 _{Some aut*ors +or.ar t*at Art$cle 1919a reu$res a"}

e/e" more str$"%e"t sta"ar t*a" t*at reu$re b( omest$c la. tests l$e 6Na%*te" because o+ t*e ser$ous"ess o+ t*e o++e"ses t*at are tr$e $" t*e

I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourt_{3 T*e )rosecutor +or.ars t*at t*e +acts o "ot $"$cate}

t*at a""$ster .as su++er$"% +rom a"( me"tal e+ect "or $sease let alo"e o"e .*$c* estro(s *$s ab$l$t( to a))rec$ate t*e "ature or u"la.+ul"ess o+ *$s act$o"s4₃

&estro(e me"tal ca)ac$t$es ma( res$e $" t*e absolute $m)a$rme"t o+ co%"$t$/e or

88 Prosecutor / as$l,e/$c I!T T3!*3I 231132002 )aras3 2825

89 =ome Statute Art$cle 1919a

90 Sc*abas $" *$s I"trouct$o" to t*e I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourtD Esser $" Tr$++terrerD Cesse" $" 6e"tal !o"$t$o" &e+e"ses $" Su)ra"at$o"al !r$m$"al La.

91 Sc*abas $" *$s I"trouct$o" to t*e I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourt

92 6Na%*te"s !ase 9184 10 !l3 a" '$"3 200D 8 E= 7183

93 Ca"sse" $" 6e"tal !a)ac$t( &e+e"ces

/ol$t$o"al ab$l$t$es>_{- reu$r$"% a" ete"s$/e a" +ar reac*$"% loss o+ sel+5co"trol or}

reaso"@_{3 Suc* ete"s$/e a" +ar reac*$"% loss o+ sel+5co"trol or reaso" $s "ot )rese"t}

$" t*e case o+ a""$ster- t*ere $s "o e/$e"ce $"$cat$"% suc* t*at $s su++$c$e"t to o/ertur" t*e )resum)t$o" t*at all aults are me"tall( com)ete"t to sta" tr$al3 ') 'efenses on E-clsion of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 %re E+i(enti%r1 M%tters

Reiring Sfficient A(#ission of E+i(ence)

U"er =ule 7919b o" t*e !ourts =ules o" Proceure a" E/$e"ce- t*e e+e"ce $s obl$%ate to "ot$+( t*e )rosecut$o" o+ $ts $"te"t to ra$se a %rou" +or eclu$"%

cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( )ro/$e +or $" Art$cle 191 a" suc* "ot$+$cat$o" s*all $"clue t*e "ames o+ t*e .$t"esses a" a"( ot*er e/$e"ce u)o" .*$c* t*e accuse $"te"s to rel( o" to establ$s* t*e %rou"7_{3 It $s clear t*at t*e )ur)ose o+ suc* rule $s}

to allo. t*e Prosecutor to )re)are aeuatel( a" to res)o"8 _{to t*e e/$e"ce to be}

 )rese"te b( t*e accuse3 No suc* "ot$ce .as )ro/$e to t*e Prosecut$o" $" t*e case at bar3 A" .*$le =ule 79 $"$cates t*at suc* +a$lure o+ "ot$ce oes "ot bar t*e accuse +rom ra$s$"% suc* e+e"ce- .*at rule 7 $"$cates $s t*at t*e %rou"s +or eclus$o" u"er Art$cle 1 are *$%*l( e/$e"t$ar(3 As e)la$"e $" t*e

a+oreme"t$o"e subm$ss$o"s- t*ere $s "o e/$e"ce o" recor .*$c* establ$s*es a"( o+  t*e %rou"s u"er Art$cle 1 su++$c$e"t to eclue t*e cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( o+

Tarr$o" a""$ster3

W*$le t*ere are "o s)ec$+$c )ro/$s$o"s $" t*e Statute "or $" t*e =ules o+ Proceure a" E/$e"ce .*$c* bars t*e ra$s$"% o+ e+e"ces u"er Art$cle 1 )r$or to tr$al-allo.$"% e+e"ces o" eclus$o" o+ cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( at t*e Pre5Tr$al sta%e

.oul amou"t to e%re%$ous $",ust$ce as t*e eterm$"at$o" o+ t*e %rou"s o+ eclus$o" are e/$e"t$ar( matters .*ere$" a rul$"% eclu$"% res)o"s$b$l$t( o" a )re)o"era"ce o+ e/$e"ce $" t*e )re5tr$al sta%e .oul *a/e t*e same result as a" acu$ttal at tr$al sta%e3

I" co"s$erat$o" o+ t*e $++$cult$es o+ *$s $"octr$"at$o"- $+ sat$s+actor$l( establ$s*e  b( t*e e+e"se- $t ma( be )laus$ble to a))rec$ate t*e +act o+ *$s +ormer status as a

m$t$%at$"% c$rcumsta"ce- but $t .oul amou"t to e%re%$ous $",ust$ce +or $t to be 95 S3 Ca"sse"- 6e"tal co"$t$o" e3P"res3 8>- @D Esser $" Tr$+terrer 

96 Esser $" Tr$++terer3

97 =ule 7919b

co"s$ere ecul)ator(3 E/e" $+ a""$ster $s able to establ$s* uress t*ere $s "o automat$c$t( to $t be$"% ecul)ator( $" e/er( s$tuat$o"- as correctl( )o$"te out $" Prosecutor /s Eremo/$c: ;&uress oes "ot a++or a com)lete e+e"ce to a sol$er c*ar%e .$t* a cr$me a%a$"st *uma"$t( a"or a .ar cr$me $"/ol/$"% t*e $ll$"% o+ $""oce"t *uma" be$"%s_3<

'rom t*e +ore%o$"% c$rcumsta"ces $t $s .ell establ$s*e t*at Tar$o" a""$ster ca""ot  be eclue +rom cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +rom t*e atroc$ous acts *e comm$tte as a" 18 (ear ol ault a" must be *el accou"table +or *$s )art$c$)at$o" $" t*e eat*s o+ "earl( +$/e t*ousa" erac*e )eo)le3

SUBMISSIONS

'or t*e +ore%o$"% reaso"s- t*e #++$ce o+ t*e Prosecutor *ereb( reuests t*e !ourt to eclare t*at:

I3 T*e !ourt *as ,ur$s$ct$o" o/er t*e s$tuat$o" $" alar$a u"er Art$cle 129- as t*e $"ter$m m$l$tar( %o/er"me"t o+ alar$a $s com)ete"t to acce)t t*e ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e I"ter"at$o"al !r$m$"al !ourt3

II3 T*e &ot*roc( =$ers $ll$"% o+ >-000 erac*e )eo)le $s %e"oc$e u"er Art$cle @9a o+ t*e Statute3

III3 Tar$o" a""$ster $s "ot eclue +rom cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +or acts *e comm$tte .*e" *e .as alrea( 18 (ears ol re%arless o+ *$s +ormer status as a" $"/olu"tar( c*$l sol$er3

=es)ect+ull( subm$tte-99 Prosecutor /3 Eremo/$c- I!T- A))eals !*amber- Cu%eme"t- 7 #ctober 17- )ara 173 See also