071 Operational Procedures (JAA ATPL Theory)

Full text

(1)071 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(2) COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. This publication shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the author's prior consent. Produced and Published by the CLICK2PPSC LTD EDITION 2.00.00 2001 This is the second edition of this manual, and incorporates all amendments to previous editions, in whatever form they were issued, prior to July 1999. EDITION 2.00.00. © 1999,2000,2001. G LONGHURST. The information contained in this publication is for instructional use only. Every effort has been made to ensure the validity and accuracy of the material contained herein, however no responsibility is accepted for errors or discrepancies. The texts are subject to frequent changes which are beyond our control.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(3) Online Documentation Help Pages. Help TO NAVIGATE THROUGH THIS MANUAL When navigating through the manual the default style of cursor will be the hand symbol. This version of the CD-Online manual also supports a mouse incorporating a wheel/ navigation feature. When the hand tool is moved over a link on the screen it changes to a hand with a pointing finger. Clicking on this link will perform a pre-defined action such as jumping to a different position within the file or to a different document. Navigation through a manual can be done in the following ways:. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(4) Online Documentation Help Pages. Help The INDEX button takes you to the Index of the manual you are in, if it is available.. The CONTENTS button takes you to the first page of the main Table Of Contents.. The EMAIL button enables you to send us your comments regarding this product, provided you have an internet connection.. The WEB button takes you to the Click2PPSC web site.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide. The PAGE button takes you to the previous and next pages in the book.. The BACK button returns you to your previous position in the document.. The SEARCH button allows you to search for specific words within the manual (More information can be found in the ‘Searching’ section). The arrows are used to display the previous and next words whilst using the search tool.. The HELP button takes you to the help pages.. The EXIT button exits from the application..

(5) TABLE OF CONTENTS Operation of Aircraft International Commercial Air Transport Operations JAR-OPS Requirements Navigation Requirements for Long Range Flights Transoceanic (North Atlantic) Procedures Polar Navigation Special Operational Procedures Windshear. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(6) TABLE OF CONTENTS Wake Turbulence Security Emergency and Precautionary Landings Fuel Jettison Transport of Dangerous Goods Contaminated Runways. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(7) Introduction Operational Procedure extends the syllabus into areas that previously were covered mainly at the type conversion stage of training. The subject matter includes both ICAO and JAR standards and requirements as well as safety and other special procedures. Some aspects of Operational Procedures overlap other areas of the syllabus, however, to provide continuity, these notes are intended to be self contained.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(8) 071 Operational Procedures. Operation of Aircraft. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(9) Operation of Aircraft. 1. Operation of Aircraft. This Chapter is based on ICAO Annex Part 1.. Definitions 1.. The following definitions are relevant to operation of aircraft:. Aerial work.. An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialised services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc.. Aerodrome.. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.. Aerodrome operating minima.. Chapter 1 Page 1. The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:. (a). take-off expressed in terms of visibility or runway visual range (RVR), and if necessary, cloud conditions;. (b). landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR and decision altitude/height (DA/H) as appropriate to the category of the operation; and. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(10) Operation of Aircraft (c). landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR, minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) and if necessary cloud conditions.. Aeroplane.. A power-driven heavier-than-aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.. Aeroplane flight manual.. A manual, associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing limitations within which the aeroplane is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aeroplane.. Aircraft operating manual.. A manual acceptable to the State of the Operator containing:. (a). normal operating procedures;. (b). abnormal and emergency procedures;. (c). checklists;. (d). aircraft limitations;. (e). aircraft performance information;. (f). details of aircraft systems;. (g). other material relevant to the operation of the aircraft.. Note. The aircraft operating manual is part of the operations manual.. Chapter 1 Page 2. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(11) Operation of Aircraft Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. Air operator certificate (AOC).. A certificate authorising an operator to carry out specified. commercial air transport operations.. Alternate aerodrome.. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes impossible or inadvisable to proceed or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Alternate aerodromes include the following: •. Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.. •. En-route alternate. An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land after experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en-route.. •. ETOPS en-route alternate. A suitable and appropriate alternate aerodrome at which an aeroplane would be able to land after experiencing an engine shut-down or other abnormal or emergency condition while en-route in an ETOPS operation.. •. Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should it become impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.. NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.. Chapter 1 Page 3. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(12) Operation of Aircraft Cabin attendant. A crew member who performs in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or pilot-in-command of the aircraft, but who must not act as a flight crew member. Commercial air transport operation. An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. Configuration deviation list (CDL).. A list established by the organisation responsible for the aircraft type design with the approval of the State of Design which identifies any external parts of an aircraft type which may be missing at the commencement of a flight, and which contains, where necessary, any information on associated operating limitations and performance corrections.. Crew member.. A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time.. Cruising level.. A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.. Dangerous goods.. Articles or substances which are capable of posing significant risk to health, safety or property when transported by air.. Decision altitude/height (DA/H).. A specified altitude or height (A/H) in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established.. NOTE: Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea level (MSL) and decision height (DH) is referenced to the threshold elevation.. Chapter 1 Page 4. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(13) Operation of Aircraft NOTE: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path.. Emergency locator transmitter (ELT).. A generic term describing equipment which broadcast distinctive signals on designated frequencies, and depending on application may either sense a crash and operate automatically or be manually activated.. Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during flight time. Flight duty period. The total time from the moment a flight crew member commences duty, immediately subsequent to a rest period and prior to making a flight or a series of flights, to the moment the flight crew member is relieved of all duties having completed such flight or series of flights. Flight plan.. Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.. Flight recorder.. Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation.. Flight time.. The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking-off until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight.. Chapter 1 Page 5. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(14) Operation of Aircraft NOTE: Flight time as here defined is synonymous with the term ‘block to block’ time or ‘chock to chock’ time in general usage which is measured from the time the aircraft moves from the loading point until it stops at the unloading point.. General aviation operation.. An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation.. Human factors principles.. Principles which apply to aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance.. Human performance.. Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations.. Instrument approach and landing operations. Instrument approach and landing operations using instrument approach procedures are classified as follows: •. Non-precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing which does not use electronic glide path guidance.. •. Precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing using precision azimuth and glide path guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation.. Categories of precision approach and landing operations are:. Chapter 1 Page 6. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(15) Operation of Aircraft (a). Category I (CAT I). A precision approach with a decision height not lower than 60m (200ft) and with either a visibility not less than 800m or an RVR of note less than 550m;. (b). Category II (CAT II). A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height lower than 60m (200ft) but not lower than 30m (100ft), and an RVR not less than 350m (but, note JAR-OPS 1 specifies 300m)*.. (c). Category IIIA (CAT IIIA). A precision instrument approach and landing with:. (d). (e). (i). a decision height lower than 30m (100ft) or no decision height; and. (ii). an RVR not less than 200m;. Category IIIB (CAT IIIB). A precision instrument approach and landing with: (i). a decision height lower than 15m (50ft) or no decision height; and. (ii). an RVR less than 200m but not less than 50m (but, note JAR-OPS 1 specifies 75m)*.. Category IIIC (CAT IIIC). A precision instrument approach and landing with no decision height and no RVR limitations.. * Minima quoted in either Annex 6 or JAR-OPS may be used in JAR-FCL examinations.. Large aeroplane.. Chapter 1 Page 7. An aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5700kg.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(16) Operation of Aircraft Maintenance.. Tasks required to ensure the continued airworthiness of an aircraft including any one or combination of overhaul, repair, inspection, replacement, modification or defect rectification.. Minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H).. A specified altitude or height in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which a descent must not be made without the required visual reference. Note 1. MDA is referenced to mean sea level (msl) and MDH is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or to the threshold if it is more than 2m (7ft) below aerodrome elevation. Note 2. In the case of a circling approach the required visual reference is the runway environment.. Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).. Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions.. Master minimum equipment list (MMEL).. A list established for a particular aircraft type by the organisation responsible for the type design approval of the State of Design containing items, one or more if which is permitted to be unserviceable at the commencement of a flight. The MMEL may be associated with special conditions, limitations or procedures.. Maximum mass.. Maximum certificated take-off mass.. Minimum equipment list (MEL).. A list which provides for the operation of aircraft, subject to specified conditions, with particular equipment inoperative, prepared by an operator in conformity with, or more restrictive than, the MMEL established for the aircraft type.. Chapter 1 Page 8. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(17) Operation of Aircraft Night.. The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise, as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.. NOTE: Civil twilight ends in the evening when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon, and aligns in the morning when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon.. Obstacle clearance altitude/height (OCA/H).. The lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation as applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria. Note 1. Obstacle clearance altitude is referenced to mean sea level (msl) and obstacle clearance height to the threshold elevation or, in the case of non-precision approaches to the aerodrome elevation (or threshold elevation if it is more than 2m (7ft) below aerodrome elevation. OCH for a circling approach is referenced to aerodrome elevation.. Operational control.. The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight.. Operational flight plan.. The operator’s plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aeroplane performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned.. Chapter 1 Page 9. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(18) Operation of Aircraft Operator.. A person, organisation or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft. operation.. Pilot-in-Command.. The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during. flight time.. Pressure-altitude. An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere. RNP type. A containment value expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended position within which flights would be for at least 95% of the total flying time. Rest period.. Any period of time on the ground during which a flight crew member is relieved of all duties by the operator.. Required navigation performance (RNP).. A statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within a defined airspace.. Runway visual range.. The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line.. Small aeroplane.. An aeroplane of maximum certificated take-off mass of 5700kg or less.. State of the Operator.. The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence.. State of Registry.. Chapter 1 Page 10. The State on whose register the aircraft is entered.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(19) Operation of Aircraft NOTE: In the case of the registration of aircraft of an international operating agency on other than a national basis, the States constituting the agency are jointly and severally bound to assume the obligations which, under the Chicago Convention, attach to a State of Registry.. Synthetic flight trainer.. Any one of the following three types of apparatus in which flight conditions are simulated on the ground:. Chapter 1 Page 11. •. A flight simulator - which provides an accurate representation of the flight deck of a particular aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc., aircraft systems control functions, the normal environment of flight crew members, and the performance and flight characteristics of that type of aircraft are realistically simulated.. •. A flight procedures trainer - which provides a realistic flight deck environment, and which simulates instrument responses, simple control functions of mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft systems, and the performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a particular class.. •. A basic instrument flight trainer - which is equipped with appropriate instruments, and which simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions.. •. Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(20) Operation of Aircraft. Applicability of ICAO Standards 2. ICAO Annex 6 contains the Standards and Recommended Practices applicable to the operation of aircraft. Part 1 of the Annex which is relevant to this syllabus concerns the operation of aircraft for international commercial air transport. The Standards contained in Annex 6 are mandatory unless a Contracting State has notified a difference to ICAO.. Chapter 1 Page 12. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(21) 071 Operational Procedures. International Commercial Air Transport Operations General Flight Operations Aeroplane Performance and Operating Limitations Aeroplane Instruments, Equipment and Flight Documents Aeroplane Communication and Navigation Equipment Aeroplane Maintenance Aeroplane Flight Crew Manuals, Logs and Records Security Lights To Be Displayed By Aeroplanes. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(22) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. International Commercial Air Transport Operations 2. This Chapter is based on ICAO Annex 6 Part 1. Note. The term Authority used in this Chapter means the official body having responsibility for the administration of civil aviation on behalf of a State (e.g. in the UK the CAA are the Authority).. General Operator Responsibilities 1. Knowledge of Laws of other States. An operator shall ensure that all employees when abroad know that they must comply with the laws, regulations and procedures of those States in which operations are conducted. 2. Flight crew knowledge. An operator shall ensure that all pilots and other members of the flight crew of an aeroplane are familiar with the laws, regulations and procedures, pertinent to the performance of their duties, prescribed for the areas to be traversed, the aerodromes to be used and the air navigation facilities relating thereto. 3. Control of operations. An operator or a designated representative shall have the responsibility for operational control.. Chapter 2 Page 1. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(23) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 4. Emergency violation of local regulations. The local Authority must be informed, without delay, by a pilot-in-command when in taking action to avoid danger, local regulations or procedures are violated. If required, the pilot-in-command must submit a report to the local Authority, with a copy to the State of the Operator. Such reports shall be submitted as soon as possible and normally within ten days. 5. Provisions of search and rescue information. Operators shall ensure that pilots-in-command have available on board the aeroplane all the essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the area over which the aeroplane will be flown. 6. Accident prevention. An operator shall establish and maintain an accident prevention and flight safety programme. 7. Dangerous Goods. The responsibilities of the operator with regard to the safe transportation of dangerous goods are contained in ICAO Annex 18.. Flight Operations Operating Facilities 8. An operator shall ensure that a flight will not be commenced unless it has been ascertained by every reasonable means available that the ground facilities available and directly required on such flight, for the safe operation of the aeroplane and the protection of the passengers, are adequate for the type of operation under which the flight is to be conducted and are adequately operated for this purpose.. Chapter 2 Page 2. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(24) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 9. Subject to their published conditions of use, aerodromes and their facilities shall be kept continuously available for flight operations, during their published hours of operations, irrespective of weather conditions.. The Air Operator Certificate 10. An operator shall not engage in commercial air transport unless in possession of a valid air operator certificate or equivalent document issued by the State of the Operator. 11. The issue of an operator certificate or equivalent document by the State of the Operator shall be dependent upon the operator demonstrating an adequate organisation, method of control and supervision of flight operations, training programme and maintenance arrangements consistent with the nature and extent of the operations specified. 12.. Chapter 2 Page 3. The air operator certificate or equivalent document shall contain at least the following: (a). Operator’s identification (name, location);. (b). Date of issue and period of validity;. (c). Description of the types of operations authorised;. (d). The type (s) of aircraft authorised for use; and. (e). Authorised areas of operation or routes.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(25) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Operations Manual 13. An operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of operations personnel concerned, an operations manual.. Operating Instructions – General 14. An operator shall ensure that all operations personnel are properly instructed in their particular duties and responsibilities and the relationship of such duties to the operation as a whole. 15. An aeroplane shall not be taxied on the movement area of an aerodrome unless the person at the controls:. Chapter 2 Page 4. (a). Has been duly authorised by the operator or a designated agent;. (b). Is fully competent to taxi the aeroplane;. (c). Is qualified to use the radio telephone; and. (d). Has received instruction from a competent person in respect of aerodrome layout, routes, signs, markings, lights, air traffic control (ATC) signals and instructions, phraseology and procedures, and is able to conform to the operational standards required for safe aeroplane movement at the aerodrome.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(26) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. In-flight Simulation of Emergency Situations 16. An operator shall ensure that when passengers are being carried, emergency situations affecting the flight characteristics of the aeroplane shall not be simulated and shall instruct all flight crew and operations personnel to this effect.. Checklists 17. Checklists shall be used by flight crews prior to, during and after all phases of operations, and in emergency, to ensure compliance with the operating procedures contained in the aircraft operating manual and the aeroplane flight manual, or other documents associated with the certificate of airworthiness and otherwise in the operations manual.. Minimum Flight Altitudes 18. An operator shall be permitted to establish minimum flight altitudes for those routes flown for which minimum flight altitudes have been established by the State flown over, provided that they shall not be less than those established by that State. 19.. Chapter 2 Page 5. Factors to be considered in establishing minimum flight altitudes are: (a). the accuracy and reliability of the aircraft’s navigation system;. (b). the inaccuracies of the altimeter;. (c). the characteristics of the terrain (e.g. sudden changes of elevation);. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(27) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (d). the probability of encountering adverse meteorological conditions (e.g. severe turbulence and downdraughts);. (e). the possible inaccuracies in aeronautical charts;. (f). airspace restrictions. These minimum flight altitudes shall not be established at a lower level than the minimum level for IFR flights as specified in ICAO Annex 2.. Aerodrome Operating Minima 20. The State of the Operator shall require that the operator establish aerodrome operating minima for each aerodrome to be used in all operations, and shall approve the method of determination of such minima. Such minima shall not be lower than any that may be established for such aerodromes by the State in which the aerodrome is located, except when specifically approved by that State. 21. The State of the Operator shall require that in establishing the aerodrome operating minima which will apply to any particular operation, full account shall be taken of:. Chapter 2 Page 6. (a). the type, performance and handling characteristics of the aeroplane;. (b). the composition of the flight crew, their competence and experience;. (c). the dimensions and characteristics of the runways which may be selected for use;. (d). the adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(28) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (e). the equipment available on the aeroplane for the purpose of navigation and/or control of the flight path during the approach to landing and the missed approach;. (f). the obstacles in the approach and missed approach areas and the obstacle clearance altitude/height for the instrument approach procedures;. (g). the means used to determine and report meteorological conditions; and. (h). the obstacles in the climb-out areas and necessary clearance margins.. Passengers 22. Emergency and other equipment and exits. An operator shall ensure that passengers are made familiar with the location and use of:. Chapter 2 Page 7. (a). seat belts and when they must be fastened;. (b). emergency exits;. (c). life jackets, if the carriage of life jackets is prescribed and when and how to use them;. (d). oxygen dispensing equipment, if the provision of oxygen for the use of passengers is prescribed; and. (e). other emergency equipment provided for individual use including passenger briefing cards;. (f). emergency exits. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(29) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 23. The operator shall inform the passengers of the location and general manner of use of the principal emergency equipment carried for collective use. 24. Seat belts. The operator shall ensure that during take-off and landing and whenever, by reasons of turbulence or any emergency occurring during flight, the precaution is considered necessary, all passengers on board an aeroplane shall be secured in their seats by means of the seat belts or harnesses provided.. Flight Preparation 25. A flight shall not be commenced until flight preparation forms have been completed certifying that the pilot-in-command is satisfied that:. Chapter 2 Page 8. (a). the aeroplane is airworthy;. (b). the appropriate instruments and equipment for the particular type of operation to be undertaken, are installed and are sufficient for the flight;. (c). a maintenance release has been issued in respect of the aeroplane;. (d). the mass of the aeroplane is such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight conditions expected;. (e). any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured;. (f). a check has been completed indicating that the operating limitations can be complied with for the flight to be undertaken; and. (g). the operational flight planning (see below) has been completed.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(30) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 26.. Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of three months.. Operational Flight Planning 27. An operational flight plan shall be completed for every intended flight. The operational flight plan shall be approved and signed by the pilot-in-command and, where applicable, signed by the flight operations officer, and a copy shall be filed with the operator or a designated agent, or, if these procedures are not possible, it shall be left with the aerodrome authority or on record in a suitable place at the point of departure. 28. The content and use of the operational flight plan must be described in the operations manual.. Alternate Aerodromes Take-Off Alternate Aerodrome 29. Requirement for take-off alternate. A take-off alternate aerodrome shall be selected and specified in the operational flight plan if the weather conditions at the aerodrome of departure are at or below the applicable aerodrome operating minima (for landing) or, it would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure for other reasons. 30. Location. The take-off alternate aerodrome shall be located within the following distance from the aerodrome of departure: (a). Chapter 2 Page 9. for aeroplanes having two power-units. Not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of one hour at the single-engine cruise speed; and. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(31) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (b). for aeroplanes having three or more power-units. Not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of two hours at the one-engine inoperative cruise speed.. 31. Conditions at the alternate aerodrome. For an aerodrome to be selected as a take-off alternate the available information shall indicate that, at the estimated time of use, the conditions will be at or above the aerodrome operating minima for that operation.. En-route Alternate Aerodromes 32. En-route alternate aerodromes, required for extended range operations by aeroplanes with two turbine power-units, shall be selected and specified in the operational and ATS flight plans.. Destination Alternate Aerodrome 33. For a flight to be conducted in accordance with IFR instrument flight rules, at least one destination alternate aerodrome shall be specified in the operational and ATS flight plans, unless:. Chapter 2 Page 10. (a). the duration of the flight and the meteorological conditions prevailing are such that there is reasonable certainty that, at the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome of intended landing, and for a reasonable period before and after such time, the approach and landing may be made under visual meteorological conditions; or. (b). the aerodrome of intended landing is isolated and there is no suitable destination alternate aerodrome.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(32) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Weather Conditions 34. VFR. A VFR flight shall not be commenced unless current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions along the route or that part of the route to be flown under the visual flight rules will, at the appropriate time, be such as to render compliance with these rules possible. 35. IFR. An IFR flight shall not be commenced unless information is available which indicates that conditions at the aerodrome of intended landing or, where a destination alternate is required, at least one destination alternate aerodrome will, at the estimated time of arrival, be at or above the aerodrome operating minima. 36. Icing. A flight to be operated in known or expected icing conditions shall not be commenced unless the aeroplane is certificated and equipped to cope with such conditions.. Fuel and Oil Supply 37. All aeroplanes. A flight shall not be commenced unless, taking into account both the meteorological conditions and any delays that are expected in flight, the aeroplane carries sufficient fuel and oil to ensure that it can safely complete the flight. In addition, a reserve shall be carried to provide for contingencies.. NOTE: Where we have used the term destination in the following paragraphs this means the aerodrome to which the flight is planned.. Chapter 2 Page 11. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(33) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Propeller-driven Aeroplanes The fuel and oil required in the case of propeller-driven aeroplanes depends on whether a destination alternate is required or not. 38. Propeller-driven aeroplanes - destination alternate required. The aeroplane must have sufficient fuel and oil either to: (a). fly to the destination and then on to the most critical alternate (in terms of fuel and oil) specified in the operational and ATS flight plan plus another 45minutes; or,. (b). fly to the alternate via any pre-determined point plus another 45 minutes, provided this is not less than the amount required to fly to the destination plus either: (i). 45 minutes plus 15% of the cruising flight time; or. (ii). 2 hours; whichever is less.. 39. Propeller-driven - destination alternate is not required. The aeroplane must have sufficient fuel and oil to: (a). fly to a destination where a VMC approach and landing can be expected plus another 45 minutes; or. (b). fly to an isolated destination from which there is no suitable alternate available plus: (i). Chapter 2 Page 12. 45 minutes plus 15% of the cruising flight time; or,. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(34) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (ii). 2 hours; whichever is less.. Turbo-jet Aeroplanes The fuel and oil required in the case of turbo-jet aeroplanes depends on whether a destination alternate is required or not. 40. Turbo-jet aeroplane – destination required. The aeroplane must have sufficient fuel and oil either to: (a). fly to and execute an approach, and a missed approach, at the destination and thereafter:. (b). Chapter 2 Page 13. (i). fly to the alternate specified in the operational and ATS flight plans; plus,. (ii). 30 minutes holding at 1500ft at the alternate in ISA conditions, and approach to land; plus,. (iii). contingency fuel to allow for any occurrences, specified by the operator and agreed by the State of the Operator, which might result in increased consumption; or,. fly to the alternate via any predetermined point and thereafter for 30 minutes at 1500ft at the alternate plus a contingency amount specified by the operator (as in previous sub-paragraph) provided that in total this is not less than the fuel required to fly to the destination plus 2 hours at the normal cruise consumption.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(35) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 41. oil:. Turbo-jet aeroplanes – destination not required. The aeroplane must have sufficient fuel and (a). in the case of a destination where a VMC approach and landing can be expected, to fly there and in addition: (i). 30 minutes holding at 1500ft at the alternate in ISA conditions; plus,. (ii). contingency fuel (as specified above); or,. (b). in the case of an isolated destination from which there is no suitable alternate, to fly there plus an 2 hours at normal cruise consumption.. 42. Factors to be considered in computing fuel required. In all cases the following factors must be considered:. Chapter 2 Page 14. (a). meteorological forecast;. (b). expected ATC routings and traffic delays;. (c). for IFR flight, one instrument approach at destination, including a missed approach;. (d). engine failure en-route and where applicable loss of cabin pressurisation;. (e). any other reasons for delaying landing or increasing fuel/oil consumption.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(36) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Note. Nothing in Annex 6 concerning fuel/oil requirements precludes the amendment of a flight plan in flight in order to replan the flight to another aerodrome, provided that the requirements of the foregoing paragraphs can be complied with from where the flight has been replanned.. Refuelling with Passengers On Board 43. An aeroplane shall not be refuelled when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking unless it is properly manned by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation of the aeroplane by the most practical and expeditious means available. 44. When refuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, two-way communication shall be maintained by the aeroplane’s inter-communication system or other suitable means between the ground crew supervising the refuelling and the qualified personnel on board the aeroplane. Note 1. The provisions outlined above do not necessarily require the deployment of integral aeroplane stairs or the opening of emergency exits as a pre-requisite to refuelling. Note 2. Additional precautions are required when refuelling with fuel other than aviation kerosene or when refuelling results in a mixture of aviation kerosene with other aviation turbine fuels, or when an open line is used.. Oxygen Supply Note. Approximate altitudes in the Standard Atmosphere corresponding to the values of absolute pressure used in the text are as follows:. Chapter 2 Page 15. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(37) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Absolute pressure. Metres. Feet. 700 hPa. 3000. 10 000. 620 hPa. 4000. 13 000. 376 hPa. 7600. 25 000. 45. Aeroplanes without cabin pressurisation. A flight to be operated at altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure in personnel compartments will be less than 700 hPa shall not be commenced unless sufficient stored breathing oxygen is carried to supply: (a). all crew members and 10% of the passengers for any period in excess of 30 minutes that the aeroplane is between 10,000 ft and 13,000 ft; and. (b). the crew and passengers for any period that the aeroplane is above 13,000 ft.. 46. Aeroplanes with cabin pressurisation. A flight to be operated with a pressurised aeroplane shall not be commenced unless a sufficient quantity of stored breathing oxygen is carried to supply all the crew members and a proportion of the passenger’s, as is appropriate to the circumstances of the flight being undertaken, in the event of loss of pressurisation, for any period that the aeroplane is above 10,000 ft. In addition, a further 10 minutes oxygen is required for passengers when an aeroplane is operated above 25,000 ft or when below 25,000 ft but unable to descend safely to 13,000 ft within 4 mins.. Chapter 2 Page 16. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(38) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. In-flight Procedures Aerodrome Operating Minima 47. A flight shall not be continued towards the aerodrome of intended landing, unless the latest available information indicates that at the expected time of arrival, a landing can be effected at that aerodrome, or at least at one destination alternate aerodrome, in compliance with established aerodrome operating minima. 48. Except in case of emergency, an aeroplane shall not continue its approach-to-land at any aerodrome beyond a point at which the limits of the operating minima specified for that aerodrome would be infringed.. Flight Crew Members at Duty Stations 49. Take-off and landing. All flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall be at their stations. 50. En-route. All flight crew members required to be on flight deck shall remain at their stations except when their absence is necessary for the performance of duties in connection with the operation of the aeroplane or for physiological needs. 51.. Seat belts. All flight crew members shall keep their seat belts fastened when at their stations.. 52. Safety harness. Any flight crew member occupying a pilot’s seat shall keep the safety harness fastened during the take-off and landing phases; all other flight crew members shall keep their safety harnesses fastened during the take-off and landing phases unless the shoulder straps interfere with the performance of their duties.. Chapter 2 Page 17. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(39) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Note. Safety harness includes shoulder straps and a seat belt which may be used independently.. In-flight Operational Instructions 53. Operational instructions involving a change in the ATS flight plan shall, when practicable, be co-ordinated with the appropriate ATS unit before transmission to the aeroplane. Note. When the above co-ordination has not been possible, operational instructions do not relieve a pilot of the responsibility for obtaining an appropriate clearance from an ATS unit, if applicable, before making a change in flight plan.. Duties of Pilot-in-Command 54. Responsibility for operation and safety. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the operation and safety of the aeroplane and for the safety of all persons on board, during flight time. 55.. Checklists. The pilot-in-command shall ensure that checklists are complied with in detail.. 56. Accident notification. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for notifying the nearest appropriate authority by the quickest available means of any accident involving the aeroplane, resulting in serious injury or death of any person or substantial damage to the aeroplane or property. 57. Reporting defects. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for reporting all known or suspected defects in the aeroplane, to the operator, at the termination of the flight. 58. Journey log book/general declaration. The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the journey log book or the general declaration.. Chapter 2 Page 18. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(40) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Duties of Flight Operations Officer 59.. A flight operations officer shall: (a). assist the pilot-in-command in flight preparation and provide the relevant information required;. (b). assist the pilot-in-command in preparing the operational and ATS flight plans, sign when applicable and file the ATS flight plan with the appropriate ATS unit;. (c). furnish the pilot-in-command while in flight, by appropriate means, with information which may be necessary for the safe conduct of the flight; and,. (d). in the event of an emergency, initiate such procedures as may be outlined in the operations manual.. 60. A flight operations officer shall avoid taking any action that would conflict with the procedures established by:. Chapter 2 Page 19. (a). air traffic control;. (b). the meteorological service; or. (c). the communications service.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(41) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Aeroplane Performance and Operating Limitations General 61. Aeroplanes are required to be operated in accordance with a comprehensive and detailed code of performance established by the state of Registry in compliance with the applicable Standards defined in ICAO Annex 6.. Performance Requirements for Public Transport Aeroplanes 62. A public transport flight may not commence unless the performance information provided in the flight manual indicates that the performance standards prescribed in Annex 6 can be complied with.. Factors Affecting Performance 63.. Chapter 2 Page 20. Factors that are deemed to affect significantly aircraft performance are: (a). mass;. (b). operating procedures;. (c). pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome;. (d). temperature;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(42) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (e). wind;. (f). runway gradient;. (g). condition of the runway i.e. presence of slush, water and/or ice.. Due account of these factors must be taken either, directly as operating parameters or, indirectly by means of allowances or margins, in the scheduling of performance data for the aeroplane being operated.. Limitations – Take-off Mass 64. The mass of the aeroplane at the start of take-off must not exceed the mass at which the aeroplane shall be able, in the event of a critical engine failing at any point in the take-off either, to discontinue the take-off and stop within the accelerate-stop distance available or, to continue the take-of and clear all obstacles along the flight path by an adequate margin until the aeroplane is in a position to comply with en-route criteria.. Limitations – Landing Mass 65. The mass of the aeroplane must be such that the aeroplane shall, at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any alternate aerodrome, after clearing all obstacles in the approach path by an safe margin, be able to land with assurance that it can stop within the landing distance available.. Multi-Engine Aeroplanes - Performance Operating Limitations 66. Take-off. The performance of the aeroplane as determined from the flight manual is required to ensure that:. Chapter 2 Page 21. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(43) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. 67.. 68.. Chapter 2 Page 22. (a). the accelerate stop distance required does not exceed the accelerate stop distance available;. (b). take-off distance required does not exceed the take-off distance available;. (c). all obstacles within a specified distance of the take-off flight path are cleared by at least 35ft or 50ft (depending on performance category) within the take-off distance available.. En-route. (a). One engine inoperative. At all points along the route or any planned diversion therefrom the aeroplane must be capable of a steady rate of climb at the minimum flight altitude (i.e. at least 1000ft above terrain adjacent to and along the flight path). (b). Two engines inoperative (applicable to four engine aeroplanes only). When at more than 90 minutes flying time (at 4 engine cruising speed) from an en-route alternate if two engines fail the aeroplane must be able to reach an alternate aerodrome without coming below the minimum flight altitude.. Landing distance.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(44) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (a). Destination. The landing distance required at the aerodrome of intended landing, as determined from the flight manual, must not exceed a specified percentage of the landing distance available, (eg. for performance A aeroplanes it is 60% for turbo-jet; 70% for turbo-propeller powered aeroplanes). (Note. In terms of landing distance available (LDA), this means that the LDA for a turbo-jet aeroplane must be x 1.7 of the landing distance required and for a turbopropeller aeroplane, it must be x 1.43of the landing distance required).. (b). Alternate. The landing distance at any alternate aerodrome must not exceed a specified percentage of the landing distance available, (eg. for performance A aeroplanes it is the same as for destination).. Aeroplane Instruments, Equipment and Flight Documents 69. Applicability. In addition to the minimum equipment necessary for the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness, the instruments, equipment and flight documents prescribed in Annex 6 must be installed or carried, as appropriate, in aeroplanes according to the aeroplane used and to the circumstances under which the flight is to be conducted. 70. Minimum equipment list. The operator shall include in the operations manual a minimum equipment list, approved by the State of the Operator which will enable the pilot-in-command to determine whether a flight may be commenced or continued from any intermediate stop should any instrument, equipment or systems become inoperative.. Chapter 2 Page 23. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(45) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 71. Operating manual. The operator shall provide operations staff and flight crew with an aircraft operating manual, for each aircraft type operated, containing: (a). normal operating procedures. (b). abnormal and emergency operating procedures. (c). details of aircraft systems. (d). checklists to be used. (e). the design of the manual must observe Human Factor principles.. Requirements for all Aeroplanes on all Flights 72. Instruments. An aeroplane shall be equipped with instruments which will enable the flight crew to control the flight path of the aeroplane, carry out any required procedural manoeuvres and observe the operating limitations of the aeroplane in the expected operating conditions. 73. Medical supplies. An aeroplane must carry accessible and adequate medical supplies appropriate to its passenger carrying capacity which should comprise:. Chapter 2 Page 24. (a). one or more first-aid kits; and. (b). a medical kit, for the use of medical doctors or other qualified persons in treating inflight medical emergencies for aeroplanes authorised to carry more than 250 passengers.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(46) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 74. Portable fire extinguishers. An aeroplane must carry portable fire extinguishers of a type which, when discharged, will not cause dangerous contamination of the air within the aeroplane. At least one shall be located in:. 75.. (a). the pilot’s compartment; and. (b). each passenger compartment that is separate from the pilot’s compartment and that is not readily accessible to the flight crew.. Seats and seat belts. An aeroplane must be equipped with: (a). a seat or berth for each person over an age to be determined by the State of the Operator.. (b). a seat belt for each seat and restraining belts for each berth; and. (c). a safety harness for each flight crew seat. The safety harness for each pilot seat shall incorporate a device which will automatically restrain the occupant’s torso in the event of rapid deceleration. The safety harness for each pilot seat should also incorporate a device to prevent a suddenly incapacitated pilot from interfering with the flight controls.. Note. Safety harness includes shoulder straps and a seat belt which may be used independently. 76. Passenger information. The aeroplane must be equipped with the means of ensuring that the following information and instructions are conveyed to passengers: (a). Chapter 2 Page 25. when seat belts are to be fastened;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(47) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (b). when and how oxygen equipment is to be used if the carriage of oxygen is required;. (c). restrictions on smoking;. (d). location and use of life jackets of equivalent individual flotation devices where their carriage is required; and. (e). location and method of opening emergency exits; and. 77. Fuses. Spare electrical fuses of appropriate ratings for replacement of those accessible in flight must be carried. 78.. Documents. An aeroplane must carry: (a). the operations manual, or those parts of it that pertain to flight operations;. (b). the flight manual for the aeroplane, or other document containing performance data and any other information necessary for the operation of the aeroplane within the terms of its certificate of airworthiness, unless this data is in the operations manual; and. (c). current and suitable charts to cover the route of the proposed flight and any route along which it is reasonable to expect that the flight may be diverted.. Marking of Break-In Points 79. If areas of the fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in emergency are marked on an aeroplane such areas shall be marked as shown in Figure 2-1.. Chapter 2 Page 26. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(48) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 80. The colour of the markings shall be red or yellow, and if necessary they shall be outlined in white to contrast with the background. 81. If the corner markings are more than 2 m apart, intermediate lines 9 cm x 3 cm shall be inserted so that there is no more than 2 m between adjacent marks.. FIGURE 2-1. Flight Recorders 82. Flight recorders comprise two systems, a flight data recorder (FDR) and a cockpit voice recorder (CVR).. Chapter 2 Page 27. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(49) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Flight Data Recorders 83.. Parameters to be recorded. A flight data recorder must be capable of recording: (a). time;. (b). altitude;. (c). airspeed;. (d). normal acceleration;. (e). heading.. In addition, depending on the date of first issue of the Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) a FDR should also be capable of recording parameters to determine pitch attitude, roll attitude, radio transmission keying and power on each engine. 84. Preservation of data. An FDR must with one exception be capable of retaining the last 25 hours of recording (usually achieved by running on a continuous 25 hour loop). The exception is the type known as Type IIA fitted on aircraft of maximum certificated take-off mass 27, 000kg or less which must be able to retain at least the last 30 minutes of recording. The operator is responsible for ensuring to the extent possible that if an aeroplane becomes involved in an accident or incident the FDR and recordings are retained in safe custody pending any accident inquiry/investigation.. Chapter 2 Page 28. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(50) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 85. Construction, location and installation. Flight data recorders must be constructed, located and installed so as to provide maximum practical protection for the recordings in order that the recorded information may be preserved, recovered and transcribed. 86. Operation. Flight recorders must not be switched off during flight time but must be deactivated on completion of flight time or following an accident or incident.. Cockpit Voice Recorders 87. Objective of cockpit voice recorder. The objective of the cockpit voice recorder is the recording of the aural environment on the flight deck during flight time. 88. Preservation of records. A cockpit voice recorder must be capable of retaining information recorded in the last 30 minutes of its operation. 89. Construction and operation. The requirements for cockpit voice recorders are as for flight data recorders.. Equipment Required on Specific Types of Aeroplanes Flights VFR Flights 90.. Chapter 2 Page 29. All aeroplanes when operated as VFR flights shall be equipped with: (a). a magnetic compass;. (b). an accurate time-piece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds;. (c). a sensitive pressure altimeter;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(51) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (d). an airspeed indicator, and. (e). such additional instruments or equipment as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.. 91. In addition, those VFR flights which are operated as controlled flights shall be equipped in accordance with IFR requirements.. IFR Flights 92. All aeroplanes when operated in accordance with IFR, or when the aeroplane cannot be maintained in a desired attitude without reference to one or more flight instrument, shall be equipped with: (a). a magnetic compass;. (b). an accurate timepiece indicating hours, minutes, and seconds;. (c). two sensitive pressure altimeters (not 3 pointer nor drum pointer types);. (Note. The requirements of a, b) and c) may be met by combinations of instrument or by integrated flight director systems provided that the safeguards against total failure, inherent in the three separate instruments, are retained).. Chapter 2 Page 30. (d). airspeed indicating system with means of preventing malfunctioning due to condensation or icing;. (e). a turn and slip indicator;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(52) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (f). an attitude indicator (artificial horizon);. (g). a heading indicator (directional gyroscope);. (h). a means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instrument is adequate;. (i). a means of indicating in the flight crew compartment the outside air temperature;. (j). a rate-of-climb and descent indicator.. 93. All aeroplanes over 5 700 kg – Emergency power supply of electrically operated attitude indicating instruments. 94. All aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700 kg newly introduced into service after 1 January 1975 shall be fitted with an emergency power supply, independent of the main electrical generating system, for the purpose of operating and illuminating, for a minimum period of 30 minutes, an attitude indicating instrument (artificial horizon), clearly visible to the pilotin-command.. Operating at Night 95.. Chapter 2 Page 31. All aeroplanes, when operated at night shall be equipped with: (a). all equipment specified under IFR Flight.. (b). the lights required by Annex 2 for aircraft in flight or operating on the movement area of an aerodrome.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(53) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (c). two landing lights;. (Note. Aeroplanes not certificated in accordance with Annex 8 which are equipped with a single landing light having two separately energised filaments will be considered to have complied with this requirement). (d). illumination for all instruments and equipment that are essential for the safe operation of the aeroplane that are used by the flight crew;. (e). lights in all passenger compartment; and. (f). an electric torch for each crew member station.. Operating over Water - Land Planes 96. Requirement for life saving equipment. The carriage of life saving equipment is mandatory in the following cases:. Chapter 2 Page 32. (a). Landplanes with two or more engines – when operating more than 93km (50nm) over water;. (b). All other aeroplanes – when beyond gliding distance from land;. (c). When taking off or landing at an aerodrome where, in the opinion of the State of the Operator, there is a likelihood of ditching in the event of a mishap occurring during take-off or approach.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(54) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 97. The equipment referred to above shall comprise one life jacket or equivalent individual floatation device for each person on board, stowed in a position easily accessible from the seat of berth of the person for whose it is provided.. All Aeroplanes on Long Range over Water Flights 98. In addition to the equipment prescribed previously the following equipment shall be installed in all aeroplanes when used over routes on which the aeroplane may be over water and at more than a distance corresponding to 120 minutes at cruising speed or 740 km (400 nm), whichever is the lesser, away from land suitable for making an emergency landing in the case of aeroplanes with 2 or more engines, and for all other aeroplanes, 30 minutes or 185 km (100 nm), whichever is the lesser: (a). Life-saving rafts - in sufficient number to carry all persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate their ready use in emergency, provided with such life-saving equipment including means of sustaining life as is appropriate to the flight to be undertaken (e.g. food, water, protective clothing) and equipment for making the pyrotechnical distress signals described in Annex 2; and. (b). Emergency locator Transmitter (ELT). All aeroplanes on long range over water flights must be equipped with at least two ELT(s).. 99. Life Jackets. Each life jacket and equivalent individual floatation device, when carried shall be equipped with a means of electric illumination for the purpose of facilitating the location of persons.. Chapter 2 Page 33. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(55) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Flights over Designated Land Areas 100. Aeroplanes when operated across land areas which have been designated by the State concerned as areas in which search and rescue would be especially difficult, shall be equipped with such signalling devices and life-saving equipment (including means of sustaining life), as may be appropriate to the area overflown. In addition, Annex 6 requires that at least one ELT shall also be carried.. High Altitude Flights 101. An aeroplane intended to be operated with atmospheric pressures less than 700 hPa in personnel compartments shall be equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus capable of storing and dispensing oxygen as described under ‘OXYGEN SUPPLY’.. Flight in Icing Conditions 102. All aeroplanes shall be equipped with anti-icing and/or de-icing devices when operating in circumstances in which icing conditions are reported to exist or are expected to be encountered.. Pressurised Aeroplanes when Carrying Passengers – Weather Radar 103. Pressurised aeroplanes when carrying passengers should be equipped with operative weather radar whenever such aeroplanes are being operated in areas where the thunderstorms or other potentially hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable with airborne weather radar, may be expected to exist along the route either at night or under instrument meteorological conditions.. Chapter 2 Page 34. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(56) International Commercial Air Transport Operations All Aeroplanes Operated above 15000m (49000 ft) - Radiation Indicator 104. All aeroplanes operated above 15,000 m (49,000 ft) shall carry equipment to measure and indicate continuously the dose rate of total cosmic radiation being received, and the cumulative dose on each flight. The display unit of the equipment shall be readily visible to a flight crew member.. All Aeroplanes Complying with the Noise Certification Standards 105.. An aeroplane shall carry a document attesting noise certification.. Note. The attestation may be contained in any document, carried on board, approved by the State of Registry.. Aeroplanes Requiring Mach Number Indicator 106. All aeroplanes with speed limitations expressed in terms of Mach number, shall be equipped with a Mach number indicator. Note. This does not preclude the use of the airspeed indicator to derive Mach number for ATS purposes.. Aeroplanes Requiring Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) 107.. Aeroplanes in the following categories are required by Annex 6 to be equipped with GPWS: (a). Chapter 2 Page 35. Turbine-engined aeroplanes of more than 15000kg maximum certificated take-off mass or authorised to carry more than 30 passengers with a C of A issued on or after to 1 Jul 79;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(57) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (Note. Annex 6 recommends that aeroplanes with a C of A issued prior to that date should have GPWS). (b). Turbine-engined aeroplanes with a maximum certificated take-off mass of more than 5700kg or authorised to carry more than 9 passengers from 1 Jan 99;. (Note. Annex 6 recommends that this requirement should also apply to piston-engined aeroplanes meeting the same criteria). Information provided by GPWS. From 1 Jan 99, a GPWS must provide, as a minimum, warnings of the following:. Chapter 2 Page 36. (i). excessive descent rate;. (ii). excessive terrain closure rate;. (iii). excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around;. (iv). unsafe terrain clearance while not in the landing configuration;. (v). gear not locked down;. (vi). flaps not in landing position;. (vii). excessive descent below instrument glide path.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(58) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) 108. Master minimum equipment list (MMEL). The organisation responsible for the type design of an aircraft in conjunction with the State of Design is responsible for the production of a master minimum equipment list (MMEL). 109. MEL. The State of the Operator should require the operator to prepare a minimum equipment list (MEL) designed to allow operation of the aircraft with systems or equipment inoperative provided an acceptable level of safety is maintained. 110. Approval of MEL. The State of the Operator should indicate, through the approval of an MEL, those systems and items of equipment that may be inoperative for certain flight conditions but not for any other than those specified. 111. Multiple MEL items inoperative. Operators must ensure that no flight is commenced with multiple MEL items inoperative without determining that any interrelationship between inoperative systems or components will not result in an unacceptable degradation in the level of safety and/or undue increase in flight crew workload. 112. Placarding. Systems or equipment accepted as inoperative for such a flight should be placarded where appropriate and all such items noted in the aircraft technical log.. Chapter 2 Page 37. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(59) International Commercial Air Transport Operations. Aeroplane Communication and Navigation Equipment Communication Equipment 113.. An aeroplane shall be provided with radio communication equipment capable of: (a). conducting two-way communication for aerodrome control purposes;. (b). receiving meteorological information at any time during flight;. (c). conducting two-way communication at any time during flight with at least one aeronautical station and with such other aeronautical stations and on such frequencies as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.. 114. The radio communication equipment required in accordance with the previous paragraph shall provide for communications on the aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz.. Navigation Equipment 115.. Chapter 2 Page 38. An aeroplane shall be provided with navigation equipment which will enable it to proceed: (a). in accordance with its operational flight plan; and. (b). in accordance with prescribed RNP types; and. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(60) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (c). in accordance with the requirements of air traffic services except when, if not so precluded by the appropriate authority, navigation for flights under the visual flight rules is accomplished by visual reference to landmarks.. 116. Minimum navigation performance specification (MNPS). For flights in defined portions of airspace where, based on Regional Air Navigation Agreement, MNPS are prescribed, an aeroplane shall be provided with navigation equipment which: (a). continuously provides indication to the flight crew of adherence to or departure from track to the required degree of accuracy at any point along that track; and. (b). has been authorised by the State of the Operator for MNPS operations concerned.. Note. The prescribed minimum navigation performance specifications and the procedures governing their application are published in Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030). 117. Reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM). For flights in defined portions of airspace in which, by Regional Air Navigation Agreement, a reduced vertical separation minimum of 300m (1000ft) applies above FL 290, an aeroplane must be provided with equipment which is capable of:. Chapter 2 Page 39. (a). indicating the FL being flown;. (b). automatically maintaining a selected FL;. (c). providing an alert to the flight crew when a deviation occurs from the selected FL. The threshold of detection of such a deviation must not exceed 90m (300ft); and,. (d). automatically reporting pressure altitude.. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(61) International Commercial Air Transport Operations Such equipment must be authorised by the State of the Operator for operation in the airspace concerned. 118. Redundancy. The navigation equipment shall be so provided as to ensure that, in the event of the failure of one item of equipment at any stage of the flight, the remaining equipment will be sufficient to enable the aeroplane to continue in accordance with the above paragraphs. 119. Instrument Landing Systems. On flights in which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions an aeroplane shall be provided with radio equipment capable receiving signals providing guidance to a point from which a visual landing can be effected. This equipment shall be capable of providing such guidance a each aerodrome at which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions and at any designated alternate aerodromes. 120. The equipment installation shall be such that the failure of any single unit required for either communications or navigation purposes or both will not result in the failure of another unit required for communications or navigation purposes.. Aeroplane Maintenance Maintenance Release 121. The approved maintenance organisation is responsible for completing the required maintenance on a commercial aeroplane and indicating completion with a certificate called the ‘maintenance release’. The maintenance release is required to contain certification including:. Chapter 2 Page 40. (a). basic details of maintenance carried out;. (b). date such maintenance was completed;. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(62) International Commercial Air Transport Operations (c). when applicable, the identity of the approved maintenance organisation;. (d). the identity of the person signing the release.. 122. Responsibility of pilot-in-command. Annex 6 requires that a flight is not commenced until the pilot-in-command has checked that the maintenance release has been issued and that it contains all the details required.. Aeroplane Flight Crew Composition of the Flight Crew 123. The number and composition of the flight crew shall not be less than that specified in the operations manual. The flight crews shall include flight crew members in addition to the minimum numbers specified in the certificate of airworthiness of the aeroplane of the aeroplane flight manual or other document associated with the certificate of airworthiness, when necessitated by considerations related to the type of aeroplane used, the type of operation involved and the duration of flight between points where flight crews are changed. 124. Radio Operator. The flight crew shall include at least one member who holds a valid licence, issued or rendered valid by the state of Registry, authorising operation of the type of radio transmitting equipment to be used. 125. Flight Engineer. When a separate flight engineer’s station is incorporated in the design of an aeroplane, the flight crew shall include at least one flight engineer especially assigned to that station, unless the duties associated with that station can be satisfactorily performed by another flight crew member, holding a flight engineer licence, without interference with regular duties.. Chapter 2 Page 41. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(63) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 126. Flight Navigator. The flight crew shall include at least one member who hold a flight navigator licence in all operations where, as determined by the State of the Operator, navigation necessary for the safe conduct of the flight cannot be adequately accomplished by the pilots from the pilot station.. Flight Crew Member Training Programmes 127. An operator shall establish and maintain a ground and flight training programme, approved by the State of the Operator, which ensures that all flight crew members are adequately trained to perform their assigned duties. 128. The requirement for recurrent flight training in a particular type of aeroplane shall be considered fulfilled by: (a). the use, to the extent deemed feasible by the State of the Operator, of aeroplane synthetic flight trainers approved by that State for that purpose; or. (b). the completion within the appropriate period of the proficiency check required in that type of aeroplane.. Qualifications 129. Recent Experience – Pilot-In-Command. An operator shall not assign a pilot to act as pilot-incommand of an aeroplane unless, on the same type of aeroplane within the preceding 90 days, that pilot has made at least three take-offs and landings.. Chapter 2 Page 42. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

(64) International Commercial Air Transport Operations 130. Recent Experience – Co-Pilot. An operator shall not assign a co-pilot to serve at the flight controls during take-off and landing unless, on the same type of aeroplane within the proceeding 90 days, that co-pilot has served as pilot-in-command or co-pilot at the flight controls or has otherwise demonstrated competence to act as co-pilot on a flight simulator approved for the purpose.. Pilot-In-Command Route and Airport Qualification An operator shall not utilise a pilot as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane on a route or route segment for which that pilot is not currently qualified until such pilot has complied with the following paragraphs. 131. of:. Route Knowledge. Each such pilot shall demonstrate to the operator an adequate knowledge (a). Chapter 2 Page 43. The route to be flown, and the aerodromes which are to be used. This shall include knowledge of: (i). the terrain and minimum safe altitudes;. (ii). the seasonal meteorological conditions;. (iii). the meteorological, communication and air traffic facilities, services and procedures;. (iv). the search and rescue procedures; and. (v). the navigational facilities and procedures, including and long-range navigation procedures, associated with the route along which the flight is to take place; and. © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

No results found