Energy management

Energy Scenario

72%

• _{India is dependent on fossil fuel import to fulfill}

its energy demands.

• _{The energy imports are expected to exceed 53%}

of the India's total energy consumption.

• _{In 2009-10, 159.26 million tones of the crude oil}

is imported which amounts to 80% of its domestic crude oil consumption.

• _{The percentage of oil imports are 31% of the}

country's total imports.

Energy Scenario

• India's coal imports is increased by 18% for electricity generation in 2010.

• India has the world's fifth largest wind power market and plans to add about 20GW of solar power capacity.

• India became third highest in the world who is generating the electricity by nuclear and plans to construct 18

ENERGY

_{Energy can be classified into several types}

based on the following criteria:

• Primary and Secondary energy

• Commercial and Non commercial energy

Alternative Non conventional

Energy Sources

Renewable Sources

• _{wind, sun, water, sea, biomass}

• _{Pollution free and hence clean energy apart}

Wind energy

• _{windmills into wind turbines did not happen}

overnight

• _{It was Denmark which erected the first batch}

Wind energy

• _{The technology involves generation of}

electricity using turbines, which converts

mechanical energy created by the rotation of blades into electrical energy

• _{some times the mechanical energy from the}

Wind energy - India

• _{The wind power programme in India was}

started during 1983-84 with the efforts of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.

• _{In India the total installed capacity from wind}

mills is 1612 MW, of which, Tamilnadu has an installed capacity of 858 MW as on

Wind energy - India

• _{Tamil Nadu is endowed with lengthy mountain}

ranges on its Western side with three prominent passes in its length. These are with

wind-potentials:

• _{(1) Palghat Pass in Coimbatore District-1200 MW,} • _{(2) Shengottah Pass in Tirunelveli}

District-500MW and

• _{(3) Aralvoymozhi Pass in Kanniyakumari District-}

Wind energy - India

• _{The mountainous areas close to Cumbum}

Valley are observed to be having high potential

• _{coastal areas, central plains and hilly areas}

Wind Energy and Wind Power

• _{Wind is a form of solar energy.}

• _{Winds are caused by the uneven heating of}

the atmosphere by the sun

• _{the irregularities of the earth's surface, and}

rotation of the earth

• _{Wind flow patterns are modified by the}

earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover.

• _{This wind flow, or motion energy, when}

"harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be

How Wind Power Is Generated

• _{The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"}

describe the process by which the wind is

used to generate mechanical power or

electricity

• _{Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in}

the wind into mechanical power.

• _{This mechanical power can be used for}

How Wind Power Is Generated

• _{This mechanical power can be used in}

Wind Turbines

• _{Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades,}

turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current.

• _{Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of}

a fan.

• _{Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a}

fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.

• _{The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,}

Wind Turbine Types

• _{Modern wind turbines fall into two basic}

groups;

• _{the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional}

farm windmills used for pumping water, and

• _{the vertical-axis design, like the}

eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.

• _{Most large modern wind turbines are}

Turbine Components

Horizontal turbine components include:

• _{blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the}

wind to rotational shaft energy;

• _{a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a}

generator;

• _{a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and} • _{other equipment, including controls, electrical}

Turbine Configurations

• _{Wind turbines are often grouped together into}

a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm,

• _{and generate bulk electrical power.}

• _{Electricity from these turbines is fed into a}

Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings

• _{Wind turbines are available in a variety of}

sizes, and therefore power ratings.

• _{The largest machine has blades that span}

more than the length of a football field,

• _{stands 20 building stories high, and produces}

Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings

• _{A small home-sized wind machine has rotors}

between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an all-electric home or small business.

• _{Utility-scale turbines range in size from 50 to}

750 kilowatts. Single small turbines, below 50 kilowatts, are used for homes,

SOLAR ENERGY

• _{Every day, the sun radiates (sends out) an}

enormous amount of energy—called solar energy.

• _{Like most stars, the sun is a big gas ball made up}

mostly of hydrogen and helium gas.

• _{The sun makes energy in its inner core in a}

process called nuclear fusion.

• _{It takes the sun’s energy just a little over eight}

Solar energy

• _{Every hour enough solar energy reaches the}

Earth to supply our nation’s energy needs for a year! Solar energy is considered a renewable energy source due to this fact.

• _{Today, people use solar energy to heat}

Solar collector

• _{The sun does not deliver that much energy to}

any one place at any one time.

• _{The amount of solar energy an area receives}

depends on the time of day, the season of the year, the cloudiness of the sky, and how close you are to the Earth’s Equator.

• _{A solar collector is one way to capture sunlight}

Solar collector

• _{A closed car on a sunny day is like a solar}

collector. As sunlight passes through the car’s windows, it is absorbed by the seat covers, walls, and floor of the car.

• _{The absorbed light changes into heat. The}

Solar Space Heating

• _{Space heating means heating the space inside a}

building. Today, many homes use solar energy for space heating.

• _{A passive solar home is designed to let in as much}

sunlight as possible. It is like a big solar collector.

• _{Sunlight passes through the windows and heats the}

Solar Water Heating

• _{Solar energy can be used to heat water. Heating} water for bathing, dishwashing, and clothes

washing is the second largest home energy cost. • _{Installing a solar water heater can reduce your}

water heating bill by as much as 50 percent.

• _{A solar water heater works a lot like solar space} heating. In our hemisphere, a solar collector is

mounted on the south side of a roof where it can capture sunlight.

Solar Electricity

• _{Solar energy can also be used to produce}

electricity. Two ways to make electricity from solar energy are photovoltaics and solar

Solar cells

• _{Sometimes photovoltaic cells are called PV}

cells or solar cells for short

• _{Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside}

telephone call boxes all use solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity.

• _{Solar cells are made up of silicon, the same}

Solar cells

• _{Solar cells can supply energy to anything that is}

powered by batteries or electrical power.

• _{Electricity is produced when radiant energy from}

the sun strikes the solar cell, causing the electrons to move around

• _{The action of the electrons starts an electric}

current.

• _{The conversion of sunlight into electricity takes}

Solar cells

• _{There are no mechanical parts to wear out.}

Compared to other ways of making electricity, photovoltaic systems are expensive and many panels are needed to equal the electricity

generated at other types of plants.

• _{Solar systems are often used to generate}

Solar Thermal Electricity

• _{Like solar cells, solar thermal systems, also called}

concentrated solar power (CSP), use solar energy to produce electricity, but in a different way.

• _{Most solar thermal systems use a solar collector with a}

mirrored surface to focus sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid.

• _{The super-heated liquid is used to make steam to}

Solar Thermal Electricity

• _{Solar energy has great potential for the future.}

Solar energy is free, and its supplies are unlimited.

• _{It does not pollute or otherwise damage the}

Fossil fuels

• _{Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal,}

Coal

• _{Coal is the most abundant and burned fossil fuel.} • _{is the fastest growing fossil fuel and its large}

reserves would make it a popular candidate to

meet the energy demand of the global community.

• _{According to the International Energy Agency the}

proven reserves of coal are around 909 billion

tonnes, which could sustain the current production rate for 155 years, although at a 5% growth per

annum this would be reduced to 45 years, or until 2051.

• _{It is possible to make liquid fuels such as diesel and}

Oil

• _{It is estimated that there may be 57 ZJ of oil reserves}

on Earth

• _{World crude oil production (including lease}

condensates) according to US EIA data decreased

from a peak of 73.720 mbd in 2005 to 73.437 in 2006, 72.981 in 2007, and 73.697 in 2008.

• _{Current oil consumption is at the rate of 0.18 ZJ per}

Nuclear fuel

• _{The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates the}

remaining uranium resources to be equal to 2500 ZJ.

• _{Although at the beginning of the 21st century uranium is the}

primary nuclear fuel world-wide, others such as thorium and hydrogen had been under investigation since the middle of the 20th century.

• _{It is also considered by many to be easier to obtain than}

uranium. While uranium mines are enclosed underground and thus very dangerous for the miners, thorium is taken

• _{Since the 1960s, numerous facilities}

throughout the world have burned Thorium.

• _{Alternatives for energy production through}

Nuclear fusion

• _{Fusion power is the process driving the sun and}

other stars.

• _{It generates large quantities of heat by fusing the}

nuclei of hydrogen or helium isotopes, which may be derived from seawater. The heat can

theoretically be harnessed to generate electricity.

• _{Fusion is theoretically able to supply vast}

quantities of energy, with relatively little pollution.

• _{Although both the United States and the}

• _{Prepare an annual activity plan and present to}

management concerning financially attractive investments to reduce energy costs.

• _{Establish an energy conservation cell within the firm}

with management’s consent about the mandate and task of the cell.

• _{Initiate activities to improve monitoring and process}

control to reduce energy costs.

• _{Analyze equipment performance with respect to}

energy efficiency.

Role of Energy Managers

• _{Ensure proper functioning and calibration of}

instrumentation required to assess level of energy consumption directly or indirectly.

• _{Prepare information material and conduct}

internal workshops about the topic for other staff.

• _{Improve disaggregating of energy consumption}

Role of Energy Managers

• _{Establish a methodology how to accurately calculate the}

specific energy consumption of various products/services or activity of the firm.

• _{Develop and manage training program for energy efficiency}

at operating levels.

• _{Co-ordinate nomination of management personnel to}

external programs.

• _{Create knowledge bank on sectoral, national and}

Role of Energy Managers

• _{Develop integrated system of energy efficiency}

and environmental up-gradation.

• _{Wide internal & external networking.}

• _{Co-ordinate implementation of energy}

audit/efficiency improvement projects through external agencies.

• _{Establish and/or participate in information}

UNIT 2

INTRODUCTION

• Saving money on energy bills is attractive to businesses, industries, and individuals alike.

• Customers whose energy bills use up a large part of their income - have a strong motivation to initiate and continue an ongoing energy cost-control program.

• No-cost or very low cost operational changes can often save a customer or an industry 10-20% on utility bills

Energy Audit

• _{Energy audits are performed by several}

different groups.

• _{Electric and gas utilities throughout the}

country offer free residential energy audits.

• _{A utility’s residential energy auditors analyze}

Energy Audit

• The energy audit is one of the first tasks to be

performed in the accomplishment of an effective energy cost control program.

• An energy audit consists of a detailed examination of how a facility uses energy, what the facility pays for that energy

• and finally, a recommended program for changes in operating practices or energy-consuming equipment that will cost-effectively save dollars on energy bills.

Select type of energy audit

• _{Preliminary energy audit}

• _{Detailed energy audit}

• _{Types of energy audit chosen depends on}

 _{function and type of industry}

 _{depth to which final audit is needed}

 _{potential and magnitude of cost reduction}

Purpose, Methodology with respect of Process Industries

• This audit description primarily addresses the steps in an industrial or large-scale commercial audit, and not all of the procedures described in this section are required for every type of audit.

• The audit process starts by collecting information about a facility’s operation and about its past record of utility bills.

Purpose of Energy Audit

• _{Monitoring power and fuel consumption and} equipment and macro level

• _{Monitoring energy performance parameters with} reference to design values

• _{Plugging leaks or wastages}

• _{Merit rating of multiple equipment for user benefit} • _{Identifing impact parameters on plant efficiency}

Scope of energy audit to indicate

• _{Capabilities and efficiency of equipment} • _{Need for automatic controls}

• _{Adequacy of maintenance}

• _{Need for improved instrumentation} • _{Scope areas for energy saving}

• _{Cost benefits of specific measures in} • _{Short/ medium/ long term}

• _{Mechanism of monitoring} • _{Vendor information}

Methodology

• _{Historic data analysis}

• _Measurements

• _{Trials/ experiments}

• _{Consolidation of findings}

• _{Vendor data collection}

• _{Cost benefit analysis}

The Auditor’s Toolbox

• To obtain the best information for a successful energy cost control program, the auditor must make some measurements during the audit visit.

• The amount of equipment needed depends on the type of energy consuming equipment used at the facility, and on the range of potential ECOs that might be considered.

Tape Measures

• _{The most basic measuring device needed is the tape}

measure.

• _{A 25-foot tape measure l" wide and a 100- foot tape}

Lightmeter

• One simple and useful instrument is the lightmeter which is used to measure illumination levels in facilities.

• A lightmeter that reads in foot candles allows direct analysis of lighting systems and comparison with recommended light levels specified by the Illuminating Engineering Society.

• A small lightmeter that is portable and can fit into a pocket is the most useful.

Thermometers

• Several thermometers are generally needed to measure temperatures in offices and other worker areas, and to measure the temperature of operating equipment.

• Knowing process temperatures allows the auditor to determine process equipment efficiencies, and also to identify waste heat sources for potential heat recovery programs.

• Inexpensive electronic thermometers with

Thermometers

• Some common types include an immersion probe, a surface temperature probe, and a radiation shielded probe for measuring true air temperature. Other

types of infra-red thermometers and thermographic equipment are also available.

• An infra-red “gun” is valuable for measuring

Infrared Cameras

• Infrared cameras are still rather expensive pieces of equipment. An investment of at least $25,000 is needed to have a quality infrared camera.

• However, these are very versatile pieces of equipment and can be used to find overheated electrical wires, connections, neutrals circuit breakers, transformers, motors and other pieces of electrical equipment.

• They can also be used to find wet insulation, missing insulation, roof leaks, and cold spots.

Voltmeter

• An inexpensive voltmeter is useful for determining operating voltages on electrical equipment

Combustion Analyzer

• Combustion analyzers are portable devices capable of estimating the combustion efficiency of furnaces, boilers, or other fossil fuel burning machines.

• Two types are available: digital analyzers and manual combustion analysis kits. Digital combustion analysis equipment performs the measurements and reads out in percent combustion efficiency.

• These instruments are fairly complex and expensive. The manual combustion analysis kits typically require multiple measurements including exhaust stack temperature, oxygen content, and carbon dioxide content.

Airflow Measurement Devices

• _{Measuring air flow from heating, air conditioning}

or ventilating ducts, or from other sources of air flow is one of the energy auditor’s tasks.

• _{Airflow measurement devices can be used to}

identify problems with air flows, such as whether the combustion air flow into a gas heater is correct.

• _{Typical airflow measuring devices include a}

Blower Door Attachment

• Building or structure tightness can be measured with a blower door attachment. This device is frequently used in residences and in office buildings to determine the air leakage rate.

Safety Equipment

• The use of safety equipment is a vital precaution for any energy auditor.

• A good pair of safety glasses is an absolute necessity for almost any audit visit.

• Hearing protectors may also be required on audit visits to noisy plants or areas with high horsepower motors driving fans and pumps.

• Electrical insulated gloves should be used if electrical measurements will be taken, and asbestos gloves should be used for working around boilers and heaters. • Breathing masks may also be needed when hazardous

fumes are present from processes or materials used.

Miniature Data Loggers

• _{Miniature—or mini—data loggers have}

appeared in low cost models in the last five

years. These are oftendevices that can be held in the palm of the hand, and are electronic

Vibration Analysis Gear

• The correlation between machine condition (bearings, pulley alignment, etc.) and energy consumption is related and this equipment monitors such machine health.

• At the lower end of the spectrum are vibration pens (or probes) that simply give real-time amplitude readings of vibrating equipment in in/sec or mm/sec. This type of equipment can cost under $1,000.

• _{The more typical type of vibration equipment will measure and log}

Purpose, Methodology with respect of Process Industries

• Specific changes—called Energy Conservation

Opportunities (ECOs)—are identified and evaluated to determine their benefits and their cost-effectiveness.

• These ECOs are assessed in terms of their costs and benefits, and an economic comparison is made to rank the various ECOs.

Energy Audit of Thermal Power Plant

• _{It involves and collection of energy related}

data on regular basis.

• _{It tells how and where the energy is being}

consumed and

• _{It also tells how efficiently and effectively the}

energy is being used.

• _{It is not only study to identify various weak}

Walk Through Audit

• _{Walk through audit commonly falls under the}

operations and maintenance financial plan.

• _{Once the audit has been completed, you will}

Walk Through Audit

After discussions with the power station engineer, the following studies/tests were decided to carry out: 1. Boiler efficiency test

2. Air heater leakage test 3. Furnace radiation losses 4. Turbine heat rate

5. Condenser performance

Boiler

• _{Boiler and Its Auxiliaries Pulverized coal is put}

in boiler furnace.

• _{Boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is}

Boiler Efficiency Test

• _{Due to poor combustion, poor operation, heat}

transfer fouling and maintenance, the

performance of boiler is reduced with time.

• _{There are two other causes which also lead to}

poor performance of boiler i.e. Deterioration of fuel quality and water quality.

• _{Efficiency testing helps to observe, how far the}

Purpose of the Performance

Test

• To find out the efficiency of the boiler and to find out the Evaporation ratio The purpose of the performance test is to determine actual performance and efficiency of the boiler and compare it with design values or norms. It is an indicator for tracking day-to-day and season-to-season variations in boiler efficiency and energy efficiency improvements.

• Indian Standard for Boiler Efficiency Testing Most standards for computation of boiler efficiency, including IS 8753 and BS845 are designed for spot

measurement of boiler efficiency. Invariably, all these standards do not

include blow down as a loss in the efficiency determination process. Basically Boiler efficiency can be tested by the following methods:

• 1) The Direct Method: Where the energy gain of the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy content of the boiler fuel.

The Direct Method Testing

• _{This is also known as ’input-output method’}

due to the fact that it needs only the useful output (steam) and the heat input (i.e. fuel) for evaluating the efficiency. This efficiency can be evaluated using the formula:

Efficiency = Heat addition to steam x 100 Gross heat in fuel

Boiler

Fuel Input 100% + Air

Water

Steam Output

Measurements Required for Direct Method

Testing

1. Heat input

• _{Both heat input and heat output must be}

measured.

• _{The measurement of heat input requires}

Heat input

For gaseous fuel

A gas meter of the approved type can be used and the measured volume should be

corrected for temperature and pressure. A sample of gas can be collected for calorific value determination, but it is usually

Heat output

• _{With steam boilers an installed steam meter}

can be used to measure flow rate, but this must be corrected for temperature and

pressure.

• _{Heat addition for conversion of feed water at}

Energy conservation for Boilers

• Load Reduction

• Insulation

• —steam lines and distribution system

• —condensate lines and return system

• —heat exchangers

• —boiler or furnace

• Repair steam leaks

• Repair failed steam straps

• Return condensate to boiler

• Reduce boiler blowdown

• Improve feed water treatment

• Improve make-up water treatment

• Repair condensate leaks

• Shut off steam tracers during the summer

• Shut off boilers during long periods of no use

• Eliminate hot standby

• _{Reduce flash steam loss}

• Install stack dampers or heat traps in natural draft boilers

Waste Heat Recovery (a form of load

reduction)

• _{Utilize flash steam}

• _{Preheat feed water with an economizer}

• _{Preheat make-up water with an economizer}

• _{Preheat combustion air with a recuperator}

• _{Recover flue gas heat to supplement other heating system, such as}

domestic or service hot water, or unit space heater

• Recover waste heat from some other system to preheat boiler

make-up or feedwater

• _{Install a heat recovery system on incinerator or furnace}

• _{Install condensation heat recovery system}

• _{—indirect contact heat exchanger}

Efficiency Improvement

• Reduce excess air

• Provide sufficient air for complete combustion • Install combustion efficiency control system • —Constant excess air control

• —Minimum excess air control

• —Optimum excess air and CO control • Optimize loading of multiple boilers • Shut off unnecessary boilers

• Install smaller system for part-load operation • —Install small boiler for summer loads

• —Install satellite boiler for remote loads • Install low excess air burners

• Repair or replace faulty burners

• Replace natural draft burners with forced draft burners • Install turbulators in fi retube boilers

• Install more effi cient boiler or furnace system

• —high-effi ciency, pulse combustion, or condensing boiler or furnace system • Clean heat transfer surfaces to reduce fouling and scale

• Improve feedwater treatment to reduce scaling