NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
K.Vijayaragavan,K.Sivashanmugam
K.Vijayaragavan,K.Sivashanmugam
Dept of ECE, Indra Ganesan College of Engg, Trichy.
Dept of ECE, Indra Ganesan College of Engg, Trichy.
ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT:
This paper begins by d
This paper begins by discussingiscussing nanotechnology which has potential to nanotechnology which has potential to create many new materials and devices with create many new materials and devices with a vast range of app
a vast range of applications such as inlications such as in medical, electronics etc. The fundamental medical, electronics etc. The fundamental concept of nanotechnology, current research concept of nanotechnology, current research in nanomaterials, biomaterials, tools and in nanomaterials, biomaterials, tools and techniques
techniques used fused for fabrior fabrication of cation of nanowires, those used for fabrication of nanowires, those used for fabrication of nanowires, those used in semiconductors nanowires, those used in semiconductors fabrication such as deep u
fabrication such as deep ultraviltravioletolet lithography, focus ion beam machining, lithography, focus ion beam machining, atomic layer deposition and further atomic layer deposition and further including molecular self- assembly including molecular self- assembly techniques such as those e
techniques such as those employing di-blmploying di-block ock copolymers, their applications and
copolymers, their applications and implications.
implications.
The paper¶s focus then change The paper¶s focus then change to nanorobotics which encompasses the to nanorobotics which encompasses the design, fabrication and programming of design, fabrication and programming of robots with overall dimensions in the robots with overall dimensions in the submicron range, and the
submicron range, and the manipulation fomanipulation fo nanoscale objects with micro or microscopic nanoscale objects with micro or microscopic robots and its applications in cancer t
robots and its applications in cancer therapy.herapy. To ill
To illustrate the ustrate the proposal proposal approach, weapproach, we applied advanced 3D simulation techniques applied advanced 3D simulation techniques
as a practical choice on methodology for as a practical choice on methodology for medical nanorobotics integrated system medical nanorobotics integrated system analyses and instrumentation prototyping. In analyses and instrumentation prototyping. In addition to a precise explanat
addition to a precise explanat ion of surgeonsion of surgeons of tomorrow i.e. the miniature robots that of tomorrow i.e. the miniature robots that gogo inside human body is also d
inside human body is also d iscussiscussed.ed.
INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION:
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology,, shortened to "
shortened to "nanotechnanotech", is the study of the", is the study of the controlling of matter on an
controlling of matter on an atomicatomicandand molecular
molecular scale. Generally nanotechnologyscale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100
deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers
nanometers or smaller in at least oneor smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging
from extensions of conventional
from extensions of conventional devicedevice
physics
physicsto completely new approto completely new approaches basedaches based upon
upon molecular self-assemblymolecular self-assembly, from, from developing
developing new materialsnew materialswith dimensionswith dimensions on the nanoscale to
on the nanoscale to investigating whether weinvestigating whether we can
can directly control matter on tdirectly control matter on the atomiche atomic
scale
Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of
actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
Current research
Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.
Nanomaterials
This includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.[13]
y Interface and colloid science has
given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods.
y Nanoscale materials can also be used
for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of
nanotechnology are of this flavor.
y Progress has been made in using
these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine.
y Nanoscale materials are sometimes
used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells
y Development of applications
incorporating semiconductor
nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots.
y Solid-state techniques can also be
used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to
microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.
y Atomic force microscope tips can be
used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of
nanolithography.
y Focused ion beams can directly
remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at the same time.
For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy.
Tools and techniques
Typical AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by
features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A
laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography ,X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography, electron beam
lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern. NANOROBOTICS:
Nanorobots are expected to provide advances in medicine
through the miniaturization from microelectronics to
nanoelectronics. This work presents a nanorobot architecture
based on nanobioelectronics for the gradual development
and future use of nanorobots to combat cancer
Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of
medical technologies and therapy too ls.
II. MEDICAL NANOROBOT ARCHITECTURE
The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot
architecture and its control activation, as well as the required
technology background that may lead to manufacturing
hardware for molecular machines, are described next.
A. Manufacturing Technology
The ability to manufacture nanorobots may result from
current trends and new methodologies in fabrication,
computation, transducers and manipulation. Depending on the
case, different gradients on temperature, concentration of
chemicals in the bloodstream, and electromagnetic signature
are some of relevant parameters for diagnostic purposes CMOS VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Systems design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision and
a commercial way for manufacturing early nanodevices and
nanoelectronics systems.
B. Chemical Sensor
Manufacturing silicon-based chemical- and motion-sensor
arrays using a two-level system architecture hierarchy has
been successfully conducted in the last 15 years. Applications
range from autmotive and chemical industry with detection of
air to water element pattern recognition through embedded
software programming, and biomedical uses. Through the use
of nanowires, existing significant costs of energy demand for
data transfer and circuit operation can be decreased by up to
60% CMOS-based biosensors using nanowires as
material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency
for applications regarding chemical changes, enabling new
medical treatments Chemical nanosensors can be
embedded in the nanorobot to monitor E-cadherin gradients.
Thus, nanorobots programmed for such task can make a
detailed screening of the patient whole body. In our medical
nanorobotic architecture, the mobile phone is applied
to retrieve information about the patient conditions.For
that, it uses electromagnetic waves to command and detect the
current status of nanorobots inside the patient.
New materials such as strained channel with relaxed SiGe
layer can reduce self-heating and improve performance
Recent developments in 3D circuits and
FinFETs double-gates
have achieved astonishing results and according to the
semiconductor roadmap should improve even more. To further
advance manufacturing techniques, Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI)
technology has been used to assemble high- performance logic
sub 90nm circuits. Circuit design approaches to solve
problems with bipolar effect and hysteretic variations based on
SOI structures has been demonstrated successfully. Thus,
already-feasible 90nm and 45nm CMOS devices represent
breakthrough technology devices that are already being
utilized in products.
C. Data Transmission
The application of devices and sensors implanted inside the
human body to transmit data about the health of patients can
provide great advantages in continuous medical monitoring
.
The surgeons of tomorrow:Miniaturized robots that go inside you.
8 Before the advent of laparoscopic or keyhole surgery in the 70¶s, operations such as a stomach bypass or gall bladder removal required large incisions and long periods for recovery. The next chapter further
minimizes the invasiveness of surgical procedures via robots that are millimeters in
size that infiltrate our bodies through the ears, eyes and lungs, to t ake tissue samples, deliver drugs, or install medical devices. Brad Nelson, a roboticist at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology (EHT) in Zurich, recently told New Scientist ; ³It¶s not impossible to think of this happening in five years. I¶m convinced it¶s going to get there.´ Hurdles to overcome include the
development of new mechanisms for
propulsion and power supply on a miniature scale, which are also prerequisites to the loftier idea of nanoscale medical robots swimming in our bloodstream.
A capsule camera driven by t iny propellors used to explore the digestive system (Credit: The Royal College of Surgeons / Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna)
The ophthalmic robot is designed to treat blocked veins in the eye (Credit: ETH
Health and environmental concerns Main articles: Health implications of
nanotechnology and Environmental implications of nanotechnology
Some of the recently developed nanoparticle products may have unintended
consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks only to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative
consequences.[52]Silver nanoparticles, which are bacteriostatic, may then destroy beneficial bacteria which are important for breaking down organic matter in waste
treatment plants or farms.[53]
A study at the University of Rochester found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs,
which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress
response.[54]
A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some
forms of carbon nanotubes ± a poster child for the ³nanotechnology revolution´ ± could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in
sufficient quantities. Anthony Seaton of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in
Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on carbon nanotubes said "We know that some of them probably have the
potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully.".[55] In the absence of specific nano-regulation forthcoming from
governments,Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered
nanoparticles from organic food.[56]A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease
and nanoparticles were found in their lungs
CONCLUSION:
In our study Nanotechnology is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer disease. It will
radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer. The integration of nanotechnology into cancer diagnostics and therapeutics is a rapidly advancing field, and there is a need for wide understanding of these emerging concepts. The development of new
nanoscale platforms offers great potential for improvements in the care of cancer patients in the near future.
REFERENCES: www.google.com. www.crnano.org www.taebcnetbase.com Nanotechnology by -John mongillo.
