EEE3233
EEE3233
POWER SYSTEMS
POWER SYSTEMS
Chapter 1
An Overview of Power System
Nur Diyana Kamarudin
Introduction
Introduction
Main Components
Power System Components
Power System Components
Generation Transmission Distribution Loads Grid System (500kV 275kV 132kV 66kV, , , ) - (↑ Step up transformer ,↓ ) voltage current TNB SESCO SESB
3 phase - 415 V single phase - , 240 V
Reduce the , voltage 33kV 11kV
Power System Components
Power System Components
At power generating station
(generating voltage) 11 –
20kV and frequency of 50 Hz
Transform to higher voltage
(transmission voltage) 132kV,
275kV and 500kV
Transform to lower voltage
(distribution voltage) 33kV or
11kV
Power System Components
Power System Components
POWER STATION- Generator output at 11kV/20kV is stepped up by transformer to 132kV 275kV and 500kV for transmission.
HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have direct connections to the transmission at 132kV
TRANSMISSION - Transmission is mainly at
132kV, 275kV and 500kV
SMALL INDUSTRY -
Most small factories receive their electricity at 11kV
HOUSE - Overhead distribution
to individual houses is at 240V.
AROUND TOWN & RESIDENTIAL AREA - Underground distribution to individual premises is at 415V and 240 V
, ,
High voltages of 500kV 275kV 132kV are used for transmitting electricity over the grid system
•
Power System Components
Power System Components
Power System Components
(Generation)
(Generation)
Main Power Producer in
Malaysia
Power System in Malaysia
Power System in Malaysia
IPP LOKASI KAPASITI (MW)TARIKH LESEN DIISU
YTL Power Generation Paka, Terengganu &
Pasir Gudang, Johor 808 404 7 April 1993 Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. Lumut, Perak 1,303 15 Julai 1993 Powertek Sdn Bhd. Alor Gajah, Melaka 440 1 Disember 1993 Port Dickson Sdn. Bhd. Tanjung Gemuk, Port Dickson 440 1 Disember 1993 Pahlawan Power Sdn. Bhd Tanjung Keling, Melaka 334 26 Mei 1999 Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd Kuala Langat, Selangor 720 1 Julai 1993
Sabah
IPP LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) TARIKH LESEN DIISU
ARL Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. Melawa 50 14 June 1994 Serudong Power Sdn. Bhd. Tawau 36 31 Mac 1995 Powertron Resources Sdn. Bhd. Karambunai 120 6 Februari 1997 Stratavest Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 64.4 1 Oktober 1996 Sandakan Power corporation Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 34 29 November 1997
Co-Generators
Co-generators adalah pengeluaran elektrik dan tenaga haba daripada satu sumber bahanapi sahaja. Kecekapan termal sehingga 90% adalah mungkin berbanding 40% sahaja dengan penjanaan termal secara
konvensional manakala kira-kira 60% di loji penjanaan gabungan kitaran. Sehingga kini, terdapat kira-kira 30 co-generators yang telah mendapat lesen daripada Suruhanjaya Tenaga. Berikut adalah antara co-generators yang utama :
SYARIKAT LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) JENIS PENJANAAN
Sabah Forest Industries
Sdn. Bhd. Sipitang, Sabah 57.7 Awam Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd. Tanjung Berhala,
Kemaman, Terengganu
9.5 Persendirian
Titan Petrochemicals (M)
Sdn. Bhd. Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, Johor56 Persendirian
Lembaga Padi dan Beras
Negara Sekinchan, Selangor 0.2 Persendirian Gas District Cooling
(KLIA) Sepang, Selangor 60 Awam Gas District Cooling
(KLCC) Kuala Lumpur City Centre 12 Persendirian
Power Generations
Power Generations
Steam turbines
-the combustion of coal, gas or oil in
boilers produces steam, at high
temperatures and pressures, which
is passed to steam turbines.
Energy conversion using water
(Hydro)
-will be discuss further after this
Gas turbines
-gas turbines exhaust will raise steam
in a conventional boiler to drive
steam turbined coupled to another
electricity generator
(combined-cycle-gas-turbine)-ccgt
Power Generations
Power Generations
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
generation
- fuel used- coal, oil or nuclear
- production of steam which drives
the turbines
- gases at 2500c are passed through
a chamber in which a strong
magnetic field created
-
An emf induced is collected at
suitable electrodes
Nuclear Power
Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable Energy Sources
Hydroelectric power
generation-bakun, balui river, sarawak
Solar Energy-thermal conversion
-direct conversion to
electricity
Wind Generators – windmill
Bio-fuels
-A transformer in a large sub station reduces the voltage to
, ,
33kV 22kV 11kV
Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Lines/transformers operating at
voltages above 100 kV are
usually called the transmission
system.
Consists of
Transmission Line
and
Sub-stations
Transmission network of 500kV,
275kV and 132kV known as
National Grid.
Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Transmission Line
◦
Overhead Lines
◦
Cable
Underground Cables
Submarine Cables
Sub-stations
Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Transmission Parameters
Transmission Parameters
OVERHEAD LINE 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 6,199 9,998 171 890 Length (circuit-km) CABLE 275kV 132kV 66kV 49 674 -Length (circuit-km) TRANSFORMERS 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 26,213 38,258 410 4,500 Transformation Capacity (MVA) (17,258) (723) (69,381) SUBSTATIONS 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 67 299 5 4 Number of Substations (TNB) (375) OVERHEAD LINE 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 6,199 9,998 171 890 Length (circuit-km) CABLE 275kV 132kV 66kV 49 674 -Length (circuit-km) TRANSFORMERS 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 26,213 38,258 410 4,500 Transformation Capacity (MVA) (17,258) (723) (69,381) SUBSTATIONS 275kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 67 299 5 4 Number of Substations (TNB) (375)Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
-Waist Type
Tower Double Circuit
Tower Guyed V Tower
-Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Transmission tower
Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Power System Components
(
Transmission
)
Supplies to rural communities are often reduced from 11kV to domestic voltages (415 240V/ ) by pole mounted . transformers
Power System Components
(Distribution)
Lines/transformers operating at
voltages below 100 kV are usually
called the distribution system.
Part of the electric utility system
between the bulk power source and
the customer service entrances
(loads).
33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and
240V
Power System Components
(Distribution)
Distribution Intake
Distribution Intake
Power System Components
(Distribution)
q A step up transmission substation - receives electric power
from a nearby generating facility and uses a large power transformer to increase the voltage for transmission to
.
distant locations A transmission bus is used to distribute .
electric power to one or more transmission lines There can
also be a tap on the incoming power feed from the generation plant to provide electric power to operate equipment in the
. generation plant q
q
qStep down transmission substations - are located at switching .
points in an electrical grid They connect different parts of
a grid and are a source for subtransmission lines or .
-distribution lines The step down substation can change the
.
transmission voltage to a subtransmission voltage q
q
qDistribution substations are located near to the end users - . Distribution substation transformers change the transmission
-or subtransmission voltage to lower levels f-or use by end
. users
Air circuit breakers are used to
interrupt circuits while current flows .
through them Compressed air is used to quench the arc when the connection
. is broken
Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent
leakage current from flowing through .
the structure or to ground These
insulators are similar in function to other insulators used in substations
. and transmission poles and towers
The substation control house contains , ,
switchboard panels batteries battery
, ,
-chargers supervisory control power , , . line carrier meters and relays The control house provides all weather protection and security for the
.
control equipment It is also called a .
doghouse
Control panels contain meters control, switches and recorders located in the
, control building also called a
.
doghouse These are used to control ,
the substation equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to to shut down circuits
. when needed
Circuit switchers provide equipment , , protection for transformers lines
, .
cables and capacitor banks They also are used to energize and deenergize
. capacitor banks and other circuits
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. The typical lightning arrester also
known as surge arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground .
National Grid System
National Grid System
primary electricity transmission network linking the
electricity generation, transmission, distribution and
consumption in Malaysia
operated and owned by TNB
more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked
together by the extensive network of transmission lines
operating at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV
Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National
Grid towards customers connected to the various
distribution networks
