Biology Standard 2.1.2
Analyze the survival and reproductive success of
organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive
Animals Unit
• Review
• Animal diversity
• Development and structure • Structure
Quick Review Before Animals
• An organism with genes from an organism of another species – it has had “genes
transferred” to it – is a transgenic organism. • Bacteria with human genes for insulin
• Tomato plant with cold-water fish genes
• NOT A TRANSGENIC organism:
• Adaptive Radiation
• Divergent Evolution
• Convergent Evolution
• Radiate means to spread outward
• Adaptive radiation most commonly occurs when a species of organisms successfully invades an isolated region where few
competing species exist.
• If new habitats are available, new species will evolve.
• Adaptive radiation is one example of
divergent evolution.
• Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more
dissimilar.
• red fox & kit fox
• red fox lives in forests - red color = camouflage in the trees; smaller ears
• kit fox lives on plains & deserts - sandy color = camouflage; larger ears rid excess body heat • Similar structures indicate a common ancestor,
adapted to different environments diverged to two species
• Unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the
same kind of environment.
• The wings of all flying animals are very similar
• The same laws of aerodynamics apply • These laws govern the shape, size, and
movements of a wing that are required for flight
Convergent Evolution
Unrelated – similar traits
•Mitosis
• Mitosis = one cell divides to become
two
cells
identical
to parent cell and
identical to each other
• Example:
• Cell with 46 chromosomes, mitosis,
two cells each with 46 chromosomes
•Meiosis
• Meiosis = one cell divides to become
four
cells
with half the # of chromosomes
of
parent cell
• Produces sex cells = gametes (eggs/sperm)
• Example:
• Cell with 46 chromosomes, meiosis,
four cells each with 23 chromosomes
• Diploid = two copies of each chromosome – body cells
• (2n) chromosome number
• Haploid = one copy of each chromosome – sex cells (sperm/egg)
• (n) chromosome number
• Tests for presence of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates – simple and complex
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Monosaccharide = one sugar (simple) • Glucose
• Test is
Benedicts
Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharide = many sugars (complex) • Starch
• Test is
Iodine
• (Think of iodine and cornstarch)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
fats, oils, waxes and steroids
• Protein = amino acid chain folded into a specific shape
• Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes
• Test is
Biuret
Proteins
Chains of amino acids
The World of Animals
video clip
Animals…
• All are multicellular; with no cell walls • Heterotrophic
• Most have tissues (not sponges). • Most reproduce sexually.
• Most can move.
Vertebrates
• possess a backbone or spinal column
Invertebrates
:
Invertebrates
Some Examples
• Phylum Porifera - Sponges
• Phylum Cnidaria - Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals
• Phylum Mollusca - cuttlefish, octopi, snails
• Phylum Arthropoda - ants, crickets
• Phylum Annelida - Segmented worms (earthworm)
Over 2/3 of all animals on Earth belong
to which phylum?
• If all mankind were to disappear, the
world would regenerate back to the
rich state of equilibrium that existed
ten thousand years ago. If
insects
were to vanish, the environment
would collapse into chaos.
• Most animals reproduce sexually
– Males produce sperm – Females produce eggs
• Fertilization = when sperm and egg
unite forming a unicellular zygote
• Zygote divides by mitosis to form 2
new cells (cleavage)
• Embryo
= developing animal once cell
division has begun
• 2 cells divide into 4, 4 into 8, …
• If each cell divides once every 2 hours,
how many cells would make up the
• Hour 2 = 2 cells
• Blastula = hollow ball of cells
• Cell division continues
• Cells on one side of blastula fold
inward
• Ectoderm = outer layer of cells
– Skin and nervous tissue
• Endoderm = inner layer of cells
– Digestive tract
• Mesoderm = layer in-between
Symmetry is an exact matching of form
and arrangement of parts on opposite
1. Radial symmetry
=
sides exhibit
Starfish use their tube feet to open mollusks, a favorite food.
Phylum Echinodermata –
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers • Marine
• Endoskeletons
• No head/brain
• Regenerated from a
Cast of fossil starfish (Asteroid)
Caractacaster caractaci. The original
2. Bilateral symmetry
= can be
3. Asymmetry
=
no symmetry
SPONGE
Invertebrate
non-motile – (currents)
Water, food & oxygen in
carbon dioxide & wastes out
Reproduction:
Sexual- egg & sperm released into water new sponges
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• BEHAVIOR
= anything an animal
does in response to a stimulus in
its environment
• What is a
stimulus
for bears
beginning to hibernate?
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• INNATE BEHAVIOR
= behaviors
that animals inherit from parents
• These behaviors are genetically
programmed
• Example: toad using tongue to catch
prey
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
•Instinct
=• Complex
innate
behavior pattern
that begins when an animal
recognizes a
stimulus
and
continues until all parts of the
behavior have been performed
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
INNATE – Instinctive - greylag goose
• Greylag goose retrieves eggs that roll out of the nest
• If the goose loses the egg during the retrieval process, it stops the head motion, but continues the "pulling" motion of retrieval
• It must sit down before it notices the egg, then another retrieval is initiated
• If another object is placed near the nest, the goose
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
–Fight or flight
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• Also includes:
– Courtship behavior
– TerritorialityTerritoriality video
– Aggressive behavior – Dominant hierarchies
– Migration – instinctive, seasonal movement of animals
– Hibernation/estivation
– Circadian rhythm – 24 hr. sleep/wake cycle
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• LEARNED BEHAVIOR
= takes place
when behavior changes through
practice or experience
• More common in vertebrates than
invertebrates
• Learning allows an animal to adjust to
change (and thus, live longer)
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• Trial-and-error
– Shooting an arrow at a target
• Habituation
• after a period of exposure to a stimulus, an animal stops responding
• Prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus, sound an alarm call when danger approaches
• Habituation to humans is necessary if they live near a trail so as not to call each time a human walks past
• Imprinting
– Ducklings following mother
– Happens at a specific time in life – Usually irreversible
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• Conditioning
– Learning by association – Pavlov’s dogs
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• Insight
– Most complex type of learning
– Using previous
experience to learn
– (The ability of animals to
perform appropriate behaviors on the first attempt in situations with which they have no prior experience.)
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
• Communication
• Communication can be a combination of innate and learned behavior – bird song • Bird songs:
http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/birds/
Quick “Quiz” and Thinking
Questions
Is a bird’s song a learned or innate behavior?
Both – partially innate but mostly learned
What happens to an animal during estivation?
Reduced metabolism – response to heat, drought, lack of food
What happens during hibernation?
Body temp drops, oxygen consumption decreases, breathing slows – energy conserved
How does an animal get innate behavior?
Quick “Quiz” and Thinking
Questions
How is imprinting different from other forms of learned behavior?
Occurs during a specific critical time of life
What type of learning describes how a child learns to ride a bicycle?
Trial and error
Why might your kitten “meow” when you open a can of corn with an electric can opener? (What kind of learning?)
