NAL LAW AND jUSTICE
Preventive Justice
riatl
Pr~ffssor ~fLUliar
Ali Souls
. and procedure includíng criminal rlpassing both practical and theor
li Proceedings
buse
Andrew Ashworth and Lucia Zedner
OXFORD
OXFORD
VNIVERSITY PR.llSSGreat Clarendon Srreer, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
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Table of Contents
Table
oI
Cases
Xl1Table
'?fLeJ!islation
:lI:VLis!
'?fAbbreviatitms
XVI111. Introductíon: The State and Coercive Preventive Measures 1.1 The Study
1.2 The Terrain 2
1.3 'l'reventive Justice' and 'Coercive Preventive Measures'
5
1.4 The State's Duty to I'revent Haml 7
1.5 The Rise of the l'reventive State~
10
1.6 Punitive Measures: Rationales and Safeguards
13
1,7 Preventive Measures: Rationales and Safeguards
20
')
1.8 Conc111sions -=>
2. The Historical Origins af the Preventive State 27
2,1 Prevention and the Criminal Law
28
2.2 The PrevelltlVe PrincipIe and the Good of Security
32
2.3 The Founding of the Prevemive Poliee 37
2.4 jmtifYing and Limiting l'revention: Mil! and the Harm PrincipIe
42
2.5 The Institution ofPrevenrive Detention
44
2.6 Prevention in the Twentieth Century
47
2.7 Conclusions
49
3. Preventian, Policing, and Criminal Procedure 51
3.1 Pre- Trial Preventive Measures: Some Issues ofPrinciple
52
3.2 Stop-and-Seareh Powers 54
3.3 Poliee COllta1l1ment 59
3.4 Pre- Trial Detention
64
3.5 ConclllsiollS 72
4. Civil Preventive Orders
74
4.1 Civil Preventíve Orders in English Law 75
4.2 The Genesís Jnd Rationale of the ASnO 78
4.3 Objectiom to Civil Preventíve Orders 84
4.4 Law Refonn and the Asno
89
4.5 Conclusions
90
5. Preventive Otfences in the Criminal Law: Rationales and Limits 95
5.1 The Contours of Preventive Criminal Laws
96
5.2 JustifYing Preventive Offenees 103
x TABH Of CONTENTS
5.-1 Regulatioll and the Criminal Law
116
5.5 Conclusiom
118
6. Risk Assessment and the Preventive Role of the Criminal Court
119
6. I Id.:ntifYing Risk and Applying Risk Labels
121
6.1 Ibsk Assessl11em in th.: Criminal JlIstíce I'roc.:ss
124
6.3 The Presul11ption of Hannlessness 130
6.-1 The Calculation ofl"tisk 132
6.5 The Role of Expert Witnesses in Court 135
(i.6 COllclusiol1S
142
7. Preventive Detention of the Dangerous144
7.1 JustífYing I'revent!ve Detention
145
_..,7.2 l'ractices of Preventive Detention 1
,
7.3 I'reventive Derention at Semence
154
7.4 Post-Sentence Civil Coml11itment 163
7.5 Concluslol1S
167
8. Coumerterrorism Laws and Security Measures
171
8. J The Definirion ofTerrorisll1 172
8.2 Is Preventing Terronsm a Matter ofWar or Crime?
174
8.3 I'revenring TerrorisJI1 through the Criminal Law
179
8.4 Preventing Terrorism ollrside the Criminal Process
181
8.5 The l>,"f!JCflf Straregy 191
8.6 Heview and Accountabiliry Mechanisms
193
8.7 Condusiom
195
9. Publíc Health Law, Prevention, and Liberty
196
9.1 Towards a Justificarion for Coercive Measures taken on Healrh
Grollnds
197
9.2 Deprivarions of Liberry for PeI>ons wirh Contagiou;; Conditions 200 9.3 Deprivatioll of Liberry and the M.:nrally Disordered (Civil Powm) 203
9A Deprivariol1 of Liberry and rhe Mentally Disordered (Criminal Powers) 209 9.5 Thresholds ol"l'ublic Proreçrion
214
9.6 Conclusions
219
10. Prevention and Immigration Laws 224
J().1 The Hazards 01" Mass Migrarion 225
lO.2 The Preventlve Rariollale ofllllllligrarion Laws 229
10.3 The Crilllinalizanon of 11l111ligration Violatíons 233
10A
Detent1011. Deporration, and r~emoval236
11l.5 Immigratioll Appeals Procedure 240
lO.6 Use oflmnÜb'Tation Law as a 1'001 of Counterterrorism 242
116
118 -the Criminal Court 119121
:ess 124130
132 135142
144
145
_) 1J_154
163
167
Ires171
172 . Crime?174
I Law 179 Process 181 191193
195
y
196
res taken on Health
197
~lIltagiolls Condítíons
200
isordered (Ch'íl Powers)
203
isordered (Criminal Pawers)
209
214
219
224
__ J ) ) -Law\229
ltions 233236
240
JnterterronSIll242
248
TABLE OF11.
Condusions: The Preventive Stateand lts
Limits 11.1 The lrresisribility of Pren:ntion11.2 The Contours of the Preventive 5t3te
11.3 Prevention and Deprivation of Liberty
11.4 l'revention and Procedural 5afeguards
11.5 Prevention dnd the Material CondítlOt15 af Detention
11.6 l'reventive Justice and the Rule of Law
11.7 Conclu,ions
